Shah Jalal
Sheikh al-Mashāʾikh Makhdūm Jalāl Mujarrad Kunyāʾī | |
---|---|
শাহ জালাল | |
Hanafi | |
Tariqa | Suhrawardi |
Other names | Shah Jalal |
Relatives | Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari (maternal grandfather) |
Philosophy | Sufism |
Muslim leader | |
Based in | Jalalabad |
Predecessor | Syed Ahmed Kabir Suhrawardi |
Successor | Shah Paran |
Post | Sufi saint, religious leader and mystic |
Jalāl Mujarrad Kunyāʾī (شيخ جلال مجرد كنيائي),
Birthplace and origin
Jalal was said to have been born on May 25, 1271. Various traditions and historical documents differ in his place of birth, and there is a gap of two centuries between the life of the saint and literature which attempted to identify his origin. Local ballads and devotees continue to refer to him as Shah Jalal Yemeni, connecting him to Greater Yemen Specifically from the Hadhramaut region. An inscription from circa 1505 AD, during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah, refers to Shah Jalal with the suffix Kunyāʾī.[3] Towards the end of this century, in 1571, Shah Jalal's biography was recorded in Shaikh ʿAli Sher Bangālī's Sharḥ Nuzhat al-Arwāḥ (Commentary on the excursion of the souls). The author was a descendant of one of Shah Jalal's senior companions, Nūr al-Hudā, and his account was also used by his teacher Muḥammad Ghawth Shattārī in his Gulzar-i-Abrār of 1613. According to this account, Shah Jalal was a Turkestan-born Bengali and a spiritual disciple of Ahmad Yasawi.[4] Muḥammad Nāṣiruddīn Ḥaydar composed a full biography of Shah Jalal titled Suhayl-i-Yaman Tārīkh-i-Jalālī in 1859, which referred to him as Yemeni. Although this was composed 5 centuries after Jalal's death, Haydar's work consulted two now-lost manuscripts; Risālah (Message) by Muḥīuddīn Khādim from 1711 and Rawḍah as-Salāṭīn (Garden of the Sultans) from 1721.[5]
A number of scholars have claimed that the suffix from the Husain Shahi inscription refers to the city of Qūniyah (Konya) in modern-day Turkey (then in the Sultanate of Rum), and they stated further that Jalal may have possibly moved to Yemen in his later life. Others have linked the suffix to the village of Kaninah in Yemen's Hadhramaut region,[6] and some even to Kenya in East Africa.[7][8]
Early life and education
His mother, Syeda Haseenah Fatimah, and his father, Sayyid Mahmud ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, were descendants of the
Travel to South Asia
Jalal's maternal uncle, Syed Ahmad Kabir, gave him a handful of soil and asked him to travel to the
Jalal reached
Conquest of Sylhet
In 1303,
When word of this reached Sultan Firoz Shah, an army commanded by his nephew,
A fourth attack, now with the aid of Shah Jalal and his companions (at this point numbering 360) was undertaken.[17] Jalal may have been summoned by Firoz Shah for aid after the initial failed attacks against Gour Govinda. Alternatively, he may already have been present in Sylhet, fighting against the Hindu king independently prior to being approached by the Sultan.[17][18] The combined Muslim forces ultimately claimed victory against Gour. Govinda was forced to retreat and Sylhet was brought under Muslim control. According to tradition, Shah Chashni Pir at this point compared the soil in Sylhet with that which was previously given to Jalal by his uncle, finding them to be identical. In any case, following the battle, Jalal and his followers settled in Sylhet.[14][17]
A
Later life
During the later stages of his life, Jalal devoted himself to propagating Islam. The famous traveller
Even today in
The exact date of his death is debated, but he is reported by Ibn Battuta to have died on 20 Dhul Qa'dah 746 AH (15 March 1346 CE).[22] He was buried in Sylhet in his dargah (tomb), which is located in a neighbourhood now known as Dargah Mahalla. Whether or not he has descendants is debated. He appointed his closest companion, Haji Muhammad Yusuf to be the khadim (guardian) of his dargah and Yusuf's descendants, the Sareqaum family, continue to have this role.
The much-loved awliya of Allah, Hazrat Shah Jalal.[23]
His shrine is famous in Sylhet and throughout Bangladesh, with hundreds of both Muslim and Hindu devotees visiting daily. According to Bipin Chandra Pal, the Sadhus believe that Shah Jalal was an incarnation of Mahadeva.[24] He is buried next to four of his companions. The ex-Prince of Yemen, Shahzada Sheikh Ali to his south, Haji Yusuf to his east and Haji Khalil and Haji Dariya both to his west. The largest mosque in Sylhet was built at the Dargah (also one of the largest in Bangladesh).
