Shenzhen
Shenzhen
深圳市 | ||
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Licence plate prefixes 粤B | | |
City flower | Bougainvillea | |
City trees | Lychee and Mangrove[6] | |
Website | sz.gov.cn sz.gov.cn/en |
Shenzhen | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin Shēnzhèn | | |
Cantonese Yale | Sāmjan | |
Teochew Peng'im | Cim1-zung3 |
Shenzhen
Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of Bao'an County, which was established in imperial times. The southern portion of Bao'an County became part of British Hong Kong after the Opium Wars, while the village of Shenzhen was on the border. Shenzhen railway station was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway, and Shenzhen's economy grew and it became a city by 1979.
In the early 1980s,
The city is a leading global technology hub. In the media Shenzhen is sometimes called China's Silicon Valley.[11][12] The city's entrepreneurial, innovative, and competitive-based culture has resulted in the city being home to numerous small manufacturers and software companies. Several of these firms have become large technology corporations, such as Huawei, Tencent, and DJI. As an important international city, Shenzhen hosts numerous national and international events every year, such as the 2011 Summer Universiade and the China Hi-Tech Fair.
The residents of Shenzhen are made up of immigrants from all over China, possessing the youngest population structure in the country and an anti-discrimination urban culture.
Toponymy
The earliest known recorded mention of the name chen could date from 1410, during the Ming Dynasty.[13] Locals call the drains in paddy fields "Zhen" (Chinese: 圳; lit. 'ditch', 'drain'). Shenzhen was named after a deep (Chinese: 深; lit. 'deep') drain that was located within the area."[14][15]
History
Prehistory to Ming era
The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid-
In 214 BC, when Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin Dynasty, the area went under the jurisdiction of the established Nanhai Commandery, one of the three commanderies that were set up in Lingnan, and was assimilated into Zhongyuan culture.[19] In 331 AD, the Eastern Jin administration split up Nanhai and established a new Dongguan Commandery (东官郡).[20] The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County, one of its six counties, was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590, the Sui administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757, the Tang administration renamed the county Dongguan, and moved its seat to what is now Dongguan city, although a military garrison remained.[19]
During the
Qing-era to 1940s
To prevent a rebellion from Ming loyalists under Zheng Chenggong, better known as Koxinga, on the Chinese coast, the recently established Qing administration resettled coastal residents inland and re-organized coastal counties.[19] As a result, Bao'an County lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboring Dongguan and was incorporated into Dongguan in 1669. After the Qing dynasty was defeated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the First Opium War and the Second Opium Wars, Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula were ceded to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the Convention of Peking. On 21 April 1898 the Qing government signed a "Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders" with the United Kingdom, and leased the New Territories from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Xin'an was briefly occupied by a British force under the command of Henry Arthur Blake, the governor of Hong Kong, for half a year in 1899.[23] From the 3,076 square kilometres (1,188 sq mi) of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, 1,055.61 square kilometres (407.57 sq mi) of the county was ceded to the British.[20]
In response to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them.[24] In the same year the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public. The last stop on the Chinese side was Shenzhen railway station, helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to the world.[23][25] In 1913, the Republic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from another county of the same name in Henan Province.[19] During the Canton–Hong Kong strike, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen.[26] Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by the strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931 Chen Jitang and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino.[27]
During World War II, the Japanese occupied Shenzhen and Nantou,[19] forcing the Bao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County.[28][29] In 1941, the Japanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through the Lo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong.[30]
1950s to 1975
In 1953, four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen, since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou.[19] From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw a huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring in mainland China, and a range from 100,000[31] to 560,000[32] refugees resided in the county.
In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by the
On 23 January 1979, the
At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee of
Special Economic Zone (1980s–present)
In 1980, Shenzhen had a population of 30,000.
