Shirak Province
Shirak
Շիրակ | |
---|---|
UTC+04) | |
Postal code | 2601–3126 |
ISO 3166 code | AM-SH |
FIPS 10-4 | AM07 |
HDI (2021) | 0.756[3] high · 3rd |
Website | Official website |
Shirak (
Etymology
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Armenia Հայաստան |
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Culture |
History |
Demographics |
Administrative divisions |
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Shirak Province is named after the Shirak canton of the historical Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia. The early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writes that the name Shirak derives from Shara, who was the great-grandson of Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation.[4][5] Modern scholars connect Shirak with the name of the Siraces (Sirakenoi), a North Caucasian people who may have settled in Shirak and given it its name.[5][6] According to another view, Shirak derives from Eriakhi/Eriaḫe, which is the name given to the region in a cuneiform inscription of the Urartian king Argishti I.[7]
Geography
Shirak Province is located in the north-west of Armenia and covers an area of 2,680 km2 (1,035 sq mi) (9% of the total area of Armenia). It borders
Historically, the current territory of the province mainly occupies the Shirak canton of Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia.
Shirak is mainly dominated by the Ashotsk Plateau (1900 to 2100 meters height) in the north and the Shirak Plain (1400 to 1800 meters height) in the centre and south of the province. The vast plains of the province are surrounded with the Bazum and Pambak mountains from the east,
The Akhurian River with its reservoir is the main water resource in the province. Lake Arpi at the northwest of Shirak is the only lake of the province. The area is protected by the government as the Lake Arpi National Park.
Shirak is rich with tufa, pumice and limestone.
Climate
Shirak is the coldest province of Armenia,[8] with the air temperature sometimes reaching under -30 °C in the Shirak Plain and -46 °C on the Ashotsk Plateau.[9] The climate is characterized by extremely cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Precipitation is abundant, with the annual precipitation level reaching up to 700 mm (28 in).[10] In the northern part of the province, winters are long (7 to 8 months) and snow coverage can reach up to a meter.[9]
History
Classical antiquity and Urartu period
Many ancient human settlements have been found in the Akhurian valley dating back to around 9000 BC.[11] The territory of Shirak has been settled since the early Stone Age. At the higher areas that are above 2000 meters, many remains have been found from the early Bronze Age. Other remains from the 2nd millennium BC, revealed that a civilization was founded between the 20th and 12th centuries BC. With the start of the Iron Age during the 12th century BC, relations among the various ethnic groups of Armenian Highland were developed. Soon after the establishment of the Urartu Kingdom of Van at the end of the 9th century BC, Shirak became part of the kingdom. Two cuneiform inscriptions have been found in Shirak left by King Argishti I (r. 786 – 764 BC) of Urartu, where he wrote about the invasion of the land of Eriakhi (the name that Shirak is derived from, according to many historians). According to the inscriptions, the region was home to a well developed civilization based on agriculture and cattle-breeding.[7]
in 720 BC, the Cimmerians conquered the region and probably founded the Kumayri settlement (now Gyumri), which bears a phonetic resemblance to the word used by ancient Armenian in reference to Cimmerians.[12] Historians believe that Xenophon passed through the territories of Shirak during his return to the Black Sea, a journey immortalized in his Anabasis.[13]
Achaemenids and the ancient Armenian Kingdom
By the second half of the 6th century BC, Shirak became part of the
During the 1st century AD, Shirak was granted to the Kamsarakan family, who ruled the region during the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia.
Sasanians and Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia
Following the partition of Armenia in 387 AD between the Byzantines and the Persians, and as a result of the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia in 428, the region of Shirak became part of the Sasanian Empire of Persia.
However, Shirak is home to many early examples of the Armenian church architecture dating back to the 5th century, including the Yererouk, the Saint Mariné Church of Artik, and the Hokevank Monastery.
In 658 AD, during the height of the Arab Islamic invasions, Shirak -along with the rest of the Armenian territories- was conquered during the Muslim conquest of Persia, as it was part of Persian-ruled Armenia. It became part of the Emirate of Armenia under the Umayyad Caliphate. However, the Kamsarakan family continued to rule the region under the Arab Islamic rule of Armenia.
By the foundation of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 885, Shirak entered a new era of growth and progress, particularly when the city of Ani of Shirak became the capital of the kingdom in 961. By the second half of the 10th century, Shirak was under the influence of the Armenian Pahlavuni family, who were descendants of the Kamsarakans. The Pahlavunis had a great contribution in the progress of Shirak with the foundation of many fortresses, monastic complexes, educational institutions, etc. The monasteries of Khtzkonk, Harichavank, Marmashen and Horomos were among the prominent religious and educational centres of medieval Armenia.
