Shriners
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Shriners International, formally known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (AAONMS), is an American
Shriners International describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship, and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth.[2] There are about 200 temples across North America, South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. The organization founded the Shriners Hospitals for Children.[3]
The organization was previously known as "Shriners North America." The name was changed in 2010 across North America, Central America, South America, Europe, and Southeast Asia.[3]
Notable American Shriners include actors Mel Blanc, John Wayne, Ernest Borgnine, and Roy Rogers, Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren, General Douglas MacArthur, and presidents Gerald Ford and Harry Truman.[4]
History
In 1870, there were several thousand Freemasons in Manhattan, many of whom lunched at the Knickerbocker Cottage at a special table on the second floor. There, the idea of a new fraternity for Masons, stressing fun and fellowship, was discussed. Together, Walter M. Fleming and William J. Florence established a separate fellowship to fulfill those ideals.
While on tour in
Fleming created the ritual, emblem and costumes. Florence and Fleming were initiated August 13, 1870, and they initiated 11 men on June 16, 1871.[6]
The group adopted a Middle Eastern theme and soon established Temple, although the term Temple has now been replaced by
In 1875, there were 43 Shriners in the organization. To encourage membership, the Imperial Grand Council of the Ancient Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America was created at the June 6, 1876 meeting of Mecca Temple. Fleming was elected the first imperial potentate. By 1878, there were 425 members in 13 temples in eight states, and by 1888, there were 7,210 members in 48 temples in the United States and Canada. By the Imperial Session held in Washington, D.C. in 1900, there were 55,000 members and 82 Temples.[8]
Black Shrine
Historically, the Shrine was open to only white men. In 1893, a black counterpart to the Shriners movement was initiated by John G. Jones and other
Syria mosque
In 1911, the
Women's auxiliaries
The Ladies Oriental Shrine of North America was founded in 1903 in Wheeling, West Virginia,[15] and the Daughters of the Nile was founded in 1913 in Seattle, Washington.[16] Both are for women only and they support the Shriners Hospitals and promote sociability. Membership in either organization is open to any woman 18 years of age and older who is related to a Shriner or Master Mason by birth or marriage. The latter organization has local branches called "Temples," and there were ten of these in 1922. Among the famous members of the Daughters of the Nile was First Lady Florence Harding, wife of Warren G. Harding.[17]
Growth
By 1938 there were about 340,000 members in the United States. That year, Life published photographs of the Shriners' rites. It described the Shriners as being the first in prestige, wealth and show among secret societies, and that Shriners organizations typically include a town's most prominent citizens.[18]
Organizational rebranding
In 2002, following the September 11 attacks, the "faux-Middle Eastern practices and trappings" led Shriners to be "mistaken for a Muslim organization, leading to harassment and vandalism."[19] This included threatening phone calls and harassment of Rhode Island Shriners (formerly known as Palestine Temple Shriners) driving a Shriners van to drive sick children to Shriner hospitals.[19]
By 2011, Shriners removed much of the Middle Eastern theming, both locally[19] and within the broader organization.[4] This was in continued response to "the events of Sept. 11, 2001 and subsequent military conflicts."[4] Changes included renaming the organization from "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" to "Shriners International;" renaming the "Arabic Patrol" to "The Patrol" and removing the word Syria from Syria Shriners vanity plates. Despite these changes, the Illustrious Potentate of Pittsburgh's Syria Shrine chapter stated that "pretty much all non-atheists are welcome, including Muslims."[4]
Membership
Historically, a Mason had to complete either the Scottish Rite or York Rite systems to be eligible for membership in the Shrine.[20]
In 1991, brick-mason Michael G. Vaughan filed a lawsuit against the Oleika Shrine Temple in Lexington, Kentucky, for hazing practices to which he said he was subjected in his efforts to become a Shriner. In court, Vaughan told jurors that in June 1989, he was blindfolded and received a jolt of electricity that was applied to his bare buttocks as part of the Shriners' initiation rites. He said he was forced to walk on an electric mat that was meant to simulate the hot sands of the Sahara, and that he was knocked unconscious and received other injuries during his initiation.
