Shalmaneser III

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Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III, on the Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum.
King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Reign859–824 BC
PredecessorAshurnasirpal II
SuccessorShamshi-Adad V
Born893-891 BC
Diedc. 824 BC
FatherAshurnasirpal II
MotherMullissu-mukannishat-Ninua (?)

Shalmaneser III (Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Ashurnasirpal II in 859 BC to his own death in 824 BC.[1]

His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the

Arabs and Chaldeans first appear in recorded history
.

Reign

Kurkh stela
of Shalmaneser that commemorates the battle of Carcar.
Marduk-zakir-shumi I (left) greeted by Shalmaneser III (right). Detail, front panel, Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III, Iraq Museum.

Campaigns

Shalmaneser began a campaign against

the Levant, Jordan, and the Syrian Desert
by the Assyrian Empire.

In 851 BC, following a rebellion in Babylon, Shalmaneser led a campaign against Marduk-bēl-ušate, younger brother of the king,

Black Obelisk
:

In the eighth year of my reign, Marduk-bêl-usâte, the younger brother, revolted against Marduk-zâkir-šumi, king of Karduniaš, and they divided the land in its entirety. In order to avenge Marduk-zâkir-šumi, I marched out and captured Mê-Turnat. In the ninth year of my reign, I marched against Akkad a second time. I besieged Ganannate. As for Marduk-bêl-usâte, the terrifying splendor of Assur and Marduk overcame him and he went up into the mountains to save his life. I pursued him. I cut down with the sword Marduk-bêl-usâte and the rebel army officers who were with him.

— Shalmaneser III, Black Obelisk[i 1]

Against Israel

Jehu bows before Shalmaneser III.[4] This is "the only portrayal we have in ancient Near Eastern art of an Israelite or Judaean monarch".[5]

In 841 BC, Shalmaneser campaigned against Hadadezer's successor

Aramean tribes, and the Babylonian king had been put to death.[8]

Against Tibareni

In 836 BC, Shalmaneser sent an expedition against the Tibareni (

Assur-danin-pal. Civil war continued for two years; but the rebellion was at last crushed by Shamshi-Adad V
, another son of Shalmaneser. Shalmaneser died soon afterwards.

Later campaigns

The Campaigns of Shalmaneser III

Despite the rebellion later in his reign, Shalmanesar had proven capable of expanding the frontiers of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, stabilising its hold over the Khabur and mountainous frontier region of the Zagros, contested with Urartu.

In Biblical studies

His reign is significant to

Kurkh Monolith names king Ahab, in reference to the Battle of Qarqar
.

Construction and the Black Obelisk

The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, 9th century BC, from Nimrud, Iraq. The British Museum.
Main article: Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III

He had built a palace at

Black Obelisk
from Calah.

The Black Obelisk is a significant artifact from his reign. It is a black

Israelite. On the top and the bottom of the reliefs there is a long cuneiform inscription recording the annals of Shalmaneser III. It lists the military campaigns which the king and his commander-in-chief headed every year, until the thirty-first year of reign. Some features might suggest that the work had been commissioned by the commander-in-chief, Dayyan-Ashur
.

The second

register from the top includes the earliest surviving picture of an Israelite: the Biblical Jehu, king of Israel.[11] Jehu severed Israel's alliances with Phoenicia and Judah, and became subject to Assyria. It describes how Jehu brought or sent his tribute in or around 841 BC.[12][10]
The caption above the scene, written in Assyrian cuneiform, can be translated:

"The tribute of Jehu, son of Omri: I received from him silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden vase with pointed bottom, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff for a king [and] spears."[10]

It was erected as a public monument in 825 BC at a time of civil war. It was discovered by archaeologist Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1846.

Gallery

  • Statue of Shalmaneser III at Istanbul Archaeological Museums
    Statue of Shalmaneser III at Istanbul Archaeological Museums
  • Statue of Shalmaneser III from Nimrud, Iraq Museum
    Statue of Shalmaneser III from Nimrud, Iraq Museum
  • Kurba'il Statue of Shalmaneser III from Fort Shalmaneser, Iraq Museum
    Kurba'il Statue of Shalmaneser III from Fort Shalmaneser, Iraq Museum
  • Shalmaneser III, detail of glazed wall panel from Fort Shalmaneser, Iraq Museum
    Shalmaneser III, detail of glazed wall panel from Fort Shalmaneser, Iraq Museum
  • Throne dais of Shalmaneser III from Fort Shalmaneser, Iraq Museum
    Throne dais of Shalmaneser III from Fort Shalmaneser, Iraq Museum
  • Unfinished basalt statue of Shalmaneser III, from Assur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
    Unfinished basalt statue of Shalmaneser III, from Assur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
  • The upper end of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, from Nimrud, the British Museum
    The upper end of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, from Nimrud, the British Museum
  • Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, the British Museum
    Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, the British Museum
  • Throne dais of Shalmaneser III, Royal reception
    Throne dais of Shalmaneser III, Royal reception
  • Throne dais of Shalmaneser III, procession
    Throne dais of Shalmaneser III, procession
  • Statue of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad
    Statue of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad
  • Shalmaneser III, detail, North Face, East End, Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III from Nimrud, Iraq
    Shalmaneser III, detail, North Face, East End, Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III from Nimrud, Iraq
  • Shalmaneser III, detail, south face, west end, Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III from Nimrud, Iraq
    Shalmaneser III, detail, south face, west end, Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III from Nimrud, Iraq
  • Kurba'il Statue of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad
    Kurba'il Statue of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad
  • Shulmano Osser the third , the great king The strong king , king of the world , king of the country Assyria Son of the Ashour Nassir Abli ( the second ) , king of the country Assyria Son of Toklty Ninorta ( the second ) king of the world king of the country Assyria Building a Ziqqurat King of kilkho city ... cuneiform writings on the bricks of King Shalmaneser III in Erbil Civilization Museum
    Shulmano Osser the third , the great king The strong king , king of the world , king of the country Assyria Son of the Ashour Nassir Abli ( the second ) , king of the country Assyria Son of Toklty Ninorta ( the second ) king of the world king of the country Assyria Building a Ziqqurat King of kilkho city ... cuneiform writings on the bricks of King Shalmaneser III in Erbil Civilization Museum

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Black Obelisk, BM WAA 118885, crafted c. 827 BC, lines 73–84

References

  1. ^ "Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  2. ISBN 9789004347588
    .
  3. ^ Jean Jacques Glassner, Mesopotamian Chronicles, Atlanta 2004,
  4. ISBN 978-1-4982-8143-0
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-58465-817-7
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-19-100293-9
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-19-923147-8
    .
  8. ^ Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq
  9. ^ "In 836 Shalmaneser made an expedition against the Tibareni (Tabal) which was followed by one against Cappadocia" in Chisholm, Hugh; Garvin, James Louis (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Limited. p. 798.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58465-817-7
    .
  11. ISBN 978-1-58465-817-7
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-4982-8143-0
    .

Sources

Further reading

External links

Media related to Shalmaneser III at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
King of Assyria

859–824 BC 		Succeeded by
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