Shimla
Shimla
Simla | |
---|---|
Avg. annual temperature | 17 °C (63 °F) |
Avg. summer temperature | 22 °C (72 °F) |
Avg. winter temperature | 6–7 °C (43–45 °F) |
Website | hpshimla |
Shimla (English:
Small hamlets were recorded before 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of the Himalayas. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Deputation of 1906, the Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945. After independence, the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 princely states. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the Simla Agreement of 1972. After the reorganisation of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing Mahasu district was named Shimla.
Shimla is home to several buildings that are styled in the
Etymology
One theory suggests that the name "Shimla" was derived from Shyamalaya, meaning 'blue house', a solitary house made of blue slate on Jakhu Hill, built by a fakir.[11]
According to another version, the city gets its name from Shamli or Shyamala, meaning 'blue lady', referring to the goddess Kali. It is believed that a temple dedicated to goddess Shamli, an incarnation of Kali, used to be on the Jakhu hillside near the Rothney Castle. Many believe that during the British period, the image of the goddess was shifted to a new place, the now-famous Kali Bari Temple.[12]
In 2018, the state government decided to change the city's name from Shimla to Shyamala.[13] However, seeing the negative response of the general public, the state government dismissed the plan.[14]
History
Most of the area occupied by present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only sign of civilisation was the
The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by
In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting between the Governor-General Lord William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:[17]
Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah (Ludhiana), is easy to access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun (Hindustan).
Combermere's successor
In 1863, the
During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the headquarters of the
The 500-foot (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium Tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length, was also built in 1905.[18]
The Simla Convention, an ambiguous treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China, Tibet and Great Britain was signed in Simla in 1913 and 1914.[23][24] At the convention a demarcation line between Tibet and the North-east region of India was proposed by Sir Henry McMahon. The line came to be known as McMahon Line and is currently the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government. This was also the site of a series of talks held by Viceroy Wavell to discuss a plan for the independence of India with the Indian political leaders of the time. Known as the Simla Conference, the talks failed to bring about a resolution.
Shimla was the capital city in exile of
The
After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western
The
Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former
Geography
Shimla is on the south-western ranges of the
The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the
The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres).[22] The main forests in and around the city are of Pine, Deodar, Oak and Rhododendron.[35] Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot.[36] Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.[32][37]
The city is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of Kalka, 116 km (72 miles) northeast of Chandigarh, 247 km (154 miles) south of Manali and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of Delhi, the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, and Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.
To the east of Shimla stand the Choor Mountains (Chuor, 3647m[38]). A passage over these mountains, from the Tons River to Shimla is described in Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains, by George Francis White[39] with accompanying drawings, Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor, and two that were subsequently the subject of poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, namely Crossing the Choor Mountains,[40] and Village of Koghera and Deodar Forest, near the Choor.[41]
The accompanying notes record that "During a considerable part of the year, the Choor is hoary with snow; and when moonlight falls upon the scene, an effect is produced as if floods of molten silver were poured over the surface. Moonlight in these regions assumes a novel charm."
Shimla city is geographically uniquely positioned in such a way, that if water is poured on the northern slope at the Ridge ground, it goes to the Arabian Sea via the Sutej River, and if water is poured on the southern slope, it meets the Bay of Bengal through the Yamuna River.
Seven Hills of Shimla
Shimla was built on top of seven hills: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhu Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhu hill, which is at a height of 2,454 metres (8,051 ft). In recent times the city has spread past the initial seven hills.
Climate
Shimla features a
The average temperature during summer is between 16 and 25 °C (61 and 77 °F), and between 3 and 11 °C (37 and 52 °F) in winter. Monthly
The average total annual precipitation is 1,487 millimetres (59 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[43]
The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow.[44]
On the weekend of 12–13 August 2023, torrential rains attributed to climate change caused major landslides in Shimla, killing at least 57 people.[45] These were part of the 2023 North India floods.
Highest recorded temperature: 32.4 °C (90.3 °F) on 28 May 2010[46] (A temperature of 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) was recorded on 22 May 2012 at Shimla airport.[47])
Lowest recorded temperature: −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 13 December 1963[46]
Climate data for Shimla (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.8 (78.4) |
29.6 (85.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
32.4 (90.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
19.5 (67.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −10.6 (12.9) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 79.6 (3.13) |
82.6 (3.25) |
78.6 (3.09) |
58.3 (2.30) |
82.2 (3.24) |
191.8 (7.55) |
328.3 (12.93) |
351.3 (13.83) |
164.5 (6.48) |
30.3 (1.19) |
13.6 (0.54) |
26.2 (1.03) |
1,487.3 (58.56) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 42 (17) |
43 (17) |
7 (2.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
7 (2.8) |
99 (39.6) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) | 6.9 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 14 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 11.9 | 3.5 | 2 | 3.2 | 121.8 |
Average rainy days | 4.2 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 9.6 | 17.0 | 15.7 | 8.2 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 83.7 |
Average snowy days | 4.2 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 11.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
67 | 65 | 57 | 47 | 48 | 62 | 85 | 88 | 79 | 63 | 61 | 60 | 65 |
Average ultraviolet index | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 |
Source 1: NCEI(temperatures-precipitation and precipitation days 1991-2020)[46]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[51] |
Economy
Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors.[52] Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of the remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers.
