Sheffield
Sheffield | ||
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Metropolitan county | ||
Region | ||
Country | England | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Areas of the city (2011 census BUASD) | List
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South Yorkshire | ||
Ambulance | Yorkshire | |
UK Parliament | ||
Website | sheffield | |
Sheffield is a city[a] in South Yorkshire, England, whose name derives from the River Sheaf which runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of the City of Sheffield. It is historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and some of its southern suburbs were transferred from Derbyshire to the city council. It is the largest settlement in South Yorkshire.[1][2][3]
The city is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines and the valleys of the River Don with its four tributaries: the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin and the Sheaf. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park and is the fifth largest city in England.[4] There are more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens in the city,[4] which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees.[5] The city is 29 miles (47 km) south of Leeds and 32 miles (51 km) east of Manchester.
Sheffield played a crucial role in the
Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second largest city in the
The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club, Sheffield F.C.,[9] and the world's oldest football ground, Sandygate. Matches between the two professional clubs, Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday, are known as the Steel City derby. The city is also home to the World Snooker Championship and the Sheffield Steelers, the UK's first professional ice hockey team.
Etymology
The name Sheffield, has its origins in Old English and derives from the name of a principal river in the city, the
History
Kingdom of England c. 12th century–1707
Kingdom of Great Britain 1707–1801
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801–1922
United Kingdom 1922–present
Early history
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late Upper Paleolithic, about 12,800 years ago.[14] The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield.[15]
Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the
After the
Industrial Revolution
During the 1740s, a form of the
The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.[30] The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World".[31]
Blitz
Post-Second World War
In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the
21st century
Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the Heart of the City Project, has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the
Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the
Between 2014 and 2018, there were
In May 2022, Sheffield was named a "Tree City of the World" in recognition of its work to sustainably manage and maintain urban forests and trees.[45] This honour was given before the release of the independent inquiry's report on the so-called "Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre". The report concluded that "thousands of healthy and loved trees were lost. Many more could have been" and was critical of Sheffield City Council. The latter issued this statement on receipt of the report: "the council has already acknowledged that it got many things wrong in the handling of the street-trees dispute, and we wish to reiterate our previous apologies for our failings".[46]
Governance
Local authority
Sheffield is governed at the local level by Sheffield City Council and is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office 16 May 2023).[47] It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 wards: three councillors per ward. Following the 2023 local elections, the distribution of council seats is Labour 39, Liberal Democrats 29, the Green Party 14, Conservative 1 and Independent 1. The city also has a Lord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis.
For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its leftist sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by David Blunkett, the area gained the epithet the "Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire".[48] However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011.
The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and the English Institute of Sport, Sheffield. Museums Sheffield and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.[49][50]
Combined authority
The city of Sheffield is part of the wider
In 2004, as part of the Moving Forward: The Northern Way document,[51] city regions were created in a collaboration with the three northern regional development agencies. These became independent Local enterprise partnerships in 2011.
The area's partnership retains the Sheffield City Region name, covering the South Yorkshire authorities, as well as Bolsover District, Borough of Chesterfield, Derbyshire Dales, North East Derbyshire and Bassetlaw District. In 2014, the Sheffield City Region Combined authority was formed by the South Yorkshire local authorities with the other councils as non-constituent members and the partnership integrated with the authority structure. In September 2020, the authority changed to its current name.[52]
Parliamentary Representation
The city returns five members of parliament to the House of Commons, with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for Penistone and Stocksbridge representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.[53] The former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg was an MP for Sheffield, representing Sheffield Hallam from 2005 until he was unseated 2017, when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.[54]
Geography
Sheffield is located at 53°22′59″N 1°27′57″W / 53.38297°N 1.4659°W. It lies directly beside Rotherham, from which it is separated largely by the M1 motorway. Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with Derbyshire; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,[55] including Totley, Dore and the area now known as Mosborough Townships.
Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.
Estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees,
The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former
Climate
According to the Köppen classification, Sheffield generally has an oceanic climate (Cfb) like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the Pennines to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "rain shadow" across the area.[68] Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged 824.7 mm (32.47 in) of rain per year; December was the wettest month with 91.9 mm (3.62 in) and July the driest with 51.0 mm (2.01 in). July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), on 19 July 2022.[69] The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F),[70] though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below −9.2 °C (15.4 °F),[71] suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th century may prevent temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) occurring.