Spiritual genealogy
Spiritual genealogy of Shah Jalal is as follows:
- Prophet Muhammad
- Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Hasan al-Basri
- Habib al-Ajami
- Dawud Tai
- Maruf Karkhi
- Sari al-Saqati
- Mumshad Al-Dinawari
- Ahmad Aswad Dinnuri
- Abu Muhammad Amwiya
- Azi Uddin Suhrawardi
- Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi
- Shihab ad-Din Suhrawardi
- Baha-ud-din Zakariya
- Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari
- Ahmad Kabir Suhrawardi
- Shah Jalal[25]
Eponyms
- Jalalabad, a historical name of Sylhet
- Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College, private medical school
- Jalalabad Cantonment, Bangladesh Army military quarter
- Fenchuganj
- Shah Jalal High School, secondary school in Jagannathpur
- Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Bangladeshi airport in Dhaka; nation's largest international gateway
- Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited, private commercial bank
- Shah Jalal Mosque & Islamic Cultural Centre, grade II listed mosque located in Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladeshi public university located in Sylhet
- Shahjalal Uposhahar, a neighbourhood in Ward 22, Sylhet
- Shahjalal Hall, University of Chittagong
Companions
- Syed Nasiruddin, army commander of Shamsuddin Firuz Shah (Chowkidekhi, Sylhet)
- Haydar Ghazi, second wazir of Sylhet (Sonargaon)
- Haji Yusuf, remained with Shah Jalal in Chowkidighi
- Ghazi Burhanuddin, first Muslim of Sylhet (Tultikar/Burhanabad, Ward 24)
- Sylhet Sadar)
- Aziz Chishti (Nij Gohorpur, Balaganj)
- Adam Khaki (Deorail, Badarpur)
- Syed Yaqub (Horipur, Barlekha)
- Fenchuganj)
- Shah Halimuddin (Kanihati, Kulaura)
- Shah Mustafa (Moulvibazar)
- Osmani Nagar)
- Shah Siddiq (Panchpara, Osmani Nagar)
- Khanda Jhokmok (Rainagar, Ward 19/20)
- Fateh Ghazi (Fatehpur-Shahjibazar, Madhabpur)
- Pir Gorachand (Haroa, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal)
Later companions:
- Shah Kamal Quhafa (Shaharpara, Jagannathpur)
- Shah Tajuddin(Lama Tajpur, Osmani Nagar)
- Shah Ruknuddin (Kadamhata, Rajnagar)
See also
- Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
- Moinuddin Chishti
- Sikandar Khan Ghazi
- Nizamuddin Auliya, his spiritual friend also gave him two pairs of black pigeons, later named Jalali kobutor
- Syed Nasiruddin
References
- ^ a b Ahmad Hasan Dani (1957). "Analysis of the Inscriptions". Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii. pp. 7 and 103.
- ^ Ahmed, Shamsuddin, Inscription of Bengal, vol. iv, Dhaka (1960), p 25
- Asiatic Society of Bengal: 293.
- ^ Eaton, Richard M. (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (PDF). Berkeley: University of California Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2016.
- ^ a b c Karim, Abdul (2012). "Shah Jalal (R)". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Hanif, N (2000). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia. p. 170-171.
- ^ a b c Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). "Shah Jalal". The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. p. 23.
- ^ Rahman, M. F., Hazrat Shah Jalal and 360 Awliya, Deshkaal Publications, Sylhet, 1992, p.12-13
- ^ a b Islam in South Asia in practice By – Barbara Daly Metcalf, Published – Princeton university press Uk 2009, Page 383 – 385.
- ^ Islam in South Asia in practice source of suhel-e-yamani By Barbara Daly Metcalf, Published by – Princeton universiti press, 2009. Page 385 [1]
- Ibn Battutah. The Rehla of Ibn Battuta.
He had seen Caliph al-Musta'sim Billah al-Abbasi at Baghdad, and that he was there at the time of his murder.
- ISBN 81-7625-087-2.
- ^ a b Hussain, M Sahul (2014). "Burhanuddin (R)". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ ISBN 81-7625-266-2.
- ^ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh,"Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report" (1979), p. 15
- ^ a b c Hanif (2002, p. 460)
- ^ Wise, J (1873). "Note on Sháh Jalál, the patron saint of Silhaț". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 42: 279.
- ^ Hazrat Shah Jalal O Sylhet er Itihas by Syed Mujtaba Ali, re-published by Utsa Prakashan, Dhaka, 1988, p.60
- ^ Rihla 9, 1344
- ^ The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760, By Richard Maxwell Eaton, Published by – university of california press, page 76
- ^ Rahman, M. F., Hazrat Shah Jalal and 360 Awliya, p.13, Deshkaal Publications, Sylhet, 1992
- ^ Ziaul Haque, Md., Hazrat Shah Jalal (R.A): An Epic, p.114, Choitonno Publication, Sylhet, 2015
- ISBN 978-81-7629-974-9.
- ^ Islam in South Asia in practice, By Barbara Daly Metcalf, Published by Princeton universiti press.
Further reading
- Sharḥ Nuzhat al-Arwāḥby 'Ali Sher Bangali (1571)
- Gulzar-i-Abrār by Muhammad Ghawthi Shattari (1613)
- Suhail-i-Yaman by Nasir ad-Din Haydar (1860)
- Risālat by Muhiy ad-Din Khadim (1711)
- Rauzat-us-Salatin (1721)