Vaughan said the initiation left him humiliated and embarrassed, and caused him to suffer anxiety, nightmares, and a sleep disorder.[21] After two hours of deliberation, the jury rejected the claim.[22]
Architecture
Some of the earliest Shrine Centers often chose a
Philanthropy
Shriners Hospitals for Children
The Shrine's charitable arm is the Shriners Hospitals for Children, a network of 22 healthcare facilities in the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
In June 1920, the Imperial Council Session voted to establish a Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children to treat orthopedic injuries and conditions, diseases, burns, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects, such as cleft lip and palate, in children.[23][24] The first hospital opened in 1922 in Shreveport, Louisiana. By the end of the decade 13 more hospitals were operational.[24]
Any child under the age of 18 can be admitted to the hospital if a doctor determines the child can be treated.[24][25] There is no requirement for religion, race or relationship to a Shriner.
Until June 2012, all care at Shriners Hospitals was provided without charge to patients and their families. At that time, because the size of their endowment had decreased due to losses in the stock market, Shriners Hospitals started billing patients' insurance companies, but continued to offer free care to children without insurance. Shriners hospitals waive all costs insurance does not cover. Shriners Hospitals for Children is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.[23]
Shriners Hospitals for Children are located in these cities[clarification needed]:[26]
- Boston, MA
- Chicago, IL
- Dayton, OH
- Erie, PA*
- Galveston, TX
- Greenville, SC
- Honolulu, HI
- Houston, TX
- Lexington, KY*
- Mexico City, MEX
- Minneapolis, MN
- Montreal, CANADA
- Pasadena, CA*
- Philadelphia, PA
- Portland, OR
- Sacramento, CA
- Salt Lake City, UT
- Shreveport, LA
- Spokane, WA
- Springfield, MA
- St. Louis, MO
*This location is an outpatient, ambulatory care center.[26]
Events
Shriners host the annual
The Shriners originally hosted a golf tournament in association with singer/actor Justin Timberlake, called the Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, a PGA Tour golf tournament played in Las Vegas, Nevada.[27] The relationship between Timberlake and the Shriners ended in 2012, when the Shriners reported that Timberlake was interested in being involved with the organization only when television cameras were present.[28] In July 2012, the PGA Tour and Shriners Hospitals for Children announced a five-year title sponsorship extension, carrying the commitment to the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open through 2017.[29] The name was changed to The Shriners Hospitals for Children Open and is played in Las Vegas, Nevada.[30]
Many Shrine Centers also hold a yearly Shrine Circus as a fundraiser.
Once a year, the fraternity meets for the Imperial Session in a North American city.
Shriners International Imperial Sessions
# | Year | City | State/Province | Host Chapter | Imperial Potentate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1876 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
2 | 1877 | Albany | NY | Cyprus | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
3 | 1878 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
4 | 1879 | Albany | NY | Cyprus | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
5 | 1880 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
6 | 1880 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
7 | 1881 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
8 | 1882 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
9 | 1883 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
10 | 1884 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
11 | 1885 | New York | NY | Mecca | Walter M. Fleming (Mecca) |
12 | 1886 | Cleveland | OH | Al Koran | Sam Briggs (Al Koran) |
13 | 1887 | Indianapolis | IN | Murat | Sam Briggs (Al Koran) |
14 | 1888 | Toronto | Ontario | Rameses | Sam Briggs (Al Koran) |