The coldest temperature to be recorded was −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) in 2010.[72] (Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed at Sheffield Central Library, has the temperature at −8.7 °C (16.3 °F), recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at Weston Park, since records began in 1882, is −14.6 °C (5.7 °F), registered in February 1895.[73] The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is −5.6 °C (21.9 °F), also recorded in February 1895.[citation needed] More recently, −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.[68]
Climate data for Sheffield (Weston Park) WMO ID: 99107; coordinates 53°22′53″N 1°29′29″W / 53.38139°N 1.49137°W; elevation: 131 m (430 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
39.4 (102.9) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.9 (91.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
39.4 (102.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.3 (8.1) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
4.1 (39.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75.7 (2.98) |
67.0 (2.64) |
59.5 (2.34) |
58.8 (2.31) |
54.5 (2.15) |
75.1 (2.96) |
62.2 (2.45) |
65.1 (2.56) |
63.5 (2.50) |
78.7 (3.10) |
84.7 (3.33) |
86.9 (3.42) |
831.6 (32.74) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.2 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 13.7 | 133.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 50.1 | 76.8 | 121.0 | 153.2 | 198.2 | 181.0 | 180.7 | 181.3 | 138.2 | 97.0 | 59.4 | 48.3 | 1,485.2 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Met Office[74] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI,[75][76] WeatherAtlas[77] and Meteo Climat[78] |
The Weston Park Weather station, established in 1882, is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom. It has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period, with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record.
Green belt
Sheffield is within a
Subdivisions
Sheffield is made up of many suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1801 | 60,095 | — |
1821 | 84,540 | +40.7% |
1841 | 134,599 | +59.2% |
1861 | 219,634 | +63.2% |
1881 | 335,953 | +53.0% |
1901 | 451,195 | +34.3% |
1921 | 543,336 | +20.4% |
1941 | 569,884 | +4.9% |
1951 | 577,050 | +1.3% |
1961 | 574,915 | −0.4% |
1971 | 572,794 | −0.4% |
1981 | 530,844 | −7.3% |
1991 | 528,708 | −0.4% |
2001 | 513,234 | −2.9% |
2011 | 551,800 | +7.5% |
2019 | 584,028 | +5.8% |
[86] |
The
The Industrial Revolution served as a catalyst for considerable population growth and demographic change in Sheffield. Large numbers of people were driven to the city as the cutlery and steel industries flourished. The population continued to grow until the mid-20th century, at which point, due to industrial decline, the population began to contract. However, by the early 21st century, the population had begun to grow once again.
The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.[92]
Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "the
Economy
Labour profile | ||
---|---|---|
Total employee jobs | 255,700 | |
Full-time | 168,000 | 65.7% |
Part-time | 87,700 | 34.3% |
Manufact. & Construct. | 40,300 | 15.7% |
Manufacturing | 31,800 | 12.4% |
Construction | 8,500 | 3.3% |
Services | 214,900 | 84.1% |
Distribution, hotels & restaurants | 58,800 | 23.0% |
Transport & communications | 14,200 | 5.5% |
Finance, IT, other business activities | 51,800 | 20.2% |
Public admin, education & health | 77,500 | 30.3% |
Other services | 12,700 | 5.0% |
Tourism-related | 18,400 | 7.2% |
After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004
The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places respectively for best office location and best new call centre location. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.[104]
Heavy industries and metallurgy
Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.[105] The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted.[106] A key reason for Sheffield's success in the production of cutlery lies in its geographic makeup. The abundance of streams in the area provided water power and the geological formations in the Hope Valley, in particular, provided sufficient grit stones for grinding wheels.[106] In the 17th century, the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire, which oversaw the booming cutlery industry in the area and remains to this day, was established and focused on markets outside the Sheffield area, leading to the gradual establishment of Sheffield as a respected producer of cutlery.[106] this gradually developed from a national reputation into an international one.[106]
Playing a crucial role in the
While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston.
Public sector
Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period 1995 – 2008 (a period of growth for the city and many others in the UK), the number of jobs in the city increased by 22% and 50% of these were in the public sector.
Leisure and retail
City Centre
Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many
With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments include Leopold Square, The Moor, St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and the Heart of the City I & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large screen TVs for sports events.[124] The development is also related to other efforts to rejuvenate the Fargate area, such as a new mixed-use events and coworking hub at 20–26 Fargate, also overseen by Sheffield City Council.[125]
Shopping centres
To the south of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a 190,500 sq ft (17,700 m2) retail park with 13 retail and food units.[129] Next to the retail park is the Sheffield IKEA store, opened in 2017. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Swedish Ambassador to the UK.[130] The Sheffield store was the 20th opened in the UK and led to the creation of 480 new local jobs.