In March 1981 Shenzhen was promoted to a sub-provincial division.[16][19] There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies.[43] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line border.[44][45]
In December 1990, under the authority of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading.[46] In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations.[15] In 1996 and early 1997, the Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.[47][48] By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong.[49] There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while the same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time, Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting of APEC China 2001 on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port.[50] In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness.[51]
On 1 July 2010 the State Council dissolved the "second line," and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size.[52] On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone."[53] In August 2011, the city hosted the 26th Universiade, an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes.[54] In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly established Guangdong Free-Trade Zone.[55]
On 18 August 2019 the central government in Beijing unveiled reform plans covering economic, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen,[56] labeling Shenzhen a pilot demonstration zone for socialism with Chinese characteristics.[57]: 58
Geography
Shenzhen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of the historical Bao'an County. The southern portion of Bao'an County became part of British Hong Kong after the Opium Wars, while the village of Shenzhen was on the border. Shenzhen railway station was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway, and Shenzhen's economy grew and it became a city by 1979.
Shenzhen is located within the
Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within the city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes.
Maozhou River and Longgang River.[60]
Climate
Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of the
The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months, when the city also experiences very humid and hot conditions. Despite this, extreme heat is rare, there are only 2.4 days of 35 °C (95 °F)+ temperatures.[61] The region is prone to torrential rain as well, with 9.7 days that have 50 mm (1.97 in) or more of rain, and 2.2 days of at least 100 mm (3.94 in).[61] The latter portion of autumn is dry. The annual precipitation averages at around 1,933 mm (76 in), some of which is delivered in typhoons that strike from the east during summer and early autumn. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2 °C (32 °F) on 11 February 1957 to 38.7 °C (102 °F) on 10 July 1980.[62]
Climate data for Shenzhen (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.1 (84.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
36.8 (98.2) |
36.9 (98.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.1 (98.8) |
36.9 (98.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
38.7 (101.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
23.3 (74.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
20.8 (69.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.7 (47.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 35.2 (1.39) |
36.8 (1.45) |
64.0 (2.52) |
140.1 (5.52) |
237.1 (9.33) |
368.7 (14.52) |
309.5 (12.19) |
364.3 (14.34) |
242.5 (9.55) |
73.4 (2.89) |
31.7 (1.25) |
29.6 (1.17) |
1,932.9 (76.12) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.5 | 7.8 | 9.9 | 11.4 | 14.3 | 18.4 | 17.2 | 16.7 | 13.2 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 130.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68 | 74 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 75 | 67 | 67 | 64 | 74 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 137.3 | 101.6 | 99.7 | 115.2 | 153.0 | 169.8 | 214.8 | 178.6 | 170.1 | 188.7 | 168.8 | 155.4 | 1,853 |
Percent possible sunshine | 40 | 31 | 27 | 30 | 37 | 42 | 52 | 45 | 47 | 53 | 51 | 47 | 42 |
Source 1: Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau[61] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: CMA[63] |
Politics
Structure
Title | CCP Committee Secretary | SMPC Chairman | Mayor | Shenzhen CPPCC Chairman |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Meng Fanli[64] | Luo Wenzhi[65] | Qin Weizhong[66] | Lin Jie[67] |
Ancestral home | Linyi, Shandong | Foshan, Guangdong | Yulin, Guangxi | Yingde, Guangdong |
Born | September 1965 (age 58) | August 1960 (age 63) | July 1971 (age 52) | April 1963 (age 60–61) |
