Ship's bell

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Ship's bell on USS Robert Smalls
Bell from RMS Titanic
An underwater archaeologist with the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program in St. Augustine, Florida, recording the ship's bell discovered on the 18th-century Storm Wreck

A ship's bell is a bell on a ship that is used for the indication of time as well as other traditional functions. The bell itself is usually made of brass or bronze, and normally has the ship's name engraved or cast on it.

Strikes

Timing of ship's watches

See also: Watchkeeping

Unlike civil clock bells, the strikes of a ship's bell do not accord to the number of the hour. Instead, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. In the age of sailing, watches were timed with a 30-minute hourglass. Bells would be struck every time the glass was turned, and in a pattern of pairs for easier counting, with any odd bells at the end of the sequence.

Classical system

The classical, or traditional, system was:[1]

Number
of bells 		Bell
pattern 		Watch
Middle Morning Fore-
noon 		After-
noon 		Dog First
First Last
One bell 1 00:30 04:30 08:30 12:30 16:30 18:30[a] 20:30
Two bells 2 01:00 05:00 09:00 13:00 17:00 19:00[a] 21:00
Three bells 2 1 01:30 05:30 09:30 13:30 17:30 19:30[a] 21:30
Four bells 2 2 02:00 06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00
Five bells 2 2 1 02:30 06:30 10:30 14:30 18:30 22:30
Six bells 2 2 2 03:00 07:00 11:00 15:00 19:00 23:00
Seven bells 2 2 2 1 03:30 07:30 11:30 15:30 19:30 23:30
Eight bells 2 2 2 2 04:00 08:00 12:00[b] 16:00 20:00 24:00
  1. ^
    Nore mutiny.[2]
  2. ^ Before the introduction of time zones, noon was not struck by the hourglass, but when the captain or officer of the deck confirmed local noon by the sun, using a sextant.

Most of the crew of a ship would be divided into two to four groups, called

watches
. Each watch would take its turn with the essential activities of manning the helm, navigating, trimming sails, and keeping a lookout.

The hours between 16:00 and 20:00 are so arranged because that watch (the "dog watch") was divided in two. The odd number of watches aimed to give each person a different watch each day; it also allowed the entire crew of a vessel to eat an evening meal, the normal time being at 17:00 with first dog watchmen eating at 18:00.[2]

Simpler system

Some "ship's bell" clocks use a simpler system:

Number of bells Bell pattern Hour (a.m. and p.m.)
One bell 1 12:30 4:30 8:30
Two bells 2 1:00 5:00 9:00
Three bells 2 1 1:30 5:30 9:30
Four bells 2 2 2:00 6:00 10:00
Five bells 2 2 1 2:30 6:30 10:30
Six bells 2 2 2 3:00 7:00 11:00
Seven bells 2 2 2 1 3:30 7:30 11:30
Eight bells 2 2 2 2 4:00 8:00 12:00

Other uses

  • Ship's bells are also used for safety in foggy conditions,[3] their most important modern use.[4]
  • On US naval vessels, bells additionally are rung as "boat gongs" for officers and dignitaries coming aboard or leaving the ship, in a number equivalent to the number of sideboys to which the visitor is entitled.[5]
  • At midnight on New Year's Eve, 16 bells would be struck – eight bells for the old year and eight bells for the new.
  • When a sailor has died he or she can be honoured with the sounding of eight bells; meaning "end of the watch". The term "eight bells" can also be used in an obituary, as a nautical euphemism for finished.

Markings on the bell

Ship's bell of HMS Cavalier

The ship's name is traditionally engraved or cast onto the surface of the bell, often with the year the ship was launched, as well. The earliest ship's bell was recovered from the wreck-site of a Portuguese armada ship off the coast of Oman. The bell was dated 1498.[6] Occasionally (especially on more modern ships) the bell will also carry the name of the shipyard that built the ship. If a ship's name is changed, maritime tradition is that the original bell carrying the original name will remain with the vessel. A ship's bell is a prized possession when a ship is broken up[3] and often provides the only positive means of identification in the case of a shipwreck.

Number of bells

Most

1MC
(public address) station, for use in making shipwide announcements and marking the time. The larger bell on the forecastle is rung periodically as a fog signal when the ship is at anchor in reduced visibility.

Cook and boatswain

According to seafaring legend, the ship's

watches, would build the fire in the stove, so the cook could get up a little while later and the fire would be already going so he could begin preparing breakfast
. In return, between meals, the cooks would shine the bell, which was traditionally the boatswain's mates' responsibility.

Baptizing children

It is a naval tradition to baptize children using the ship's bell as a baptismal font and to engrave the names of the children on the bell afterwards. Christening information from the bells held by the Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt Museum has been entered into a searchable data archive.[7]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1591141532
    .
  2. ^ a b Tony Gray. "Workshop Hints: Ship's Bells". The British Horological Institute. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Ship's Bell". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
  4. ^ International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea  – via Wikisource.
  5. ^ "Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the USN".
  6. doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12175
    .
  7. ^ "The Christening Bells Project". CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ships' bells.
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