Shoshenq IV
Shoshenq IV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | 798–785 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Shoshenq III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Pami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Burial | NRT V, Tanis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | 22nd Dynasty |
Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq IV was an
Dodson suggested that the ruler that Kenneth Kitchen, in his standard work on Third Intermediate Period chronology,[5] had numbered Shoshenq IV – bearing the prenomen Usermaatre – should be removed from the 22nd Dynasty and replaced by Rohl's Hedjkheperre Shoshenq (b), renumbering the latter as Shoshenq IV. At the same time the old Usermaatre Shoshenq IV was renumbered as Shoshenq VI. Dodson's historical summary of the new King Shoshenq IV's discovery and his supportive evidence for that king's independent existence from Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I appeared in an article entitled ‘A New King Shoshenq Confirmed?’ in 1993.[4]
Rohl and Dodson's combined arguments for the existence of a new 22nd Dynasty Tanite king called Hedjkheperre Shoshenq IV are accepted by Egyptologists today, including
As Dodson pointed out, while Shoshenq IV shared the same prenomen as his illustrious ancestor Shoshenq I, he is distinguished from Shoshenq I by his use of an especially long nomen – Shoshenq-meryamun-sibast-netjerheqaon which featured both the sibast ('son of Bast') and netjerheqaon ('god-ruler of Heliopolis') epithets.[7] These two epithets were only gradually employed by the 22nd Dynasty pharaohs, starting from the reign of Osorkon II. By contrast, Shoshenq I's nomen simply reads ‘Shoshenq-meryamun’. Shoshenq I's immediate successors, Osorkon I and Takelot I also never used epithets beyond the standard ‘meryamun’ (beloved of Amun). In his 1994 book on the Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, Dodson observes that when the sibast epithet ‘appears during the dynasty of Osorkon II’, it is rather infrequent, while the netjerheqawaset ('god-ruler of Thebes') and netjerheqaon epithets are only exclusively attested ‘in the reigns of that monarch’s successors’ – that is Shoshenq III, Pami and Shoshenq V.[8] This suggests that the newly identified Hedjkhperre Shoshenq IV was a late Tanite-era king who ruled in Egypt either during or after the reign of Shoshenq III.
Rohl had already pointed out in 1989 that the cartouches of a Hedjkheperre Shoshenq appear on a
In his 1993 paper, Dodson proposed to place Shoshenq IV's reign after the last attested regnal date for Shoshenq III in Year 39, arguing that the discovery of Shoshenq IV's burial in the tomb of Shoshenq III at Tanis makes it likely that he was part of the 22nd Dynasty Tanite line. Dodson would therefore place Hedjkheperre Shoshenq IV between Shoshenq III and Pami.
Burial
Excavation work in the looted NRT V Tanite tomb of Shoshenq III revealed the presence of two
Having implicitly rejected such a conclusion in 1986, further study of the canopic fragments as part of my general treatment of royal canopics has now led me rather to support the existence of two Shoshenqs with the prenomen Hedjkheperre.[7]
This is now the mainstream consensus view within Egyptology.
References
- .
- ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp.190-91.
- ^ D. Rohl: ‘Questions and Answers on the Chronology of Rohl and James’, Chronology & Catastrophism Workshop 1986:1, p. 22.
- ^ a b A. Dodson: ‘A new King Shoshenq confirmed?’, Göttinger Miszellen 137 (1993), pp.53-58.
- ^ K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), 1st edition (1973), p. 87.
- ^ K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), 3rd edition (1996), § Y p.xxvi
- ^ a b c A. Dodson, op. cit. (1993), p.55.
- ^ A. Dodson, The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt (1994), p. 93.
- ^ D. Rohl: ‘The Early Third Intermediate Period: Some Chronological Considerations’, Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 3 (1989), pp.66-67.
- ^ A. Dodson, op.cit. (1993), pp.55-56.
- ^ A. Dodson, op.cit. (1994), p. 93.
- ^ A. Dodson, op. cit. (1993), pp.54-55