Assumed office | April 2022 | January 2019 | April 2021 | September 2020 |
Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Shenzhen has a parallel party-government system,[68] in which the CCP Committee Secretary, officially termed the Chinese Communist Party Shenzhen Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the Mayor.[69] The CCP committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary).[70]
Despite being a sub-provincial city, Shenzhen as a SEZ still wields a lot of autonomy from the central government.[16][19] In addition to being promoted to a sub-provincial city, the National People's Congress (NPC) in 1981 granted legislative powers to Shenzhen and other Special Economic Zones, giving the city the privilege to make its own laws and regulations.[71] The Standing Committee of the NPC also granted Shenzhen voted and passed the "Decision on Authorizing the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government to respectively formulate laws and regulations for implementation in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone" in order to give fully strengthen Shenzhen's legislative powers without interference from the central government.[72]
Corruption
There were several cases of high-ranking Shenzhen officials that were arrested on charges relating to corruption. In December 2002, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court sentenced Zhao Yucun, former Commissioner of Shenzhen Customs, to life imprisonment for taking bribes of 9 million
Administrative divisions
Shenzhen has direct jurisdiction over nine administrative
Administrative divisions of Shenzhen | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Futian Luohu Nanshan Yantian Bao'an Longhua Pingshan Longgang Guangming Dapeng | |||||||||
Division code[77] | Division | Area in km2[78] | Population (2020)[79] | Seat | Postal code | Subdivisions | |||
Subdistricts
|
Residential communities | ||||||||
440300 | Shenzhen | 1996.78 | 17,494,398 | Futian |
518000 | 74 | 775 | ||
440303 | Luohu
|
78.75 | 1,143,801 | Huangbei Subdistrict | 518000 | 10 | 115 | ||
440304 | Futian
|
78.65 | 1,553,225 | Shatou Subdistrict |
518000 | 10 | 115 | ||
440305 | Nanshan
|
185.49 | 1,795,826 | Nantou Subdistrict |
518000 | 8 | 105 | ||
440306 | Bao'an
|
398.38 | 4,476,554 | Xin'an Subdistrict | 518100 | 10 | 123 | ||
440307 | Longgang *
|
387.82 | 3,979,037 | Longcheng Subdistrict | 518100 | 11 | 111 | ||
440308 | Yantian
|
74.63 | 214,225 | Haishan Subdistrict |
518081 | 4 | 23 | ||
440309 | Longhua
|
175.58 | 2,528,872 | Guanlan Subdistrict |
518110 | 6 | 100 | ||
440310 | Pingshan
|
167.00 | 551,333 | Pingshan Subdistrict |
518118 | 6 | 30 | ||
440311 | Guangming
|
155.44 | 1,095,289 | Guangming Subdistrict |
518107 | 6 | 28 | ||
Dapeng
|
295.05 | 156,236 | Dapeng Subdistrict | 518116 | 3 | 25 | |||
Qianhai | |||||||||
|
Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | Guangdong Romanization | Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an |
Shenzhen City | 深圳市 | Shēnzhèn Shì | sem1 zen3 xi5 | cim1 zun4 si4 |
Luohu District
|
罗湖区 | Luóhú Qū | lo4 wu4 kêu1 | lo2 fu2 ki1 |
Futian District
|
福田区 | Fútián Qū | fug1 tin4 kêu1 | fuk5 tien2 ki1 |
Nanshan District
|
南山区 | Nánshān Qū | nam4 san1 kêu1 | lam5/nam5 san1 ki1 |
Bao'an District
|
宝安区 | Bǎo'ān Qū | bou2 on1 kêu1 | bau3 on1 ki1 |
Longgang District
|
龙岗区 | Lónggǎng Qū | lung4 gong1 kêu1 | lung2 gong1 ki1 |
Yantian District
|
盐田区 | Yántián Qū | yim4 tin4 kêu1 | yam2 tien2 ki1 |
Longhua District
|
龙华区 | Lónghuá Qū | lung4 wa4 kêu1 | lung2 fa2 ki1 |
Pingshan District
|
坪山区 | Píngshān Qū | ping4 san1 kêu1 | piang2 san1 ki1 |
Guangming District
|
光明区 | Guāngmíng Qū | guong1 ming4 kêu1 | gong1 min2 ki1 |
Dapeng New District
|
大鹏新区 | Dàpéng Xīnqū | dai6 pang4 sen1 kêu1 | tai4 pen2 sin1 ki1 |
Qianhai | 前海 | Qiánhǎi | qin4 hoi2 |
Shenzhen was originally Bao'an County. On 5 March 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolved the county and set up the city of Shenzhen in its place initially with six districts: Luohu (罗湖), Nantou (南头), Songgang (松岗), Longhua (龙华), Longgang (龙岗), and Kuiyong (葵涌), with the seat based in Luohu. In October 1981, Bao'an County was re-established, with its region now based outside Shenzhen. In June 1983, the districts were dissolved and re-established instead as five management areas (管理区): Shekou (蛇口; south-west Shenzhen), Nantou (南头; west Shenzhen), Shangbu (上步; central Shenzhen), Luohu (罗湖; east-central Shenzhen), and Shatoujiao (沙头角; far-east Shenzhen).[80] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected a border known as the second line (Chinese: 二线关), which consisted of barbed wire and checkpoints between the city and the rest of China.[44][45] Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned.