The second largest shopping centre in Sheffield is Crystal Peaks, located in the south-east of the city, alongside Drakehouse Retail Park. Both the shopping centre and the retail park opened in 1988 and now attract around 11 million visitors a year.[131] In total there are 101 retailers (including eateries) at Crystal Peaks and Drakehouse, including a range high street brands. Crystal Peaks also includes a travel interchange which serves as the hub for bus travel in the east and south-east of Sheffield.
Suburbs
Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre is Ecclesall Road, a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing.[132] The area has a large student community owing to the presence of the Sheffield Hallam University Collegiate Campus adjacent to Ecclesall Road. The leisure section of the road is approximately 1.6 mi (2.5 km) long, with the south-western end becoming Ecclesall Road South and a predominantly residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area is London Road, to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre is Broomhill, a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre are Hillsborough, a large retail and sports hub, and Stocksbridge Fox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.[133]
In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in the
Tourism
Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account of
In 2012,
Transport
Cars, coaches and cycling
Motorways near the city are the M1 and M18.[136] Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossing Tinsley Viaduct near Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster and ending at Goole. The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield.[136] These run east–west and north–south respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring,[137] allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer ring road runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.[136]
Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads, therefore
Trams, trains and tramtrains
Train services in Sheffield are operated by
High Speed 2 had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes respectively.[151] In November 2021, the UK government published the Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands which announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.[152]
There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of
The
In March 2024, control of the network passed to the South Yorkshire Combined Mayoral Authority.[157]
Canal
The
Air
The closest airports are in
Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In 1997, Sheffield City Airport was opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar to London City Airport and operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in the British Isles and the Netherlands. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost its CAA license in 2008.[160]
Doncaster Sheffield Airport (also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located 18 mi (29 km) from the city centre. It opened on 28 April 2005 on the former RAF Finningley site and was served mainly by charter and budget airlines, with about one million passengers a year.[161] Destinations had included the Canary Islands, Balearics, Greece, Turkey, Poland and the Baltic countries with Tui and Wizz Air operating from the airport. A link road, called the Great Yorkshire Way, connects Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway, reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes.[162] The airport closed in 2022. In June 2023 South Yorkshire's mayor Oliver Coppard handed Doncaster council £3.1 million to help the council build a case for legal action in pursuit of a compulsory purchase order, which it believes will cost up to £6.25 million.[163][164][165]
Education
Within the city of Sheffield there are two universities, 141 primary schools and 28 secondary schools.[166]
Museums
Sheffield's museums are managed by two distinct organisations.
In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such as
There are also a number of independent museums in the city including the National Videogame Museum and the National Emergency Services Museum, as well as the University of Sheffield's Turner Museum of Glass.
Universities, colleges and UTCs
The city's universities are
Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and Collegiate Crescent Campus is about 2 mi (3.2 km) away, adjacent to Ecclesall Road in south-west Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design. During the 1960s several independent colleges (including the School of Design) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic (Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992.
Sheffield has three main further education providers: The Sheffield College, Longley Park Sixth Form and Chapeltown Academy. The Sheffield College is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle),[176] Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.[177]
Launched by the
Secondary, primary and nursery
There are 137 primary schools, 26 secondary schools – of which 10 have
Religion
Sheffield is home to a centre of multicultural events, institutions, and places of worship. Some of the city's most notable buildings include its main
The city also has other churches including
-
Sheffield Cathedral, one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the Diocese of Sheffield.
-
Madina Mosque
Sport
Teams
Football codes
Sheffield has a long sporting heritage. In 1857 a collective of
Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams,
In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four times – in
United and Wednesday were both founding members of the
Sheffield was the site of the deadliest sports venue disaster in the United Kingdom, the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, when 97 Liverpool supporters were killed in a stampede and crush during an FA Cup semi-final at the venue.
Rotherham United, who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield's Don Valley Stadium in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of Millmoor, Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seat New York Stadium in Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf, climbing and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield).
Sheffield Giants are an American football team who play in the BAFA National Leagues Premier Division, the highest level of British American Football.
Ice Hockey and roller derby
Sheffield is home to the Sheffield Steelers professional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seater Sheffield Arena and are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professional Elite Ice Hockey League. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL.
The Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy also are based in Sheffield, and play out of
Facilities and events
Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the
Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies.[189] A key part of this collaboration is Sheffield Hallam University's £14 million Advanced Well-being Research Centre (AWRC), which was established along similar lines to the University of Sheffield's Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre's (AMRC's).[189] The site also includes teaching facilities, a stadium and research & innovation facilities.[189]
The
Sheffield also has close ties with
Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the
Sheffield hosted the finish of Stage 2 of the
IceSheffield, an Ice Rink with 2 Olympic sized rinks, was opened in May 2003, and is home to the Sheffield Steeldogs, Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy, and Sutton Sting amongst other teams. It is the host to the yearly EIHA Conference Tournament, EIHA Nationals, and Sheffield Junior Tournament.
The Sheffield Half Marathon is held annually.[196] It has thousands of participants every year.
Landmarks and parks
Weston Park Museum is a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.[197]
The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.[199] Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the Wheel of Sheffield, located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.[200]
Heeley City Farm and Graves Park are home to Sheffield's two farm animal collections, both of which are fully open to the public.[201][202] Sheffield also has its own zoo; the Tropical Butterfly House, Wildlife & Falconry Centre.[203]
There are about 1,100 listed buildings in Sheffield (including the whole of the Sheffield postal district).[204] Of these, only five are Grade I listed. Sixty-seven are Grade II*, but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II.[205] Compared to other English cities, Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing: Liverpool, for example, has 26 Grade I listed buildings. This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th-century buildings of any distinction.[206] By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".[207] In the summer of 2016 a public art event across the city occurred called the Herd of Sheffield which raised £410,000 for the Sheffield Children's Hospital.[208]
Greenspace
Sheffield has a reputed 4.5 million trees
The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian era
Also within the city there are a number of
The south-west boundary of the city overlaps with the Peak District National Park, the first national park in England (est. 1951).[215] As a consequence, several communities actually reside within both entities. The Peak District is home to many notable, natural, features and also human-made features such as Chatsworth House, the setting for the BBC series Pride and Prejudice.[216]
Theatres
Sheffield has two large theatres, the
Culture and Community
Sheffield made the shortlist for the first city to be designated UK City of Culture, but in July 2010 it was announced that Derry had been selected.[220]
Sheffield has a number of
Sheffield was once home to a number of historically important nightclubs in the early dance music scene of the 1980s and 1990s, Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular clubs in the North of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007.[222]
Sheffield has a thriving poetry and spoken word scene: from Wordlife's events across the city to the sustained work of Sheffield Authors; from the vibrant monthly arts night, Verse Matters, at the Moor Theatre Deli to the longstanding work of The Poetry Business, there are always opportunities for new and experienced writers to get writing and to share their work.
The city is home to thirteen
.Sheffield hosts a number of festivals, the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival,[234] the Sensoria Music & Film Festival and the Tramlines Festival.
Music
The Tramlines Festival was launched as an annual music festival in 2009,[235] it is held at Hillsborough Park (the main stage) and at venues throughout Sheffield City Centre, and features local and national artists.[236]
A number of major music acts, including
Sheffield has been home to several bands and musicians, with a number of
In 1999 the
The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra, the Sheffield Chamber Orchestra, the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus and the Chorus UK community choir.[253][254][255][256] It is also home to Music in the Round, a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music.
Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival.[257] The University of Sheffield runs a number of courses and research projects dedicated to folk culture.[258]
The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses.[259] Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.[260]
Sheffield was shortlisted to host the 2023 Eurovision Song Contest,[261] which took place between 9 and 13 May 2023 in Liverpool.
Media
Sheffield has two commercial newspapers,
Sheffield has its own TV station;
Sheffield Hospital Radio (Hospital Broadcasting Sheffield) broadcasts a 24-hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Jessop Wing, Northern General and Weston Park Hospital and also offers a dedicated patient visiting service. The charity is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital and is provided free to bedside terminals via Hospedia and on medium wave 1431am from a transmitter at the Northern General Hospital.[269]
Film
The films and plays
Public services
Sheffield is policed by
Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts:
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust
- Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, the Jessop Wing (maternity wing), Weston Park Hospital (specialist cancer treatment) and Charles Clifford Dental Hospital. The Northern General Hospital is the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole.[284] On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by the coronavirus were reported in the Crabtree and Fir Vale district in the three months up to May 2020. The Office for National Statistics said this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.[citation needed]
Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises.[285] The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.[286]
Ambulances are provided by the
Sheffield City Council is responsible for running fifteen libraries within the city and the Hospital Library Service at Weston Park Hospital. A further sixteen are run by community and volunteer groups with over 1,000 volunteers trained by Sheffield City Council.[289][290] The largest is Sheffield Central Library which is collocated with Graves Art Gallery on Surrey Street, in Sheffield City Centre. The Sheffield Central Library also contains the Local Studies Library with 30,000 items related to local history.