15 | 1889 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Sam Briggs (Al Koran) |
16 | 1890 | Pittsburgh | PA | Syria | Sam Briggs (Al Koran) |
17 | 1891 | Niagara Falls | NY | Ismailia | Sam Briggs (Al Koran) |
18 | 1892 | Omaha | NE | Tangier | William B. Melish (Syrian) |
19 | 1893 | Cincinnati | OH | Syria | William B. Melish (Syrian) |
20 | 1894 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | Thomas J. Hudson (Syria) |
21 | 1895 | Nantasket Beach | MA | Aleppo | Charles L. Field (Islam) |
22 | 1896 | Cleveland | OH | Al Koran | Harrison Dingman (Almas) |
23 | 1897 | Detroit | MI | Moslem | Albert B. McGaffey (El Jebel) |
24 | 1898 | Dallas | TX | Hella | Ethelbert F. Allen (Ararat) |
25 | 1899 | Buffalo | NY | Ismailia | John H. Atwood (Tangier) |
26 | 1900 | Washington | DC | Almas | Lou B. Winsor (Saladin) |
27 | 1901 | Kansas City | MO | Ararat | Philip C. Shaffer (Lu Lu) |
28 | 1902 | San Francisco | CA | Islam | Henry C. Akin (Tangier) |
29 | 1903 | Saratoga Springs | NY | Oriental | George L. Brown (Ismailia) |
30 | 1904 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | George L. Brown (Ismailia) |
31 | 1905 | Niagara Falls | NY | Ismailia | Henry A. Collins (Rameses) |
32 | 1906 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Alvah P. Clayton (Moila) |
33 | 1907 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | Frank C. Roundy (Medinah) |
34 | 1908 | Saint Paul | MN | Osman | Edwin I. Alderman (El Kahir) |
35 | 1909 | Louisville | KY | Kosair | George L. Street (Acca) |
36 | 1910 | New Orleans | LA | Jerusalem | Fred A. Hines (Al Malaikah) |
37 | 1911 | Rochester | NY | Damascus | John F. Treat (El Zagal) |
38 | 1912 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | William J. Cunningham (Boumi) |
39 | 1913 | Dallas | TX | Hella | William W. Irwin (Osiris) |
40 | 1914 | Atlanta | GA | Yaarab | Frederick R. Smith (Damascus) |
41 | 1915 | Seattle | WA | Nile | J. Putnam Stevens (Kora) |
42 | 1916 | Buffalo | NY | Ismailia | Henry F. Niedringhaus, Jr. (Moolah) |
43 | 1917 | Minneapolis | MN | Zurah | Charles E. Ovenshire (Zuhrah) |
44 | 1918 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Elias J. Jacoby (Murat) |
45 | 1919 | Indianapolis | IN | Murat | W. Freeland Kendrick (Lu Lu) |
46 | 1920 | Portland | OR | Al Kader | Ellis Lewis Garretson (Afifi) |
47 | 1921 | Des Moines | IA | Za-Ga-Zig | Ernest A. Cutts (Alee) |
48 | 1922 | San Francisco | CA | Islam | James S. McCandless (Aloha) |
49 | 1923 | Washington | DC | Almas | Conrad V. Dykeman (Kismet) |
50 | 1924 | Kansas City | MO | Ararat | James E. Chandler (Ararat) |
51 | 1925 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | James C. Burger (El Jebel) |
52 | 1926 | Philadelphia | PA | Lu Lu | David W. Crosland (Alcazar) |
53 | 1927 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Clarence M. Dunbar (Palestine) |
54 | 1928 | Miami | FL | Mahi | Frank C. Jones (Arabia) |
55 | 1929 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | Leo V. Youngworth (Al Malaikah) |
56 | 1930 | Toronto | Ontario | Rameses | Esten A. Fletcher (Damascus) |
57 | 1931 | Cleveland | OH | Al Koran | Thomas J. Houston (Medinah) |
58 | 1932 | San Francisco | CA | Islam | Earl C. Mills (Za-Ga-Zig) |
59 | 1933 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | John N. Sebrell (Khedive) |
60 | 1934 | Minneapolis | MN | Zurah | Dana S. Williams (Kora) |
61 | 1935 | Washington | DC | Almas | Leonard P. Steuart (Almas) |
62 | 1936 | Seattle | WA | Nile | Clyde I. Webster (Moslem) |
63 | 1937 | Detroit | MI | Moslem | Walter Smith Sugden (Osiris) |
64 | 1938 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | A. A. D. Rahn (Zurah) |
65 | 1939 | Baltimore | MD | Boumi | Walter D. Cline (Maskat) |
66 | 1940 | Memphis | TN | Al Chymia | George F. Olendorf (Abou Ben Adhem) |
67 | 1941 | Indianapolis | IN | Murat | Thomas C. Law (Yaarab) |
68 | 1942 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Albert H. Fiebach (Al Koran) |
69 | 1943 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Morley E. MacKenzie (Rameses) |