In January 1990, the city merged Shekou Management Area and Nantou Management Area to form the
On 1 July 2010, the second line border was dissolved, and the Shenzhen SEZ was expanded to cover the entire city. Therefore, the four guanwai districts Bao'an District, Longgang District, Guangming New District, and Pingshan New District, would be given special economic privileges like the guannei districts.[52] The area of the Shenzhen SEZ also increased from 396 square kilometres (153 sq mi) to 1,953 square kilometres (754 sq mi).[84] Since June 2015, the existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks.[85][86][87] On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ.[88][89]
In early 2011, the provincial government of Guangdong approved the establishment of the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in the city and SEZ of Shantou, Guangdong that will last until 2040 with the purpose of economic development. The zone would be managed by Shenzhen and another Cantonese city, Shanwei.[90] The zone is under the jurisdiction of Shenzhen instead of Shantou, with residents living there considered to be permanent residents of Shenzhen.[91]
The Shenzhen government later established two new districts on 27 October 2011,
Economy
Shenzhen was the first of the
In the 2021
Shenzhen is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast south to the tip of India via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[109][110][111][112][113]
As of August 2023, Shenzhen has the seventh-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters of any city in the world and the third-most in China after (Beijing and Shanghai) within its city limits.[114]
Industry
Shenzhen's industry is described by its Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be upheld by its four-pillar industries:
High Tech
Shenzhen is a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2020 the city was ranked as the 4th Fintech powerhouse in the world.[116] Shenzhen is primarily known for its high-tech industry, which has a value of 585.491 billion RMB (US$82.9 billion) in 2015, a 13 percent increase compared to last year.[115] Out of the nominal GDP of 1,750.299 billion RMB in 2015 the high-tech industry generated 33.4 percent. Shenzhen is home to a number of prominent tech firms, such as Huawei,[117] Tencent,[118] DJI,[119] and ZTE.[120][121] Other tech firms include personal computer manufacturer Hasee,[122] Hytera,[123] OnePlus,[124] and BYD Company.[125]
Shenzhen annually holds the China International High-tech Achievements Fair, which showcases high-tech products and provides for dialogue and investment for high-tech.[126] As a result, Shenzhen is dubbed by media outlets as "China's Silicon Valley"[127][12][128][11] or the "Silicon Valley of Hardware" for the world.[129][130]
Financial services
Shenzhen is home to a number of large financial institutions, such as China Merchants Bank[131] and Ping An Insurance[132] and its subsidiary Ping An Bank.[133] Since the city's establishment as a SEZ, a number of foreign banks had established offices in the city, including Citibank, HSBC, Standard Chartered, and Bank of East Asia.[134] In total, the financial industry accounts for 14.5% of the city's nominal GDP in 2015 (254.282 billion RMB), which was a 15.9% increase over the previous year.[115] By the end of 2016, the total assets of the financial industry amounted to 12.7 trillion RMB (banking industry assets were 7.85 trillion RMB, security companies assets were 1.25 trillion RMB, and insurance industry assets were 3.6 trillion RMB), making Shenzhen's financial industry the third largest in China.[135]
Shenzhen is one of the world's top ten financial centers as of 2019, jumping five places to ninth place as determined by "variety of areas of competitiveness, including business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial sector development and reputation."[136]
Container port
High port traffic levels combined with a high urban population make Shenzhen a large port megacity.[142] The logistics industry accounts for around 10.1 percent (178.27 billion RMB) of the city's nominal GDP in 2015, which was an increase of 9.4 percent.[115] Shenzhen Port's first foreign trade blockchain cargo release platform was launched recently.[143]
Cultural industry
Shenzhen had prioritized the cultural industry in according to the 13th Five-Year Plan, establishing the Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association (深圳市时尚文化创意协会) and planning the 4.6 square-kilometer Dalang Fashion Valley (大浪时尚创意城).[144][145] On 7 December 2008, UNESCO approved Shenzhen's entrance into the Creative Cities Network, and awarded the Shenzhen the title of "United Nations Design Capital."[146] Altogether, the cultural industry in turn contributes to 5.8 percent (102.116 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015.