In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's
The hotel industry is one of the major sources of income generation for the city. Shimla has up to 6500 hotels, including 5-star hotels, most popular is Oberoi Cecil, Peterhoff, Wildflower Hall and Hotel Holiday Home. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest-ranked hotels.[54]
Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present, namely Himachal Pradesh University and Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination) and promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.[55] Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the economy of the district as well as the state.
The government is trying to promote the technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion[56] although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla.[citation needed]
Civic administration
The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and merged areas of Dhalli, Totu, and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07. Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 41 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the government of Himachal Pradesh. The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics, and other activities. Thirty-three per cent of the seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councillors themselves.
The administrative head of the corporation is the Commissioner who is appointed by the state government.
The two major political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress with a third party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), emerging.[57]
The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (
There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court.[61]
Demographics
Population
According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km2 had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females.[5][6] Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020.[62] The effective literacy rate of city was 93.63 per cent[6] and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14 per cent.[62]
The city area has increased considerably along with time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,[63] the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km2.[31] A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.[31] The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population is younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001[64] – is cause for concern, and much lower than the 974 versus 1,000 for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole.
The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.[65]
Language
Religion
According to 2011 census, the majority religion of the city is Hinduism practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by Islam (2.29%), Sikhism (1.95%), Buddhism (1.33%), Christianity (0.62%), and Jainism (0.10%).[66]
Culture
The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The annual Shimla Summer Festival is held on the Ridge during peak tourist season.[67] The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country. Since 2015, 95.0 BIG FM[68] and Himachal Tourism have been jointly organising a week-long winter carnival on the Ridge from Christmas to New Year's.[69][70][71]
Shimla has several places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge area in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original '
Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the Ridge, sells souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi) from the main city, is the name of hot
Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The
Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewellery, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of pine and deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major buildings of Shimla. The various kinds of crafts of Shimla made out of wood include small boxes, utensils, image carvings, and souvenirs.
The carpet-making of Shimla is a great attraction for tourists. Different floral and other motifs are used. Wool is used to making blankets and rugs. The embroidery includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves, and caps.
The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leathercraft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers, and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla include a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery.
The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic Kumauni people with a simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities.
Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins at the start of December and goes on until the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex, a golf course at Annadale and further out from the city is another nine-hole golf course at Naldehra, the oldest of its kind in India.[74] Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city. Shimla is also part of the wider Western Pahari cultural belt which extends until Murree, Pakistan.[75][76]
Education
The city has 13
The medical institutes in Shimla include
There is one private university,
Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge has 7,000.[79]
Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of
Dhami, near Shimla, now hosts the Himalayan Institute for Cultural and Heritage Studies (HICHS), which was earlier based in the Kullu district.[80]
Places of interest
- The Mall is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices, and tourist offices. The lower part of Gaiety Theatre lies here.
- Northern India. Inside there are stained glass windows that represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience, and humility. There are State Library and Gaiety Heritage Cultural Complextoo which are some of the notable buildings located here.
- Christ Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[81]Jakhoo has ropeway also which connects Jakhoo temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.
- Kali Bari is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kali's fearless incarnation Shyamala on which Shimla city is named. The extensive views from the temple include such sights as Annadale, Shima Railway Station, Railway Board Building, Old Bus Stand, ARTRAC, TV Tower, etc.
- racecourse of Shimla, Annadale is 2–4 km from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is now used by the Indian Army. It has the Army Heritage Museum which is a notable tourist destination on its own, and also a golf course and a helipad are situated here. Every VVIP, VIP, or celebrity who visits Shimla comes by Annadale helipad. Annadale is one of the prime tourist sites of Shimla. The first Durand Cup Football Tournament was organised here in 1888 by Mortimer Durand.
- Indian Institute of Advanced Studies is an educational institute now. This institute is housed at the former Viceregal Lodge, built-in 1884–88.
- Himachal Pradesh State Museum - Himachal Pradesh State Museum was opened in 1974, and has tried to protect the hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles, and jewellery of the region.
- Summer Hill is at a height of 6,500 ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University is situated here.
- Shimla-Chandigarh highway.
- Tara Devi Temple - Tara Devi Temple is 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
- Sanjauli is the main suburb of Shimla.
- Dhingu Mata Temple is situated atop a hill in Sanjauli. It is the second-highest hilltop temple in Shimla after Jakhoo temple.
- Kamna Devi Temple is situated on top of Prospect Hill in Baileuganj.
- Chadwick Falls
- Kufri is situated near Shimla. Kufri sees the annual sports winter festival in February. Adventure activities like skiing and tobogganing.