70 | 1944 | Milwaukee | WI | Tripoli | Alfred G. Arvold (El Zagal) |
71 | 1945 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | William H. Woodfield Jr. (Islam) |
72 | 1946 | San Francisco | CA | Islam | George H. Bowe (Cyprus) |
73 | 1947 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Karl Rex Hammers (Syria) |
74 | 1948 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Gallaway Calhoun (Sharon) |
75 | 1949 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Harold Clayton Lloyd (Al Malaikah) |
76 | 1950 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | Hubert McNeill Poteat (Sudan) |
77 | 1951 | New York | NY | Mecca | Robert Gardiner Wilson, Jr. (Aleppo) |
78 | 1952 | Miami | FL | Mahi | Harvey A. Beffa (Moolah) |
79 | 1953 | New York | NY | Mecca | Remmie LeRoy Arnold (Acca) |
80 | 1954 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Frank S. Land (Ararat) |
81 | 1955 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Walter C. Gay (Scimitar) |
82 | 1956 | Detroit | MI | Moslem | Gerald D. Crary (Naja) |
83 | 1957 | Atlanta | GA | Yaarab | Thomas W. Melham (Zemora) |
84 | 1958 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | George E. Stringfellow (Salaam) |
85 | 1959 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Clayton F. Andrews (El Maida) |
86 | 1960 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | George A. Mattison, Jr. (Zamora) |
87 | 1961 | Miami | FL | Mahi | Marshall M. (Marsh) Porter (Al Azhar) |
88 | 1962 | Toronto | Ontario | Rameses | George M. Klepper, Sr. (Al Chymia) |
89 | 1963 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Harold C. Close (Sphinx) |
90 | 1964 | New York | NY | Mecca | O. Carlyle Brock (Zem Zem) |
91 | 1965 | Washington | DC | Almas | Barney W. Collins (Anezeh) |
92 | 1966 | San Francisco | CA | Islam | Orville F. Rush (Kena) |
93 | 1967 | Washington | DC | Almas | Thomas F. Seay (Medinah) |
94 | 1968 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Chester A. Hogan (Nile) |
95 | 1969 | Seattle | WA | Nile | J. Worth Baker (Murat) |
96 | 1970 | Indianapolis | IN | Murat | Aubrey G. Graham (Khedive) |
97 | 1971 | Miami | FL | Mahi | C. Victor Thornton (Moslah) |
98 | 1972 | Dallas | TX | Hella | Henry B. Struby (Hadi) |
99 | 1973 | Atlanta | GA | Yaarab | J. A. Wingerter (Salaam) |
100 | 1974 | Atlantic City | NJ | Crescent | Jack M. Streight (Gizeh) |
101 | 1975 | Toronto | Ontario | Rameses | W. W. (Woody) Bennett (Ararat) |
102 | 1976 | Kansas City | MO | Arara | Peter Val Preda (Cairo) |
103 | 1977 | New York | NY | Mecca | Fred R. Morrison, Sr. (Moslem) |
104 | 1978 | Detroit | MI | Moslem | Warren F. Weck, Jr. (Zuhrah) |
105 | 1979 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | Charles J. Claypool (Antioch) |
106 | 1980 | Milwaukee | WI | Tripoli | F. T. H. Doubler, Jr. (Abou Ben Adhem) |
107 | 1981 | New Orleans | LA | Jerusalem | Randolph R. Thomas (Morocco) |
108 | 1982 | Orlando | FL | Bahia | Daniel E. Bowers (Mohammed) |
109 | 1983 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | Richard B. Olfene (Kora) |
110 | 1984 | Boston | MA | Aleppo | V. Gene Bracewell (Yaarab) |
111 | 1985 | Atlanta | GA | Yaarab | Walker S. Kisselburgh (Al Malaikah) |
112 | 1986 | Los Angeles | CA | Al Malaikah | Russell H. Anthony (El Kahir) |
113 | 1987 | Las Vegas | NV | Zelzah | Voris King (Habibi) |
114 | 1988 | New Orleans | LA | Jerusalem | Edward G. McMullan (Al Azhar) |
115 | 1989 | Toronto | Ontario | Rameses | George Washington Powell (Crescent) |
116 | 1990 | Chicago | IL | Medinah | Joseph P. Padgett (Islam) |
117 | 1991 | San Francisco | CA | Islam | John W. Dean, III (Lu Lu) |
118 | 1992 | Orlando | FL | Bahia | Everett M. Evans (Sharon) |
119 | 1993 | San Antonio | TX | Alzafar | Richard L. Bukey (Sabbar) |
120 | 1994 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | Burton Ravellette, Jr. (Sahara) |
121 | 1995 | Indianapolis | IN | Murat | Robert B. Bailey (Orak) |
122 | 1996 | New Orleans | LA | Jerusalem | John D. Vermass (Sesostris) |
123 | 1997 | Saint Louis | MO | Moolah | Lewis B. Brantley (Morocco) |