Real estate
In addition to the four pillar industries that were listed by the municipal government, Shenzhen also has a relatively notable real-estate industry.[147] The real-estate industry altogether contributes to 9.2 percent (162.777 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015, which was an increase of 16.8 percent compared to the previous year.[115] Real estate developers such as the Evergrande Group,[148] Vanke,[149] and China Resources Land[150] are headquartered within the city.
High Tech Industrial Development Zone
In 1996, the State Council approved and established the 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Development Zone, helping to develop Shenzhen's high-tech industry in areas such as electronics and information technology.[151] In accordance to the National Plan in 2001, the Shenzhen Software Park, integrated within the High-tech Industrial Development Zone, was established for software production and assists in the development of the city's software industry.[152] On 26 August 2010, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone" to solidify ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen.[53][153]
Tourism
Tourism is gradually growing as an important industry for Shenzhen. Shenzhen has been ranked second on the list of 'top 10 cities to visit in 2019' by Lonely Planet.[154] The Shenzhen administration in its "12th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen" had focused on turning the city into an international tourist hub, with emphasis on the city's scientific, fashion, and industrial elements.[155] The Shenzhen tourist industry is claimed by the local administration in having a strong development advantage, due to the city being one of the tier-one cities in China, as well as being known for its coastal resources, climate environment, capitalist economy, and technological innovation.[156]
In 2015 the tourism industry's total revenue was 124.48 billion RMB (US$17.6 billion), a 98.1 percent increase from 2010. Out of the total revenue, 28 percent (35 billion RMB or US$4.968 billion) came from international tourists, an increase of 56.2 percent from 2010. In addition, in that year, Shenzhen received 11.63 million tourists, a 51 percent increase from 2010.
Shenzhen has numerous tourist destinations, ranging from recreational areas such as theme parks and public parks to tall buildings. Most of the tourist attractions are part of
There are 314 star-rated hotels in Shenzhen as of Q3 2022. International luxury brands including
Shenzhen's tourism industry is recently expanding under the "13th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen" as promoted under the Shenzhen local government.[155] In this plan, the tourist industry plans to exceed 200 billion RMB and receive 150 million domestic and foreign tourists by 2020.[156] In 2023 an increasing numbers of Hong Kong residents began visiting Shenzhen during weekends, which in turn caused Hong Kong service establishments to face a decline in business.[176]
Retail
Retail is an important pillar of Shenzhen's tertiary sector. Out of the added value of Shenzhen's tertiary sector of 1.42 trillion RMB (US$201 billion) in 2018, retail contributed 43% (616.89 billion RMB) of this amount, a 7.6 percent increase compared to last year (601.62 billion RMB).[177] In addition, 10.9% of Shenzhen's FDI is directed towards the wholesale and retail sector.
"Smart retail", which uses technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data in production, circulation, and sales of consumer goods, has been growing popular within enterprises in Shenzhen.[185] Businesses in Shenzhen are encouraged to use the Internet to develop the consumer market and new retail projects would be assisted with the use of technology. In addition, the Shenzhen administration is setting up a new retail industry development fund to promote the use of "smart retail", with the intention of stimulating the economy of Shenzhen and to turn the city into a "new retail" hub.