Seljuk period, Zakarid Armenia and Turkmen rule
After the fall of Armenia to the
However, with the establishment of the Zakarid Principality of Armenia in 1201 under the Georgian protectorate, the Eastern Armenian territories, mainly Lori and Shirak, entered a new period of growth and stability, becoming a trade centre between the east and the west. After the Mongols captured Ani in 1236, Armenia turned into a Mongol protectorate as part of the Ilkhanate, and the Zakarids became vassals to the Mongols. After the fall of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century, the Zakarid princes ruled over Lori, Shirak and Ararat plain until 1360 when they fell to the invading Turkic tribes.
By the last quarter of the 14th century, the
Iranian and Russian rule
In 1501, most of the Eastern Armenian territories including Shirak were conquered by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran led by Shah Ismail I.[16] Soon after in 1502, Shirak became part of the newly formed Erivan Beglarbegi, a new administrative territory of Iran formed by the Safavids. During the first half of the 18th century, Kumayri became part of the Erivan Khanate under the rule of the Afsharid dynasty and later under the Qajar dynasty of Persia.
In June 1804, the
In 1837 Russian
In 1849, the Alexandropol Uyezd became part of the Erivan Governorate, and Shirak became an important outpost for the Imperial Russian armed forces in the Transcaucasus where their military barracks were established.
During the
20th century
After the
Under the Bolsheviks, Alexandropol was renamed Leninakan in 1924, after the deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Shirak became a major industrial region within the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Leninakan was the second largest city, after the capital Yerevan. However, Shirak, and particularly Leninakan, suffered major damage during the 1988 Armenian earthquake which devastated many parts of northern Armenia. The earthquake occurred along a known thrust fault with a length of 60 kilometers (37 mi). Its strike was parallel to the Caucasus range and dipped to the north-northeast.[18]
From 1930 until 1995, modern-day Shirak was divided into 5 raions (districts) and 1 city of republican subordination within the Armenian SSR: Amasia, Ghukasyan (Ashotsk), Akhurian, Ani, Artik and the city of Leniankan. With the territorial administration reform of 1995, the 5 raions and the city of Gyumri (Leninakan) were merged to form the Shirak Province.
Demographics
Population
According to the
According to the 2011 official census, Shirak had a de jure population of 251,941 (121,615 men and 130,326 women), forming around 8.3% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 146,908 (58.3%) and the rural is 105,033 (41.7%). The province has 3 urban and 116 rural communities. The largest urban community is the provincial centre of Gyumri, with a population of 121,976. The other urban centres of Artik and Maralik have a population of 19,534 and 5,398 respectively. With a population of 4,838, the village of Azatan is the largest rural municipality of Shirak.
The dialect of Armenian spoken in Shirak is a variant of the Karin dialect, closely related to Western Armenian.[21]
Ethnic groups and religion
The majority of the Shirak Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The northern and middle parts of Shirak are under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Shirak headed by Bishop Mikayel Ajapahyan of the Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Gyumri, while the southern part is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Artik headed by Vardapet Narek Avagyan of the Saint Gregory Cathedral in Artik.
There is a significant minority of
The presence of the small Russian Orthodox community along with the Russian military base personnel in Gyumri is marked with the Saint Alexandra the Martyr's Church, Saint Michael the Archangel's Church and the church of Saint Arsenije.
The small village of Shirakavan has around 30 Yazidi residents.
Prior to the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1988 and the departure of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, Shirak also had an Azerbaijani minority population, almost entirely concentrated in the former Amasia District, where, in 1972, Azerbaijanis constituted 70% of a population of 19,724 people.[22]
Administrative divisions
Following the administrative reform of 2021, Shirak Province is divided into six municipalities:[23]
In recent years, many rural settlements in Shirak have become abandoned, including the villages of Akhuryan Kayaran, Aravet, Lorasar and Yerizak.
Culture
Fortresses and archaeological sites
- Horom Citadel of the Bronze Age-Urartian eras,
- Vahramaberd Fortress of the Urartian era dating back to 730-714 BC,
- Kumayri historic district of the early 19th century,
- Sev Berd fortress of the 1840s.
