Shan States
Shan States British Shan States | |||||||||||
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| 1215–1885 1885–1948 1948–1959 | |||||||||||
Theravada Buddhism, animism | |||||||||||
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| History of Myanmar |
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The Shan States (1885–1948) were a collection of minor
The term "Shan States" was first used during the
Historical mention of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the period of the
The Shan States were a dominant force in the politics of
The Shan States were too fragmented to resist the encroachment of bigger neighbours. In the north, the Chinese
When Burma gained independence in 1948, the
Historical states
Most Shan States were just little principalities organised around the chief town in the region. They played a precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously. Smaller states such as
Some of the major Shan States were.[2]
History
Early history of the Shan states is clouded in myth. Most states claimed having been founded upon a predecessor state with a Sanskrit name Shen/Sen.
The Shan people have inhabited the
Pagan dynasty period
The historical relevance of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma increased during the period of the
Confederation of Shan States
The Confederation of Shan States were a group of Shan States that conquered the
The enlarged Confederation extended its authority down to
An incoherent confederation neglected to intervene in the first four years of
In 1543, the Burmese ministers assassinated Thohanbwa and placed Hkonmaing, the saopha of Thibaw, on the Ava throne. Mohnyin leaders, led by Sithu Kyawhtin, felt that the Ava throne was theirs. But in light of the Toungoo threat, Mohnyin leaders grudgingly agreed to Hkonmaing's leadership. The Confederation launched a major invasion of Lower Burma in 1543 but its forces were driven back. By 1544, Toungoo forces had occupied up to Pagan. The confederation would not attempt another invasion. After Hkonmaing died in 1546, his son Mobye Narapati, the saopha of Mobye, became king of Ava. The confederation's bickering resumed in full force. Sithu Kyawhtin set up a rival fiefdom in Sagaing across the river from Ava and finally drove out Mobye Narapati in 1552.
The weakened Confederation proved no match for Bayinnaung's Toungoo forces. Bayinnaung captured Ava in 1555 and conquered all of Shan States in a series of military campaigns from 1556 to 1557.
British rule in Burma
In 1885, following
Under the
Towards the last phase of British rule the Shan and Karenni states were labeled as "Frontier Areas", a broad designation for mountainous areas bordering India, China and Laos where the British government allowed local rule. in 1922 the Shan states were joined together into a Federation, the Federated Shan States. They were administered separately by the Burma Frontier Service by British Assistance Superintendents, later renamed as Assistant Residents.[9]
In 1935 the Frontier Areas were divided into "Excluded Areas" and "Partially Excluded Areas" —also known as "Part I Areas" and "Part II Areas"— through the Government of Burma Act.[10]
Chinese Shan States
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The Chinese Shan States were petty states or small territories of Shan people ruled by local monarchs under the suzerainty of China. They were also known as
Most of the history of these petty
The former Chinese Shan States are now part of Yunnan Province. Under the Chinese administration the status of the Shan people in the Chinese Shan States was reduced when they were labelled as a "minority". Thus they became one more among the other ethnic minorities in that area of present-day Yunnan such as the Lahu and the Va.[17]
See also
References
- ^ Maung Htin Aung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
- ^ "Shan and Karenni States of Burma". Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ Historical Studies of the Tai Yai: A Brief Sketch in Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong by Yos Santasombat
- ISBN 1-4021-5293-0.
- ISSN 1479-8484.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
- ^ Census of India 1901 - Burma
- ^ a b "Kanbawsa - A Modern Review". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), p. 193
- ^ Kaung: Miex, Kaung: Max [Gaeng Miex, Gaeng Max] N23.33, Е99.25. Town in Yunnan, Gengma County town. 'Mother's fields'. Other names: Gengma, Küngma, Kaingma, 耿马 Gěngmǎ; Dictionary of Wa (2 vols): With Translations into English, Burmese and Chinese By Justin Watkins, p. 1139
- ^ Peter Truhart, Asia & Pacific Oceania, p. 218
- ^ a b Yos Santasombat, Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong, p. 3-4
- ISBN 978-8124109021
- ^ Daniels, Christian (2006) "Historical memories of a Chinese adventurer in a Tay chronicle; Usurpation of the throne of a Tay polity in Yunnan, 1573–1584," International Journal of Asian Studies, 3, 1 (2006), pp. 21–48.
- ^ John Anderson. Mandalay to Momien : a narrative of the two expeditions to western China of 1868 and 1875 under Colonel Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Horace Browne (2009)
- ^ "Susan Conway, The Politics of Inland Southeast Asia, SOAS". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Bibliography
- C. Patterson Giersch, Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press (2006), ISBN 9780674021716
- ISBN 978-9-749-51143-5.
External links
Media related to Shan States at Wikimedia Commons- "Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