Demographics
As of 2020, Shenzhen had a total permanent population of 17,560,000, with 5,874,000 (33.4 percent) of them
Before Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in 1980, the area was composed mainly of
Due to Shenzhen's population overshooting the 14.8 million population target for 2016 to 2020, the Shenzhen justice bureau on 25 May 2021 announced it would make it harder to earn a hukou to live in the city.[189] In regards to the registered population (hukou), Shenzhen experienced an increase of 2.178 million (58.9 percent) registered residents in the city from 2015 to 2020.[196] The city's permanent population increased by 7,136,088 (68.46 percent) from 2010 to 2020, for an average annual growth rate of 5.35%.[187]
Religion
According to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government, the two main religions present in Shenzhen are
Languages
Prior to the establishment of
The influx of migrants from other parts of the country has drastically altered the city's linguistic landscape, as Shenzhen has undergone a
Cityscape
In 2019, Shenzhen has been dubbed by
Shenzhen also has several historical buildings based in
Education and research
Regarding air transport, Shenzhen is served by its own
The
Shenzhen is served by seven inter-city railway stations:
As of August 2019, the city's bus system encompasses over 900 lines,[277] with a total of over 16,000 electric vehicles, the largest of its kind in the world.[278] The system is operated by multiple companies.[279] As at January 2019 conversion of Shenzhen's taxi fleet to electric vehicles reached 99%.[280] Electric taxis have a blue and white colour scheme. Petroleum fuelled taxis are coloured either green or red.[281][282]
Shenzhen serves as a fabric to China's expressway system. Expressways within the city include the Meiguan Expressway (part of the G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway),[283] the Jihe Expressway (part of the G15 Shenhai Expressway),[284][285] the Yanba Expressway (part of the S30 Huishen Coastal Expressway),[286] the S28 Shuiguan Expressway,[287] the Yanpai Expressway (part of the G25 Changshen Expressway and the S27 Renshen Expressway),[288] and the S33 Nanguang Expressway.[289] In response to being rejected from being a part of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, Shenzhen is constructing a bridge across the Pearl River Delta to connect the city of Zhongshan.[290][291]
Shenzhen is connected with
Due to its proximity to Hong Kong, Shenzhen has the largest number of entry and exit ports, the largest number of entry and exit personnel, and the largest traffic volume in China.[296] Shenzhen is busiest in China when it comes to border crossings, with people entering and exiting the country through the city and Hong Kong reaching 239 million in 2015.[297] In the same year, a total of 15.5 million vehicles crossed the border in Shenzhen, a 0.4% increase of last year. Border crossing ports include the Shenzhen Bay Port, Futian Port, Huanggang Port, Man Kam To Port, and Luohu Port.
Multiple ports on the part of the coastline of Shenzhen constitute the Shenzhen Port. In 2019, Shenzhen had 211 international container routes, and the container throughput of the entire Shenzhen port reached nearly 25.77 million boxes in 2019, ranking fourth in the world. Yantian Port is the busiest port among Shenzhen ports and the main foreign trade channel in South China in the mid-term.[298]
Culture
As Shenzhen is located in Guangdong, the city historically has a Cantonese culture before its transition to a SEZ.[299] The competitive culture that the city promotes among the youth have also used the term "Shenzhen speed", which resulted from the fast construction of the tallest building in Shenzhen. The term also describes a period of constant competition, quick changes, and high-efficiency.[300]
In 2003 the municipal government announced plans to turned Shenzhen into a cultural city by promoting design, animation, and library construction.[301] The municipal government also intends to develop the city's cultural industry in accordance to the 13th Five-Year Plan , establishing the Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association and the 4.6-square-kilometre (1.8 sq mi) Dalang Fashion Valley .[302]
[145] Shenzhen's cultural industry specializes in being one of the largest handicraft manufacturers in China,[303] and is also an industry center for oil painting in bases such as Dafen Village.[304] Shenzhen also hosts the Shenzhen International Cultural Fair which specializes as an expo for the world's cultural industries, with the first expo being in November 2004.[305][306] As a result of these developments, Shenzhen was awarded by UNESCO the title of "United Nations Design Capital" and was accepted entry into the Creative Cities Network on 7 December 2008.[146]
As part of turning Shenzhen into a cultural city, the municipal government established the "Library City" (图书馆之城) concept in 2003.
Shenzhen School Uniforms. Shenzhen has a citywide standardized school uniform for primary and secondary schools. The uniforms feature a blue and white color scheme, with the colors reversed for boys and girls. This well-known uniform set is a representative of Chinese student uniforms. It is often worn by internet celebrities and anime characters.[313]
Food
The main cuisine of Shenzhen is Cantonese.[314] Due to the recent growth of migrants to the city, Shenzhen also hosts a diverse array of cuisines, including Teochew cuisine, Hakka cuisine, Sichuan cuisine, Shanghai cuisine, and Hunan cuisine.[315]
The
Nightlife
Shenzhen has a prominent
Sports
Shenzhen is home to several professional sports teams, including the
Shenzhen is the host of several international sports events. In August 2011, the city has hosted the 26th Summer Universiade, a multi-sporting event for university students.[327] In 2018, Shenzhen hosted a pre-season National Hockey League game between the Calgary Flames and Boston Bruins.[328] From 2019 to 2028, Shenzhen is hosting the WTA Finals tennis tournament, which is the season-ending championship for women's tennis.[329] Shenzhen is also one of the host cities of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[330] Shenzhen is also a popular destination for skateboarders from all over the world, due to the architecture of the city and its lax skate laws.[331]
Shenzhen has several multi-purpose sports venues.
One of the most significant sporting events unique to Shenzhen is RoboMaster, an annual intercollegiate robot competition founded and hosted by DJI based on autonomous moving target shooting.[335] Started in 2015, the competition introduced a 5-on-5 MOBA-style robot combat between university students around China and later the world. Rewards to the competition include a prize pool of 3,750,000 RMB and a job landing at DJI.[336]
Environment
Parks and beaches
Shenzhen has an extensive three-level public park system that was established in 2006, which categorizes parks as natural parks, urban parks, and community parks. By 2019, the city had 1,090 parks covering about 39,320 hectares, including 33 natural parks, 152 urban parks and 905 community parks. According to state-owned news outlet
Shenzhen Bay Park, located along the city's coastline along Shenzhen Bay, opened in 2011, which included the nearby Mangrove Park. There are several thematic recreation areas and attractions, and along the 9-kilometer-long coastal strip there is an embankment.[340] The Mangrove Ecopark was established in 2000 in the Futian District and at that time was the smallest national park in China. A large group of birds migrate to the ecopark in the mangroves on an area of 20.6 hectares in a 9-kilometer coastal zone of the Shenzhen Bay.[341]
Shenzhen Bay Park is connected to the Dashahe Park (大沙河公园, 'big sand river'), located in Nanshan District, it follows the Dashahe River.
Pollution
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Shenzhen achieved an average air quality index (AQI) score of 44.8 µg/m³ and daily AQI score of 19 µg/m³. Out of ten Chinese mega-cities, Shenzhen recorded the lowest in average PM2.5 concentration (22.5 µg/m³), average PM10 concentration (37.7 µg/m³), average carbon monoxide concentration (0.6 µg/m³), and average nitrogen dioxide concentration (21.9 µg/m³).[345] Swiss environmental technology company IQAir attributed most of the pollution in Shenzhen to stem from the engineering industry, continued use of coal, and traffic.[346]
In 2014, Shenzhen experienced severe water pollution in the city's rivers and waterways, with 173 of the 310 rivers considered to be in "critical" condition and four rivers: the Maozhou, Guanlan, Longgang and Pingshan Rivers, to be the most polluted out of all rivers in the Pearl River Delta. The pollutants in the river consisted mainly of ammonia, phosphorus, and nitrogen. In response, the city conducted a campaign to restore the city's rivers by building more water pipes and sewage treatment plants.[347][348]
Environmental protection
From 2000 to 2014, Shenzhen spent 30 billion RMB to restore the city's rivers from water pollution, which some were considered at the time to be the most polluted in the Pearl River Delta. The city had constructed 33 sewage treatment plants and laid almost 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) of sewage pipes.[347] By 2020, the city laid an additional 3,274 kilometres (2,034 mi) of water pipelines and completed 13,793 pipeline renovation projects in urban villages and housing estates.[348]