Churches and monasteries
- Yererouk Basilica, 4th-5th centuries,
- Saint Marine Church of Artik of the 5th century,
- Hogevank Monastery of the 5th century,
- Surb Gevorg Church of Artik, 6th-7th th-centuries,
- Tiravor Church of Mayisyan of the 7th century,
- Lmbatavank Church of the 7th century,
- Harichavank Monastery of the 8th century,
- Makaravank Church of Pemzashen of the 10th century,
- Marmashen Monastery of the 10th century,
- Saint Paul and Peter Church of Bardzrashen, 10th-13th centuries,
- Church of the Holy Saviour, Gyumriof 1872,
- Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God, Gyumri of 1884.
Media
Shirak is home to many TV stations:
- Tsayg TV, based in Gyumri, operating since 1991.
- Shirak Public TV, based in Gyumri, operating since 1992.
- Gala TV, based in Gyumri, operating since 2005.
Shrjapat weekly, published in Gyumri, is a notable local newspaper of Shirak.
Transportation
Air transportation
Shirak is served by the international
At the beginning of 2017, the government of Armenia focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia, a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri, and Pobeda which is a Russian low-cost airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Aeroflot. In order to attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs.[25] The Gyumri Technology Center also participated in helping revitalize the airport by adding interior design details to improve the airport's look.[26]
Railway
The railway junction of Gyumri is the oldest and the largest one in Armenia. It was formed in 1897 and the first railway link to Alexandropol that connected the city with Tiflis was completed in 1899. The rail line was then extended from Alexandropol to Yerevan (in 1902), Kars (in 1902),
As of 2017[update], the
Public vans and taxis
Public transport is available in the provincial centre Gyumri. It is mainly served by public vans, locally-known as marshrutka. The central station of the city serves as bus terminal for inter-city transport, serving outbound routes towards the villages of Shirak, as well as major cities and towns in Armenia and neighbouring Georgia.
The M-7 Motorway passes across the province from east to west, connecting the city of Gyumri with the rest of Armenia.
Economy
Agriculture
The economy of the province is mainly based on agriculture, including farming and cattle-breeding. It has a share of 11.6% in the annual total agricultural product of Armenia. Around 80% (2,145.5 km2) of the total area of the province are arable lands, out of which 36.7% (787 km2) are ploughed.[28]
The fertile Shirak plain is the largest producer of grains and potato in Armenia. The irrigation system in the province is highly developed. 9 water reservoirs of different sizes -with a total capacity of 673,000,000 cubic metres (2.38×1010 cu ft) are able to irrigate around 300 km2 (116 sq mi) of farmlands.
Shirak is the first among the Armenian provinces in cattle breeding. There are also fish farming ponds near Gyumri and many rural communities.
Industry
During the Soviet period, the region was a major industrial hub within the
- The industrial sector in the provincial centre Gyumri includes the production of building materials (tufa and basalt), hosiery and textile manufacturing, food processing and dairy products, alcoholic drinks, electronic machines, etc. The largest industrial plant in Gyumri is the Gyumri-Beer Brewery opened in 1972. The factory produces a variety of lager beer under the brands Gyumri, Ararat and Aleksandrapol.[29]The city is also home to the "Factory of Bending Machinses" opened in 1912, the "Arshaluys" hosiery manufacturing enterprise established in 1926, the "Karhat" machine tools plant opened in 1959, the "Chap Chemical LLC" since 1999, the "Armtex Group" clothing factory since 2000, and the "Lentex" hosiery manufacturing plant is operating since 2001. Other industrial firms of the city include the "Aleqpol" factory for dairy products, the "Anusharan" confectionery plant, and the "Gold Plast" plant for building materials.
- The town of Artik is famous for its tufa stones. It is home to many stone-processing plants that produce travertine, tufa and basalt, including the "ArtikTuf" form established in 1928, the "TufaBlocks Factory" founded in 1997, and the "Karastgh" stone-processing factory operating since 2005. Artik is also home to the "Vartan-Anahit LLC" for metal-plastic products, the Artik Cheese Factory, the "Eliz Group" for dairy products, the "Artik Factory for Vacuum Stoves", and the "Artik Steklomash" metal casting factory.
- During the Soviet period, the town of Maralik had many large industrial firms with a lights and electronics factory and 3 plants for building materials production. Currently, the only surviving plant in the town is the Maralik cotton-spinning factory.
- Factories for dairy products are also found in Shirak, with the largest two firms located in the villages of Azatan (Igit Dairy Factory since 1993) and Musayelyan (Ashotsk Cheese Factory since 1996). The village of Akhuryan is home to the "Lusastgh-Sugar" factory (opened in 2010), the largest sugar producer in the Southern Caucasus region. The village of Shirakavan is home to the "Shirak Wine Factory" opened in 2009.
Education
Gyumri is the main educational centre of the province. The city is home to 3 universities:
- Shirak State University named after M. Nalbandian
- Progress University
- Imastaser Anania Shirakatsi University
Branches of the National Polytechnic University of Armenia, Armenian State University of Economics, Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory, Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts, Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography, European Regional Educational Academy and Haybusak University of Yerevan also operate in Gyumri.
As of the 2015-16 educational year, Shirak had 167 schools.[30]
The Turpanjian Theological High School of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin has been operating since 1881 within the Harichavank monastic complex in Shirak.[31]
Sport
Football, basketball and chess are the most popular sports in the province. However, other Olympic sports including wrestling and weightlifting are also popular, mainly in Gyumri. Shirak is home to many former and current World, Olympic and European champions in several types of sports who competed under the flag of Soviet Union and later under the Armenian flag.
The city is represented by the
FC Tufagorts (dissolved in 1995) and FC Sipan (dissolved in 1993), both from the town of Artik, had also represented the province in the football competitions of Armenia.
The largest sport venue of the province is the Gyumri City Stadium. Gyumri is also home to the FFA Football Academy. The towns of Artik and Maralik have a football stadium each with minor capacities.
Gyumri is also famous for winter sports. The Gyumri school of winter sports, renovated in 2015–16, is named after Ludvig Mnatsakanyan. The area of Ashotsk has a modern skiing trail hosting an international tournament for cross-country skiing.
Gallery
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Lake Arpi and its National park
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Tiravor Church in Mayisyan, 7th century
-
Lmbatavank near Artik, 7th century
-
The remains of Makaravank Church of Pemzashen, 10th century
-
Aghin village
See also
- 1988 Armenian earthquake
- Avetik Isahakyan
- Hovhannes Shiraz
- Frunzik Mkrtchyan
- Gyumri
- Gyumri Technology Center
References
- ^ Shirak population, 2011 census
- ^ "Permanent Population Figures of the Republic of Armenia as of 1 January 2023" (PDF). Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. 1 January 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1998). Շիրակ. Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponymy of Armenia and Adjacent Territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Yerevan State University Publishing House. p. 130.
- ^ a b Hakobyan, T. Kh. (1984). Հայաստանի պատմական աշխարհագրություն [The Historical Geography of Armenia] (in Armenian) (4th ed.). Yerevan State University Publishing House. p. 124.
- ISBN 3-88226-485-3.
- ^ a b Շիրակ Աշխարհի Պատմություն [History of the land of Shirak]. Shirak Regional Museum. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Socio-economic Characteristics of Marzes and Yerevan City of the RA: Shirak Marz" (PDF). Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ a b Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1998). Շիրակի մարզ. Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponymy of Armenia and Adjacent Territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Yerevan State University Publishing House. pp. 132–133.
- ^ Ընդհանուր տեղեկություններ․ Շիրակի մարզ - պատմական տվյալներ [General information: Shirak Province - historical data]. shirak.mtad.am. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Shirak Marz: page 3 of 35 – TourArmenia
- ^ "Kumayri infosite". Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ "#1 Internet Site for Gyumri Armenia". Gyumritown.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "The Turco-Mongol Invasions". Rbedrosian.com. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ISBN 1-4039-6422-X.
- ISBN 1626160325
- ^ Hovannisian. Armenia on the Road to Independence, p. 198.
- ISBN 978-0716775485
- ^ "Legislation: National Assemly of RA". www.parliament.am. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ISBN 9781568591513.
Thus, even today the Erzerum dialect is widely spoken in the northernmost districts of the Armenian republic as well as in the Akhalkalak (Javakheti; Javakhk) and Akhaltskha (Akhaltsikh) districts of southern Georgia
- ^ Hovesyan, R.; Bayramov, M. (1975). "Ամասիայի շրջան" [Amasia District]. In Hambardzumyan, V. (ed.). Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 1.
- ^ "Շիրակի մարզպետի աշխատակազմ". shirak.mtad.am. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "armats". Armats.com. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "arka". Arka.am. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ "panorama". panorama.am. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ About company
- ^ "Armstat: Shirak Province" (PDF).
- ^ "GYUMRI BEER". Gyumribeer.am. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "Shirak Province schools" (PDF).
- ^ "The Armenian Church - Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին". www.armenianchurch.org.