124 | 1998 | Orlando | FL | Bahia | John C. Nobles (El Maida) |
125 | 1999 | Dallas | TX | Hella | Ralph W. Semb (Melha) |
126 | 2000 | Boston | MA | Aleppo | Robert N. Turnipseed (Calam) |
127 | 2001 | Las Vegas | NV | Zelzah | Kenneth W. Smith (Gizeh) |
128 | 2002 | Vancouver | British Columbia | Gizeh | Charles A. Claypool (Antioch) |
129 | 2003 | Minneapolis | MN | Zurah | M. Burton Oien (Al Aska) |
130 | 2004 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | Raoull L. Frevel Sr. (Boumi) |
131 | 2005 | Baltimore | MD | Boumi | Gary W. Dunwoody (Scimitar) |
132 | 2006 | Tampa | FL | Egypt | Nicholas Thomas (Al Malaikah) |
133 | 2007 | Anaheim | CA | El Bekal | Bernard J. Lemieux (Zenobia) |
134 | 2008 | Saint Louis | MO | Moolah | Douglas E. Maxwell (Moolah) |
135 | 2009 | San Antonio | TX | Alzafar | Terry McGuire (Alzafar) |
136 | 2010 | Toronto | Ontario | Rameses | George A. Mitchell (Rameses) |
137 | 2011 | Denver | CO | El Jebel | Michael G. Severe (El Jebel) |
138 | 2012 | Charlotte | NC | Oasis | Alan W. Madsen (Oasis) |
139 | 2013 | Indianapolis | IN | Murat | John A. Cinotto (Murat) |
140 | 2014 | Minneapolis | MN | Zurah | Dale W. Stauss (Kem) |
141 | 2015 | Houston | TX | Arabia | Jerry G. Gantt (Arabia) |
142 | 2016 | Tampa | FL | Egypt | Chris Smith (Wahabi) |
143 | 2017 | Daytona Beach | FL | Bahia | Gary Bergenske (Bahia) |
144 | 2018 | Daytona Beach | FL | Bahia | Jim L. Cain, Sr. (Al Menah) |
145 | 2019 | Nashville | TN | Al Menah | Jeffrey L. Sowder (Rameses) |
146 | 2020 | Tampa | FL | Egypt | James R. Smith (Ben Hur) |
147 | 2021 | Houston | TX | Arabia | William S. “Bill” Bailey (Orak) |
148 | 2022 | Minneapolis | MN | Zurah | Kenneth G. "Kenny" Craven (Omar) |
149 | 2023 | Charlotte | NC | Oasis | James E. “Ed” Stolze, Jr. (El Zaribah) |
150 | 2024 | Reno | NV | Kerak | Richard Burke (Yaarab) [If elected in line] |
151 | 2025 | Atlanta | GA | Yaarab | Kevin R. Costello (Cyprus) [If elected in line] |
152 | 2026 | Tampa | FL | Egypt |
| note = Source:[31] }} | note = Source:[32] }} | note = Source:[33] }} | note = Source:[34] }}
Controversies
In 2008, an investigative committee established by the joint boards of the Shriners of North America fraternal organization and the Shriners Hospitals for Children found that Ralph Semb, chairman of the Shriners Hospitals Board of Trustees, had unilaterally tried to fire fund-raising executive Edgar McGonigal. McGonigal had declined to hire a direct-mail company indirectly linked to Gene Bracewell, the imperial treasurer of the fraternal organization. McGonigal said he did not hire the company because of its ties to a financial company that had performed poorly in previous dealings. The committee found that Semb and Bracewell had violated the organizations' conflict of interest policy and their ethics code and recommended that Semb and Bracewell be reprimanded. The report included accusations of financial improprieties within the organization, including not reporting benefits Shriners leaders received as income and knowingly filing incorrect tax forms for the hospitals. Other Shriners came forward with additional complaints, including the mixing of charitable and noncharitable assets and the disappearance of money raised for the hospitals.[35]
Shriners International has drawn criticism from animal welfare organizations for allowing member clubs to host circuses featuring animals. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has staged protests during circus performances for more than a decade, expressing concern over the poor treatment animals receive in the care of the companies that the Shriners lease from, such as Carson & Barnes.[36][37] The Pittsburgh Shrine Circus stopped using animals in 2019, and the Moolah Shrine Circus in Missouri stopped using elephants in 2023.[38][39]
See also
- Iowa Corn Song
- Masonic bodies
- Military Order of the Cootie
- Order of Quetzalcoatl
- Royal Order of Jesters
- "Shriner's Convention", a country-and-western novelty song
References
- ^ Home page Archived 2019-11-28 at the Wayback Machine. Shriners International. Retrieved on March 12, 2010.