In 2009, Shenzhen was chosen as one of thirteen cities to pilot a national new-energy vehicle program. In 2017, Shenzhen offered 3.3 billion RMB in subsidies in electric buses and the construction of charging facilities. In mid-2018, the city made major headlines for being the first city to roll an all-electric public bus fleet. In the same year, more than half of the city's taxi fleet are electric, with the goal to turn the fleet all-electric.[349][350][351][352] By early 2019, Shenzhen rolled out an all-electric taxi fleet, with 99% of taxis now electric-powered.[353]
In late 2019, Shenzhen launched a garbage classification program in which waste is to be sorted in four categories: recyclables, kitchen waste, hazardous waste, and other waste.[354] Residents who follow the guidelines will be given cash while those who do not would be fined by the government.[355][356]
Media
In Shenzhen there are 14 newspapers, one comprehensive publishing house, three video-audio products publishing houses, 88 bureaus of inland and Hong Kong media organizations, 40 periodicals, and about 200 kinds of in-house publications of which the majority belong to enterprises.[357] The most prominent media companies in Shenzhen are the Shenzhen Media Group,[358] the Shenzhen Press Group,[359] China Entertainment Television (CETV),[360] and Phoenix Television branch iFeng.[361]
Relations with Hong Kong
The area encompassed by Shenzhen and Hong Kong formerly belonged to Bao'an County in imperial times. After the Qing defeat in the Second Opium War, the United Kingdom seized Hong Kong Island and was leased the New Territories, forming the modern-day boundaries between Hong Kong and Shenzhen (the successor to Bao'an).[19] The two cities are separated by two bays: Shenzhen Bay and Mirs Bay, and a river: Sham Chun River. According to then-Executive Council member Leung Chun-ying, the two cities' close relationship can be due to the close distance between the two, similar economic systems, differences in wages and price levels, and that the two cities have different systems compared to other Chinese cities, with Hong Kong embracing the one country, two systems principle while Shenzhen is a SEZ.[366]
From the establishment of Shenzhen as a SEZ in 1980 to 2007, Hong Kong has been Shenzhen's largest trade partner, with exports to Hong Kong accounted for 46.6% of Shenzhen's total exports.
As of September 2016, there are nine crossing points on the boundary between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, among which six are land connections. From west to east these include the
Sister cities
Shenzhen has been very active in cultivating sister city relationships. In October 1989, Shenzhen Mayor Li Hao and a delegation travelled to Houston to attend the signing ceremony establishing a sister city relationship between Houston and Shenzhen.[374] Houston became the first sister city of Shenzhen. As of 2015, Shenzhen has established sister city relationship with 25 cities in the world. As of May 2021[update], Shenzhen is twinned with the following regions, cities, and counties:[375]
- Houston, United States, March 1986
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria, November 2013
- Brescia, Italy, November 1991
- Brisbane, Australia, June 1992
- Poznań, Poland, July 1993
- Kingston, Jamaica, March 1995
- Lomé, Togo, June 1996
- Nuremberg, Germany, May 1997[376]
- Walloon Brabant, Belgium, October 2003
- Tsukuba, Japan, June 2004
- Gwangyang, South Korea, October 2004
- Johor Bahru, Malaysia, July 2006
- Perm, Russia, 2006
- Turin, Italy, January 2007
- Timișoara, Romania, February 2007
- Hull, United Kingdom
- Rotherham, United Kingdom, November 2007
- Luxor, Egypt, 6 September 2007
- Reno, Nevada, United States, 30 April 2008
- Samara, Russia, 19 December 2008
- Montevideo, Uruguay February 2009
- Kalocsa, Hungary, 2011
- Haifa, Israel, 2012
- Barcelona, Spain, July 2012
- Apia, Samoa, August 2015
- Edinburgh, United Kingdom, June 2019
Other twinnings
The
- The Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands June 2013.[377]
See also
- Index of Shenzhen-related articles
- Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China
- Economy of China
- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
- Pearl River (China)
- Puxin Biogas
Notes
- ^ /ˌʃɛnˈdʒɛn/;[7] /ʃɛnˈʒɛn/;[8] Chinese: 深圳; pinyin: Shēnzhèn; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə́n.ʈʂə̂n] ⓘ; Jyutping: sam1 zan3; Hong Kong Romanisation: Sham Chun
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External links
- Shenzhen Government Online
- ShekouDaily: English Language News and Resources
- Geographic data related to Shenzhen at OpenStreetMap