- Himalayan Nature Park is situated just outside the city.
- Chharabra is near Kufri. It is famous for its natural beauty and Kalyani helipad.
- Mashobra is near Shimla. Craignano Park here is a popular spot.
- Jutogh is located 8 km from Shimla city centre, this is an army cantonment, it is near Totu, an important suburb of Shimla city.
Transport
Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Like any other growing city, Shimla is also expanding with new habitats in the vicinity. Transport services in these areas are also expanding rapidly. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited at the Mall, Ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws which are common in other Indian cities are largely absent.
Road
Shimla is well-connected by road network to all major cities in north India and all major towns and district headquarters within the state.
Distance between major towns and Shimla:
- Kalka: 90 km
- Chandigarh: 110 km
- Ambala: 148 km
- Patiala: 172 km
- Bathinda: 330 km
- Amritsar: 301 km
- Panipat: 275 km
- Delhi: 343 km
- Dehradun: 224 km
- Jammu: 482 km
- Agra: 568 km
- Jaipur: 629 km
- Haridwar: 278 km
- Srinagar: 787 km
- Pithoragarh: 703 km
- Indore: 1170 km
- Kolkata: 1460 km
- Mumbai: 1742 km
- Pathankot: 288 km
Air
Shimla Airport is situated at Jubbarhatti, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the city.[82] Regular flights to Delhi operate from the airport. The nearest major airport is Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport in Chandigarh about 116 km away.
Rail
The scenic
In 2007, the government of Himachal Pradesh declared the railway a heritage property.[84] For about a week starting on 11 September 2007, an expert team from UNESCO visited the railway to review and inspect it for possible selection as a World Heritage Site. On 8 July 2008, the Kalka–Shimla Railway was listed as a World Heritage Site,[85] alongside Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.[86]
Media and communications
State-owned
Notable people
- M. S. Banga, businessman, former CEO, fund manager
- Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton, writer and activist
- Victor Bulwer-Lytton, politician
- Shahid Javed Burki, Pakistani economist, born during British rule
- Charlie Chauhan, television actress
- Rubina Dilaik, television actress
- RAF aviator, VC
- Horatio Boileau Goad, British policeman and former secretary of the municipal corporation of Shimla
- Samuel Boileau Goad, a principal property owner in Shimla
- O.C. Handa, historian
- S.R. Harnot, writer
- Raaja Bhasin, writer, historian, television personality
- John Hunt, British army officer and mountaineer
- Robin Jackman, former England cricket player
- Celina Jaitly, Bollywood actress
- Ursula Jeans, British actress and wife of British actor Roger Livesey
- Shriniwas Joshi, columnist, theatre person, ex-civil servant
- Preneet Kaur, Indian aristocrat of Patiala and Kashmir dynasties, former Minister for External Affairs
- M. M. Kaye, novelist
- Rahat Kazmi, Pakistani television actor
- Anupam Kher, Bollywood actor
- Rudyard Kipling, English author
- Earl Kitchener, British viceroy
- Ram Kumar, painter
- Thakur Ram Lal, politician
- John Lea, Navy officer
- Ankit Love, leader of the One Love Party, Great Britain
- Elsie Mackay, British actress
- Simranjit Singh Mann, Sikh politician
- Jamila Massey, British actress
- Henry McMahon, British Indian army officer
- Ashish R Mohan, film director
- Raja Dina Nath, Sikh Khalsa Diwan member
- Siddharth Pandey, writer, historian, photographer
- Meghna Pant, author and feminist
- RIAF pilot, DFC
- Asghar Qadir, Pakistani cosmologist
- Javed Ashraf Qazi, former director of ISI
- Sadiq Hussain Qureshi, Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
- Motilal Rajvansh, Bollywood actor
- Priya Rajvansh, actress
- Sheila Ramani, Miss Shimla
- Hanif Ramay, former Chief Minister of Punjab
- Shafqat Rana, Pakistani test cricketer
- Bruce Seton, British soldier and actor
- Idries Shah, writer on Sufism
- Anand Sharma, Former Union Minister and MP, Rajya Sabha
- Anwar Shemza, Kashmiri writer and radio broadcaster
- Chetan Singh, historian
- Mian Goverdhan Singh, writer and librarian
- Pratibha Singh, politician
- Shakti Singh, Bollywood actor
- Asmita Sood, television actress
- Salman Taseer, Pakistani businessman
- Dhan Singh Thapa, Indian army officer
- Nirmal Verma, Hindi writer
- Sushma Verma, Indian cricketer
- Preity Zinta, Bollywood actress
Sister cities
- Carbondale, Illinois, United States[90][91]
See also
- Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan on 3 July 1972
- Simla Accord (1914)was a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914 at the end of a convention held in Shimla. Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.
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External links
- Official website of Shimla district
- Shimla – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Guide Archived 26 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Official website of Himachal Tourism
- Municipal Corporation Shimla
- Shimla travel guide from Wikivoyage