- ^ Find, Masonic. "The 3 Core Principles of Freemasonry: An Explanation". MasonicFind | Find Information About The Freemasons. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
- ^ a b "Fun With Purpose" Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Shriners International. Retrieved on August 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Sostek, Anya (10 April 2011). "Shriners shed many Middle Eastern references while continuing traditions such as the circus". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, p. 5.
- ^ Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, p. 6.
- ^ Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, p. 8.
- ^ a b "AEAONMS - History". aeaonms.org. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE et al. v. MICHAUX et al". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Eyewitness: 1949 / TV makes Pittsburgh 'A New Promise'". Post-gazette.com. 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- ^ "Historic Pittsburgh 1991". pitt.edu. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ Ladies Oriental Shrine of North America. Accessed November 6, 2011.
- ^ "About Us" Archived 2011-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed November 6, 2011.
- ^ Preuss, Arthur A Dictionary of Secret and other Societies St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. 1924; republished Detroit: Gale Reference Company 1966; p. 106.
- ^ "The Shriners / "Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles" Reveals its Pageantry". Life. 1938-05-16. p. 50. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c Neidorf, Shawn (October 21, 2002). "Harassed, insulted, Shriners pay price for Islam imagery". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "Abd El Kader's Masonic Friends" (PDF). The New York Times. 1883-06-07. p. 8. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ^ "Man sues Shriners over initiation injuries Trial exposes secret ritual in which electric shock is used on initiates". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ "Jury Rejects Man's Claim He Was Hurt in Shriners' Initiation Rite". AP NEWS. December 13, 1991. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
- ^ a b "Shriners Hospitals for Children and Joffrey's Coffee & Tea Company launch new Rise and Shrine blend that benefits the health care system". Shrinershospitalsforchildren.org. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- ^ a b c International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 69. St. James Press, 2005.
- ^ "Shriners Hospitals for Children About Us". Shriners Hospitals. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
- ^ a b "Shriners Hospitals for Children Locations". Shrinershospitalsforchildren.org. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open" Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday, September 25, 2011 - Sunday, October 2, 2011, Las Vegas, NV 89134. Shriners International. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake and Shriners break charity golf ties", Usatoday.com, October 2, 2012.
- ^ "Shriners Hospitals for Children Extends Tournament Sponsorship" Archived 2014-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, Monday, July 2, 2012.
- ^ "2013 Shriners Hospitals for Children Open.", Shrinershospitalsopen.com, Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- ^ "Shriners International Imperial Session History". Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Al Chymia Shrine Newsletter Archive". Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "History of the Imperial Council Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America SECOND EDITION 1872-1921". Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Parade To Glory - Fred Van Deventer". Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Strom, Stephanie (25 July 2008). "Report on Shriners Raises Question of Wrongdoing". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ Rhinehard, Chelsea. "PETA Accuses Shrine Circus of Animal Abuse", SanAngeloLIVE.com, 3 November 2013
- ^ Mancini, Ralph. "PETA protests animal circuses in Summerville", The Summerville Journal Scene, 8 February 2023
- ^ "PETA: Shriners Circus to stop featuring animals in Pittsburgh Shrine Circus", WTAE, 14 June 2019.
- ^ White, Robyn. "Missouri's Moolah Circus Elephants to 'Roam the Land' After Retirement", Newsweek, 9 January 2023.
External links
- Media related to Shriners at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website