Shiraz
Shiraz
شیراز | |
---|---|
City | |
Clockwise from top: skyline of Shiraz; Tomb of Saadi; Shāh Chérāgh; Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque; Eram Garden; Karim Khan Citadel; and Tomb of Hafez | |
5th (Iran) | |
Time zone | UTC+03:30 (IRST) |
Area code | 071 |
Routes | Freeway 7 Road 65 Road 67 Road 86 Road 744 |
License plate | 63, 83, 93 |
Website | shiraz |
Shiraz (/ʃɪəˈrɑːz/ ⓘ; Persian: شیراز, romanized: Širâz [ʃiːˈɾɒːz] ⓘ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran[4] and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars (پارس, Pārs) and Persis.[5] As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with Sadra was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants.[6] A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people.[7] Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the rudkhaneye khoshk (lit. 'dry river') seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years.
The earliest reference to the city, as Tiraziš, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE.[8] The modern city was founded by the Sasanian dynasty and restored by the Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, due to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. Two famous poets of Iran, Hafez and Saadi, are from Shiraz, whose tombs are located on the north side of the current city boundaries.
Shiraz is one of the top tourist cities in Iran and is known as the city of
near the city.Etymology
The earliest reference to the city is on
History
Pre-Islamic era
Though, there is no definitive record of its existence prior to the late 7th century CE, few archaeological finds dating from 1933 and beyond indicate that the site or vicinity of Shiraz was likely settled in the pre-Islamic era as early as the 6th century BCE.
Interpretations of what type of settlement ancient Shiraz was vary. According to Berney and Ring, the lack of references to Shiraz in early Persian sources suggests the city could not have been more than a way-station in the plain in which it lies.[17] On the other hand, according to Abdolmajed Arfaee, Achaemenid-era Shiraz must have been one of the most important settlements in the area.[20] He bases this on its frequent appearance in the Persepolis Administrative Archives (84 different tablets) as well as the number of workers present – in groups as large as 490.[20] Most textual references to Shiraz involve rations for workers; it is never mentioned as a travel destination.[20] Arfaee says that Sasanian Shiraz was relatively insignificant before its re-foundation in the early Islamic period.[20] According to John Limbert,[21] however, Shiraz prospered between the 6th and 8th-centuries CE and was possibly the administrative center for the Shiraz plain until the modern city of Shiraz was founded.[22]
Early Islamic era
The present city of Shiraz was founded or restored in 693 by
According to Muslim traditional sources, Shiraz was used as a hideout by three of the brothers of the
The Iranian Buyid dynasty under Imad al-Dawla Ali ibn Buya ousted the Saffarids in 933 and his nephew and successor, 'Adud al-Dawla Fana Khusraw, took over and ruled Fars between 949 and 983, and added Iraq, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate, to his Shiraz-based domains in 977;[27] the Abbasids thenceforth became a puppet state of the Shiraz-based dynasty.[17] Shiraz developed into the largest and most prosperous city of Fars and an important economic and cultural center of the caliphate.[27][29] Adud al-Dawla had a large library, a hospital and several mosques, bazaars, caravanserais, palaces and gardens built in the city, while south of it he erected a fortified camp for his troops, known as Kard Fana Khusraw, in 974.[27][29] One of the congregational mosques built by Adud al-Dawla has survived until the present day.[17] Two Zoroastrian fire temples also existed in Shiraz,[27] catering to the Persians who had not converted to Islam.[17] One of Adud al-Dawla's palaces stretched out for nearly three miles and consisted of 360 rooms.[17]
Under the Buyids, Shiraz was divided into twelve quarters and had eight gates.
The city was spared destruction by the invading
-
Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn, brother of Sayyid Ahmad nearby
Safavid era
In 1504, Shiraz was captured by the forces of
Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the rule of
Shiraz is the birthplace of the co-founder of the Baháʼí Faith, the Báb (Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad, 1819–1850). In this city, on the evening of 22 May 1844, he first declared his mission as the bearer of a new divine revelation.[40] For this reason Shiraz is a holy city for Baháʼís, and the city, particularly the house of the Báb, was identified as a place of pilgrimage.[41] Due to the hostile climate towards Baháʼís in Iran, the house has been the target of repeated attacks; the house was destroyed in 1979, to be paved over two years later and made into a public square.[41]
In 1910, a
During the
Lacking any great industrial, religious or strategic importance, Shiraz became an administrative center, although its population has nevertheless grown considerably since the 1979 revolution.[43]
-
Shiraz, André D. Deslandes, 1671
-
Shiraz, Jean Struys, 1681
-
Lotf Ali Khan (1769–1794), ruler of the Zand dynasty
-
Illustration of the Vakil Bazaar by Jane Dieulafoy, 1881
-
Women from Shiraz, by Dieulafoy in 1881
-
Qur'an Gate, Harold F. Weston, 20th century painting
Modern times
The city's municipality and other related institutions have initiated restoration and reconstruction projects.[30]
Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Arg of Karim Khan and of the Vakil Bath, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters. Other noteworthy initiatives include the total renovation of the Qur'an Gate and the mausoleum of the poet Khwaju Kermani, both located in the Allah-u-Akbar Gorge, as well as the restoration and expansion of the mausoleum of the famous Shiraz-born poets Hafiz and Saadi.[30]
Several different construction projects are currently underway that will modernize the city's infrastructure.[clarification needed][44]
Geography
The city of Shiraz, the capital of
A seasonal river, Dry River, flows through the northern part of the city and on into Maharloo Lake.[46] As of 1920, the area had a large forest of oak trees.[47]
Gardens
Shiraz contains a considerable number of gardens. Due to population growth in the city, many of these gardens may be lost to give way to new developments.[citation needed] Although some measures have been taken by the Municipality to preserve these gardens, many illegal developments still endanger them.[clarification needed]
Climate
Shiraz's climate has distinct seasons, and is overall classed as a
Despite being in a relatively dry climate, extreme weather is not a rare occasion. On 25 March 2019, flash floods from heavy rains has resulted in 19 deaths and over 200 injuries.
The highest record temperature was 43.4 °C (110.1 °F) on 3 July 2022[49] and the lowest record temperature was −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 5 January 1973.[50]
Climate data for Shiraz, altitude: 1488 m (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-2020)[a] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.4 (110.1) |
42.4 (108.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
35.0 (95.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
43.4 (110.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.3 (93.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
26.3 (79.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
18.5 (65.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −14.0 (6.8) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 79.0 (3.11) |
53.6 (2.11) |
52.0 (2.05) |
26.0 (1.02) |
5.8 (0.23) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.4 (0.02) |
1.4 (0.06) |
0.0 (0.0) |
4.0 (0.16) |
37.8 (1.49) |
64.1 (2.52) |
324.3 (12.78) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.3 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 30.7 |
Average rainy days | 9.5 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 5.9 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 7.6 | 51.6 |
Average snowy days | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
59 | 52 | 46 | 41 | 28 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 32 | 49 | 58 | 38 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.5 (36.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
2.4 (36.3) |
0.9 (33.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 218 | 214 | 248 | 260 | 327 | 353 | 340 | 339 | 310 | 295 | 233 | 226 | 3,363 |
Source 1: NOAA NCEI[51]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[52](days with snow),[53] |
- ^ Rainy days calculated using parameter codes 46 and 71 from the first source
Economy
Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India.[54] Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.[54]
Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice.[55] Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate.[55] Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.[56]
The Shiraz Special Economic Zone or the SEEZ was established in 2000 with the purpose of boosting manufacturing in electronics and communications.[57][58]
Shiraz is a major shopping destination in Iran and the Middle East, with more than 25 malls and 10 bazaars.[59]
The
The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., and Ofoq Kourosh chain store.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1986 | 848,289 | — |
1991 | 965,117 | +2.61% |
1996 | 1,053,025 | +1.76% |
2006 | 1,227,331 | +1.54% |
2011 | 1,460,665 | +3.54% |
2016 | 1,565,572 | +1.40% |
source:[62] |
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 1,204,882 in 265,637 households.
Culture
Shiraz is known as the city of poets, gardens, wine,
The garden is an important part of Iranian culture. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the
Shiraz is proud of being mother land of
Tourism
The city is one of the key tourism sites in Iran, its cultural heritage is of global importance.[74]
-
The Qur'an Gate was a part of the great city wall built under the Buyid dynasty
-
Persian poet Hafez
-
Nasirul-Molk Mosque
-
Khwaju Kermani's tomb
- The tombs of Pars Museum of Shiraz.
- The oldest mosque is Nasir al-Mulk mosque.
- The citadel of Vakil Bathat the city's central district.
- The Sultan Ibrahim Bin Shahrukh Gurekani in an upper room, which have now been moved to the Pars Museum.[76]
- The Eram Garden (Bagh-e Eram) in Shiraz is a location for visitors with a variety of plants as well as a mansion.
-
Atigh Mosque
-
Vakil Bath
- .
- Shapur cave is located in the Zagros Mountains, in southern Iran, about 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the city of Bishapur.
- Sangtarashan cave is located in the Jahrom, in southern Iran.
- Sassanian Empire, it is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) north of the ancient city of Gor.
- Pooladkaf is a ski resort in the south of Iran. It opened in 2002.
- The .
- Fars, Iran, in 209 AD.
- Maharloo Lake. Maharloo is a seasonal salt lake about an hour away from Shiraz, with a dominant pink hue because of the amount of red tide in it; however, the strength of the color differs in various times of the year. It is also known as the pink lake.[77]
-
Plain of Fritillaria imperialis, Sepidan County
Neighborhoods
List of neighborhoods in Shiraz:
- Zargari
- Abivardi
- Farhang Shahr
- Qasrodasht
- Koshan
- Kuye Zahra
- Ma'ali Abad
- Molla Sadra
- Shahcheragh
- Riyasati Avval
- Riyasati Dovvom
- Shahrak-e-Golestan
- Shahrak-e-Sadra
- Tachara
- Zerehi
- Kolbeh Saadi
- Podonak
- Payegah
- Eram
- Bagh-e Nari (Narvan)
- Siahatgar BLVD
- Abiari Ave
- Artesh square (Army Square)
- Bridgestone
- Babakuhi
- Kuye Jamaran(siman)
- Baskul Nader
- Talkhedash
- Kaftarak
- Sare Dozak
- Chamran
- Sange Siah
- Amir Kabir Blvd
- Modares
- Dinakan
- Darvazeh Kazeron
- Darvaze Isfahan
- Bagh Safa
- Atlasi
- Derki
- See also: Saadi Street
Higher education
Shiraz is home to a vibrant academic community. The Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was the first university in Shiraz and was founded in 1946. Much older is the august Madrasa-e-Khan, or Khan Theological School, with about 600 students; its tile-covered buildings date from 1627.[78]
Today
The
Transportation
Air
Shiraz International Airport , also known as Shiraz Shahid Dastgheib International Airport serves as the largest airport in the southern region of Iran.
Metro
Construction of a metro system was started in 2001 by the Shiraz Urban Railway Organization.[81] The plan is to create six lines.[82] The length of the first Line is 22.4 km (13.9 mi), the length of the second line will be approximately 14 km (8.7 mi).[83]
The first three lines, when completed, will have 32 stations below ground, six above, and one special station connected to the railway station. The first line was started in October 2014[84] between Shahid Dastgheib (airport) Metro Station and Ehsan stations.
Bus
The Shiraz and suburbs bus organization was established in 1966. In that year, the company purchased 10 buses from the Iran National Company using both cash and installments. The company had a staff of 10 drivers, 40 assistant drivers, 50 ticket sellers, and 10 repairmen and inspectors. The daily salary of each full-time driver (6 am to 10 pm) was set at 160 rials, while assistant drivers and ticket sellers were set at 83 rials. With the purchased buses, the company launched lines one, two, and three, which were welcomed by the people. Now Shiraz has 71 bus lines.[citation needed][85]
Rail
Shiraz is connected with the rest of Iran's railway network. The trains arrive and leave from Shiraz railway station, Iran's largest railway station according to surface area.[86]
Roads
There are 700,000 cars in the city of Shiraz.[87]
Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Shiraz and the city has teams in this sport. The main sporting venue in Shiraz is Hafezieh Stadium which can hold up to 20,000 people. Shiraz is also home to another stadium, Pars Stadium, which was completed in 2017, and can host up to 50,000 spectators.
Notable people
Rulers and political figures
- Absh Khatun, 13th-century ruler
- Karim Khan, the ruler and de facto Shah of Iran from 1760 until 1779. He made Shiraz his capital.
- Valerie Jarrett, senior advisor to United States President Barack Obama, born in Shiraz to African-American parents.
- Kamran Bagheri. He was Iran's Minister of Health and Medical Education.
- Jimmy Delshad, 67th and 70th Mayor of Beverly Hills
Religious figures, philosophers and theologians
- Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi. He lived during the Fatimid Caliphate and was considered one of the most learned scholars of that time, known as an author of Islamic books, a poet, and scientist.
- Mulla Sadra, Islamic philosopher and theologian who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century
- Siyyid 'Alí Muḥammad Shírází, the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Baháʼí Faith
Academics and scientists
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th-century Iranian poet and scholar
- Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian of the Arabic language
- Solar System Explorationat NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
- Gholam A. Peyman (born 1937), inventor of LASIK
- Ali Asghar Khodadoust (1935–2018), Professor of Ophthalmology, originator of the Khodadoust line method
- M. Hashem Pesaran (born 1946), Iranian Economist, Emeritus Professor of Economics at University of Cambridge
- Farshid Delshad, linguist and translator
- Reza Negarestani, philosopher and writer
Poets and writers
- medieval period
- Hafez, poet
- Shahriyar Mandanipour, writer
- Simin Daneshvar, novelist and author
- Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi (1914–1986), contemporary poet
- Fereidoon Tavallali (1917–1985), contemporary poet and intellectual
- Abdolali Dastgheib (born 1931), literary critic writer
Other artists
- Bahram Dabiri (born 1979), painter and artist
- Shirazeh Houshiary (born 1955), artist, born in Shiraz in 1955. She lives in London.
- Arsi Nami (born 1984), award-winning singer and songwriter
- Ebrahim Golestan (born 1922), writer and filmmaker
- Gholamhossein Saber (born 1941), artist
- Tooji (born 1987), singer, model and television host. He represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan.
- Bahar Pars (born 1979), actress
Others
- Mohammad Namazi, philanthropist and founder of the Namazi hospital in Shiraz. This later became the catalyst for the establishment of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 1955; one of the country's top medical schools.
- Mohammad Bahmanbeigi, activist, founding father of instructions for tribes in Iran
- Eghbal Hamidy, Formula One car designer for Williams, Stewart, Arrows, and Jordan
- Omid Norouzi, Iranian wrestler, world and Olympic champion
- Abbas Dowran, acclaimed fighter jet pilot who died during the Iran–Iraq War
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Partner cities
See also
- 1853 Shiraz earthquake – killed at least 9,000 people
- Shiraz Arts Festival
- Shirazi salad – originated from and is named after Shiraz
- Swedish intervention in Persia
- Shiraz expedition
- Shiraz travel guide from Wikivoyage
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