Chal

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Shubat
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Chal
Bowls of shubat (left), beverage of fermented camel milk, and kumis (right), beverage made from fermented mare's milk
Alternative namesShubat
Place of originTurkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
Main ingredientsCamel milk

Chal, also shubat or khoormog (

fermented camel milk, sparkling white with a sour flavor, popular in Central Asia — particularly in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.[1][2] In Kazakhstan the drink is known as shubat, and is a staple summer food.[3] Due to preparation requirements and perishable nature, chal has proved difficult to export.[4] Agaran (fermented cream) is collected from the surface of chal.[5]

Description

Fermented chal is reputed to possess

virucidal and virus inhibiting properties[citation needed] not found in fresh camel or cow milk, both in its liquid
and lyophilized form — a characteristic which is (reputedly) unaffected by shelf life.

Chal is typically prepared by first souring camel milk in a skin bag or ceramic jar by adding previously soured milk. For 3–4 days, fresh milk is mixed in; the matured chal will consist of one third to one fifth previously soured milk.[6]

Camel milk will not sour for up to 72 hours at temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F). At 30 °C (86 °F) the milk sours in approximately 8 hours (compared to cow's milk, which sours within 3 hours).

A comparison of the composition of camel milk and camel chal:[7]

Camel milk Chal
acidity 18°D 28°D
fat 4.3% 4.3%
lactose 2.75% 1.32%
non-fat solids 8.2% 6.6%
ash 0.86% 0.75%
ethyl alcohol 1.1%
ascorbic acid 5.6 mg% 4.8 mg%

Dornic acidic degrees are used to describe acidity in milk products, with 1 Dornic degree (1°D) equal to 0.1g of lactic acid per liter.[8] The chal contained Lactobacilli lactic; streptococci and yeast.[9]

Chal may be cultured with lactobacillus casei, streptococcus thermophilus, and lactose-fermenting yeasts incubating in inoculated milk for 8 hours at 25 °C (77 °F), and then subsequently for 16 hours at 20 °C (68 °F). Holder pasteurization does not affect the quality of the milk, but pasteurization at higher temperatures (85 °C/185 °F) for 5 minutes negatively impacts flavour. Chal made from pure cultures of lactobacillus casei, streptococcus thermophilus, and species of torula has markedly less not-fat solids and lactose than the milk from which it is made.[10]

See also

References

  1. .
  2. ^ Alhadrami, G.A.; Faye, Bernard (2016). "Animals that produce dairy foods: Camel". Reference module in food sciences. Elsevier.
  3. .
  4. ^ "Great Culinary Dictionary. Chal in Russian, retrieved April 11, 2007". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  5. ^ I.Barkhanov. Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper, in Russian, August 9, 2001 Archived November 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ Prof Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary & Dr Shahan Azeem, Is camel milk good for human health? DAWN Sci-tech world, October 9, 2004 Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ Grigoryants, N.N. (1954). "Composition of camel milk and chal". Vop. Pit. (in Russian). 13: 41–5.
  8. ^ http://www.idfdairynutrition.org/Files/media/Glossary_documents_PDF/ENG/L/Lex_EN_-_lactic_acid_071226-2008-00159.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  9. ^ Kieselev, N. (1956). "Bacteriological examination of chal". Mol. Prom. (in Russian). 17: 31–4.
  10. .

External links

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