Domestic waste services in Sheffield are provided by Veolia Environmental Services under contract from and on behalf of the council. Council owned/run buildings are maintained by Kier Group Sheffield in partnership with the council.[291][292]
Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by
International relations
The Sheffield International Linking Committee promotes Sheffield overseas, especially with six
- Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Anshan, Liaoning, China
- Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Donetsk, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
- Estelí, Estelí Department, Nicaragua
- Khmelnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine[296]
A further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield:
- Kanagawa, Japan
- Kitwe, Copperbelt Province, Zambia
- Kotli, Pakistan-administered Kashmir
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States – This is mainly due to both cities' link with the manufacturing of steel, with both cities being known as "Steel City".
Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities; a section of the A6102 in Norton is named Bochum Parkway; and a road in Hackenthorpe is named Donetsk Way. Likewise in Bochum, Germany, there is a major road called the Sheffield-Ring.
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Sheffield.[297][298]
Individuals
- Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk: 25 October 1899.
- Sir Frederick Mappin: 25 October 1899.
- Sir Henry Stephenson: 25 October 1899.
- Field Marshal 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum: 13 August 1902.
- Sir Marcus Samuel: 10 June 1903.
- William Morris Hughes: 26 May 1916.
- Field Marshal Jan Christian Smuts: 10 October 1917.
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Jellicoe: 10 October 1917.
- David Lloyd George: 13 August 1919.
- Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig: 13 August 1919.
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Beatty: 13 August 1919.
- William Ferguson Massey: 10 August 1921.
- Sir William Edwin Clegg: 21 April 1922.
- William Lyon Mackenzie King : 9 November 1923.
- Stanley Bruce: 9 November 1923.
- Sir Samuel Roberts: 30 July 1924.
- Robert Styring: 30 July 1924.
- William Farewell Wardley: 30 July 1924.
- Sir Henry Coward: 24 March 1926.
- Joseph Gordon Coates: 30 November 1926.
- James Ramsay MacDonald: 4 December 1929.
- John George Graves: 4 December 1929.
- Sir Henry Stephenson: 4 December 1929.
- Cecil Henry Wilson: 4 December 1929.
- Richard Bedford Bennett: 29 October 1930.
- James Henry Scullin: 29 October 1930.
- Leonard Hedley Burrows: 6 June 1939.
- Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield: 6 June 1939.
- Harry Brearley: 6 June 1939.
- Rt Hon Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill: 6 October 1943.
- Frank Thraves: 7 March 1945.
- Harold Warters Jackson: 7 March 1945.
- Alfred James Bailey: 7 March 1945.
- Arthur James Blanchard: 7 March 1945.
- Rt Hon Albert Victor Alexander: 1 October 1947.
- Derek Dooley: 7 April 1993.
- Rt Hon Richard Caborn: 9 May 2023.[299]
Military Units
- A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery: 7 November 2001.
- 38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment (Volunteers): 7 November 2001.
- 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital RAMC (Volunteers): 7 November 2001.
- The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding): 7 November 2001.
- 106 (West Riding) Field Squadron 103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron: 6 March 2002.
- The Yorkshire Regiment: 6 September 2006.
- 64 (City of Sheffield) Signal Squadron 37th Signal Regiment: 18 October 2014.
See also
- List of metropolitan areas in Europe
- List of people from Sheffield
- List of companies in Sheffield
- People of Sheffield
- ShakeClub
- Sheffield Gang Wars
- Street names of Sheffield
- Timeline of Sheffield history
- Blackburn Meadows power station
- Neepsend power station
References and notes
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{{cite news}}
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Further reading
- Baker, Katherine; Baker, Steve; Symonds, James (2011). "Archaeological Investigations at the Upper Chapel, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, UK". Internet Archaeology (29). doi:10.11141/ia.29.4.
- The Story of Sheffield Archived 13 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by John Derry, 1915
- A tale of two cities: the Sheffield Project a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city
External links
- Official website
- Sheffield in the Domesday Book
- South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation