Short-chain fatty acid

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are

gastrointestinal health.[1][2]
SCFAs all possess varying degrees of water solubility, which distinguishes them from longer chain fatty acids that are immiscible.

List of SCFAs

Lipid number Name Salt/Ester Name Formula Mass
(g/mol) 		Diagram
Common Systematic Common Systematic Molecular Structural
C2:0 Acetic acid Ethanoic acid Acetate Ethanoate C2H4O2 CH3COOH 60.05
C3:0 Propionic acid Propanoic acid
Propionate
 Propanoate C3H6O2 CH3CH2COOH 74.08
C4:0 Butyric acid Butanoic acid
Butyrate
 Butanoate C4H8O2 CH3(CH2)2COOH 88.11
C4:0 Isobutyric acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid
Isobutyrate
 2-Methylpropanoate C4H8O2 (CH3)2CHCOOH 88.11
C5:0 Valeric acid Pentanoic acid
Valerate
 Pentanoate C5H10O2 CH3(CH2)3COOH 102.13
C5:0 Isovaleric acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid
Isovalerate
 3-Methylbutanoate C5H10O2 (CH3)2CHCH2COOH 102.13
C5:0 2-Methylbutyric acid 2-Methylbutyric acid 2-Methylbutanoate 2-Methylbutanoate C5H10O2 CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH 102.13

Functions

SCFAs are produced when

colon.[1][3] Macronutrient composition (carbohydrate, protein or fat) of diets affects circulating SCFAs.[4]

Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the three most common SCFAs.[3]

SCFAs and

chylomicrons, enter lymphatic capillaries, then transfer to the blood at the subclavian vein.[1]

SCFAs have diverse physiological roles in body functions.[1][2] They can affect the production of lipids, energy and vitamins.[6] They can also affect appetite and cardiometabolic health.[4] Additionally they may have an impact on mental health and mood.[7] The three main SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, were shown to lower blood pressure in experimental models,[8][9][10][11] and clinical trials to determine their effect on hypertensive patients are underway.[12] Butyrate is particularly important for colon health because it is the primary energy source for colonocytes (the epithelial cells of the colon).[1][2] The liver can use acetate for energy.[13]

See also

  • List of carboxylic acids
  • Medium-chain fatty acid
    (MCFA), fatty acid with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides
  • Long-chain fatty acid
    (LCFA), fatty acid with aliphatic tails of 13 to 21 carbons
  • Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA), fatty acid with aliphatic tails of 22 or more carbons

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0121348366
    . Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  2. ^
    S2CID 1263823
    .
  3. ^
    S2CID 46228892
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 31927581
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1893997127
    . Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  6. PMID 25971927
    .
  7. PMID 34589904
    .
  8. S2CID 211476145
    .
  9. S2CID 207639406
    .
  10. PMID 30586752
    .
  11. PMID 29507058
    .
  12. PMID 34315522
    .
  13. PMID 16870803
    .

Further reading
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