Shenoute

Shenoute was born in the middle of the fourth century CE^[2] (the date 348 CE, often mentioned but not universally accepted, is based on an inscription in his monastery, dating from the 12th or 13th century^[3]).

Around 385 CE, Shenoute became the father of the White Monastery in Upper Egypt.^[4] It has often been assumed that Shenoute was the immediate successor of the White Monastery's founder, Pacol. However, the reconstruction of Shenoute's literary corpus made it possible to realize that Pacol died in the 370s and was then succeeded not by Shenoute but by another father, Eboh and that a spiritual crisis during Eboh's tenure as head of the White Monastery, a crisis which seems to have involved carnal sin, enabled Shenoute to come to prominence and to become Eboh's immediate successor.^[5]

At the Council of Ephesus

Because of his popularity in

On 7 Epip (14 July) 466 CE, following a short illness possibly brought upon by advanced age, Shenoute died in the presence of his monks.

Influence on the monastic movement

From his uncle,

I vow before God in His Holy Place, the word which I have spoken with my mouth being my witness; I will not defile my body in any way, I will not steal, I will not bear false witness, I will not lie, I will not do anything deceitful secretly. If I transgressed what I have vowed, I will see the Kingdom of Heaven, but will not enter it. God before whom I made the covenant will destroy my soul and my body in the fiery Hell because I transgressed the covenant I made.

— Bell, the Life of Shenute by Besa, pp.9-10

Transgressors of that covenant were expelled from the monastery altogether. This was considered a near death sentence for those peasant monks.

Another interesting feature of Shenoute's monastic system was the requirement for the new novices to live outside the monastery for a period of time before they were deemed worthy to be consecrated as monks. This seemed to be at odds with the Nitrian monastic system, which allowed the monks to live away from the monastic settlements only after they became proficient in the monastic life. Shenoute also utilized the time of the monks, outside prayer and worship, in more varied tasks within the monastery than the Nitrian monks were exposed to. Aside from the traditional trades of rope and basket weaving, the monks engaged in weaving and tailoring linen, cultivation of flax, leather work and shoemaking, writing and bookbinding, carpentry, and metal and pottering-making. All in all, Shenouda tried as much as possible to employ the monks in their old professions. Such activities made the monastery a vast self-supporting complex, which occupied some 20 square miles (52 km²) of land.

As a monastic leader, Shenoute recognized the need for literacy among monks. So he required all his monks and nuns to learn to read and encouraged more of them to pursue the art of writing manuscripts. This made the monastery more and more appealing to belong to and consequently made the threat of expulsion more painful.

Legacy as a national leader

In his laudatory Life of Saint Shenoute, his disciple and biographer Saint Wissa (Besa) recounts several incidents of Shenoute coming to the aid of poor Coptic peasants. One time he went to Akhmim to chastise a pagan because of the oppression he was inflicting on the poor (Vita #81-2). Another time he acted to eliminate the cause of grief of the peasants, that the pagan landlords of Paneleou forced them to buy the latter's spoiled wine (Vita #85-6). On a third occasion he risked his life to successfully ask for the freedom of the captives at Psoi from the hands of the Blemmyes warriors (Vita #89). He also at times appealed on behalf of the peasants to those in power, including the Roman emperor Theodosius I. In summary, Shenoute fully recognized the misery of his people and emerged as their sincere advocate and popular leader.

Life as a writer

To talk about Shenoute's writing is to discuss Coptic literature at its best. He wrote in a style that was essentially his own, with writings based on a careful study of the scholastic rhetoric of his time, which displayed the wide and deep range of knowledge he possessed. They were adorned with endless quotations from the Holy Scriptures, a typical feature of patristic writings. The scriptures were quoted whenever a presented argument needed support. In doing so Shenoute also displayed an astonishing memory as he rendered these passages with amazing accuracy.

Shenoute's knowledge was not confined to the

• Moral sermons: This category includes the richest collection that have survived from Shenoute's writings. Among his works here is one about the disobedience to clerics De Disoboedientia ad Clericos, in which he stressed the benefit of obedience and the punishment of the disobedient. He also wrote about the Nativity and the glorification of the Lord, where he discussed free will and the place of chastity in the monastic life De Castitate et Nativitate.
• Sermons against the pagans: This category represents an important side of Shenoute's thinking. In one place, he portrayed the pagans as worse than demons whose idols shall rightly be destroyed by the Christians. In another sermon he aimed his attack against a pagan, probably a magistrate, who troubles the monks Adversus Saturnum. In a third sermon he attacks the concept of fate, in the opinion of the idolaters, as the controlling factor in the life of a person. He encounters with the teaching that nothing actually happens without the will of God Contra Idolatras, de Spatio Vitae.
• Sermons against the heretics: This category is similar conceptually to the preceding one. Here Shenoute directs his attack against the heretics who corrupted the faith. One encounters in this category one of Shenoute's longest works, which was probably written as a treatise rather than just a sermon. This is the work against the
  Virgin
  .
• Sermons based on interviews with magistrates that visited him: This final category represents sermons that were based on miscellaneous interviews that he held with magistrates who visited him as a consequence of his fame and great authority. In those sermons Shenoute touches upon such arguments as the appropriateness of him correcting even generals in spiritual matters, the dimensions of the sky and the earth, the devil and free will, and the punishment of sinners. He also discussed the duties of judges and other such important personages as bishops, wealthy people, and generals.

As more and more identifications of Saint Shenoute's literary works are made, his contribution to Coptic literature appears to be even greater than previously assumed. On the one hand, it is becoming clear that he treated a wide range of subjects, not only monastic ones. This suggests a more favorable assessment of the theological character of his writing, his spirituality, and his moral and nationalistic behavior. On the other hand, he accepted the inclusion of literary activity in the religious field. This sets him apart from the

Four Coptic Orthodox monasteries worldwide are named after Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite, namely:

• Monastery of Saint Shenouda near Sohag, Egypt, also known as the White Monastery
• Monastery of Saint Shenouda in
  Milano
  , Italy
• Coptic Monastery of St. Shenouda in Rochester, New York, U.S.
• St. Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Monastery in Putty, New South Wales, Australia

There is also a Coptic Orthodox church – St. Mary and St. Shenouda – in Coulsdon, England.

Works and translations

There has been difficulty in accessing and reconstructing the works of Shenoute for a variety of readings. The number of legible manuscripts his works survive in are not many, and he wrote in Coptic, which is a language that ceased in use early in the history of Christianity, which added to the obscurity of his writings. For a long time, his works stopped being transmitted, and the remaining manuscripts were subject to decay from then one. Shenoute was responsible for collecting his own literary works into two collections, which were then transmitted. These were the Canons and the Discourses (or Logoi).^[7] Johannes Leipoldt published several volumes of his works, although he did so without access to all the manuscripts and so did not produce a critical edition.^[8] The transmission and structure of these two collections were first reconstructed in a dissertation by Stephen Emmel.^[9] Dwight Young has published some Coptic editions of this work with English translation.^[10] Bentley Layton has additionally published new Coptic texts of his rule and their translations.^[11]

References

Further reading

• Behlmer, Heike (1996). Schenute von Atripe: De iudicio (Torino, Museo Egizio, Cat. 63000, Cod. IV) (in German). Torino: Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Soprintendenza al Museo delle Antichità Egizie.
• Bell, David N. Besa: The Life of Shenoute. Cistercian Studies Series, vol. 73. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1983.
• Brakke, David. Demons and the Making of the Monk: Spiritual Combat in Early Christianity. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. [Esp. chap. 5, “The Prophet: Shenoute and the White Monastery.”]
• Emmel, Stephen. Shenoute’s Literary Corpus. 2 vols. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, vols. 599–600 (= Subsidia, vols. 111–112). Leuven: Peeters, 2004. [With an extensive bibliography on Shenoute up to 2004.]
• Emmel, Stephen. “Shenoute’s Place in the History of Monasticism.” In: Christianity and Monasticism in Upper Egypt, vol. 1: Akhmim and Sohag, edited by Gawdat Gabra and Hany N. Takla, pp. 31–46 (with bibliography on pp. 321–350). Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008.
• Grypeou, Emmanouela (2007). "'The Visions of Apa Shenute of Atripe': An Analysis in the History of Traditions of Eastern Christian Apocalyptic Motifs". In Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro (ed.). Eastern Crossroads: Essays on Medieval Christian Legacy. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies. Vol. 1. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 157–168.
• Kosack, Wolfgang, ed. (2013). Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale (in German). Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung. Berlin: Verlag Brunner Christoph.
  ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9
  .
• Wolfgang Kosack: Shenoute of Atripe "De vita christiana": M 604 Pierpont-Morgan-Library New York/Ms. OR 12689 British-Library/London and Ms. Clarendon Press b. 4, Frg. Bodleian-Library/Oxford. Introduction, edition of the text and translation into German by Wolfgang Kosack / Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013.
  ISBN 978-3-906206-00-4
• Krawiec, Rebecca (2002). Shenoute and the Women of the White Monastery: Egyptian Monasticism in Late Antiquity. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press.
• Layton, Bentley (2007). "Rules, Patterns, and the Exercise of Power in Shenoute's Monastery: The Problem of World Replacement and Identity Maintenance". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 15 (1): 45–73.
  S2CID 143481705
  .
• Layton, Bentley (2014). The Canons of Our Fathers: Monastic Rules of Shenoute. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Schroeder, Caroline T. (2007). Monastic Bodies: Discipline and Salvation in Shenoute of Atripe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• English translation of the Arabic life

External links

• St. Shenouda the Archimandrite
• St Mary and St. Shenouda, Coulsdon
• Primary sources and translated works by Shenoute of Atripe on Coptic Scriptorium
• St Shenouda Press
• Scenute entry (in Italian) by Michelangelo Guidi in the Enciclopedia italiana, 1936