Shule Kingdom

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Shule Kingdom
疏勒
c. 200 BC–790 AD
Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple)
Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple)
CapitalKashgar
Common languagesKanchaki (dialect of the Saka language, one of the Eastern Iranian languages)
GovernmentMonarchy
• ?–73 AD
Cheng
• 73 AD – 73 AD
Douti
• ?–?
Zhong
• ?–?
Chenpan
• 168–170
Hede
History 
• Founded
c. 200 BC
• Shule becomes a tributary of the
Gokturks
630
• Vassalized by Tang dynasty
632 AD
• Conquered by Tibet
670 AD
• Declares vassalage to Tang
673
• Reconquered by Tang
692
• Conquered by Tibetans
790 AD
 Succeeded by
Tibetan Empire
Today part ofChina
Kyrgyzstan

The Shule Kingdom (

Northwest China. Its capital was Kashgar,[1] the source of Kashgar's water being a river of the same name. Much like the neighboring people of the Kingdom of Khotan, people of Kashgar spoke Saka, one of the Eastern Iranian languages.[2]

Although a vassal of the Chinese

Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang
.

History

Further information: Saka

The earliest mention of the Shule is around 120 BC, by

Eastern Han.[3] In 168, following Hede's murder of the current ruler (name unknown), the Han declared war on the Shule, ending in the unsuccessful Siege of Zhenzhong in 170 AD.[3]

By the end of the Eastern Han period (220 AD), Shule had conquered the city-states of

Tang campaign against the oasis states.[4] Some sources say that they were only made into a tributary and the Tang had very loose suzerainty.[5][6][7] After being conquered by the Tang it was part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West between c. 640 and c. 790.[8] It was one of the stations of the Four Garrisons of Anxi between 649 and 670, after 670 one of the garrisons was changed, but Kashgar was still a seat of the four garrisons.[9]

In 670 AD Shule was conquered by the Tibetan Empire. In 673 the Shule kingdom declared itself a vassal of the Tang,[10] but was not reconquered by the Tang Chinese until 692 AD.[11]

It is alleged and probably untrue that Qutayba ibn Muslim in 715 attacked Kashgar.[12][13]

Kara Khanid Muslim Turks absorbed Kashgar during the

Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang. According to Mahmud al-Kashgari within Kashgar's vicinity, some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and Sogdian were still used in some areas.[14] It is believed that the Saka language group was what Kanchaki belonged to.[15][16] It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the end of the 11th century.[17]

Economy

As it was on the Northern Silk Road, Shule traded mostly through the Yumen Pass[18] and the Pamir Mountains.[19]

The capital of the Shule Kingdom, Kashgar, is marked

The Northern Silk Road that passed through Kashgar split off into the northern

Miran and Dunhuang to Anxi.[20]

Rulers

  • Cheng (成) 70
  • Dou Ti (兜題) 72
  • Zhong (忠) 74
  • Cheng Da (成大) 84
  • An Guo (安國) 116
  • Yi Fu (遺腹) 125
  • Chen Pan (臣磐) 127
  • He De (和得) 168
  • A Mijue (阿彌厥) 605
  • Pei Chuo (裴綽) 618
  • Pei Amozhi (裴阿摩支) 627
  • Pei Yijian (裴夷健) 698
  • Pei Anding (裴安定) 728
  • Pei Guoliang (裴國良) 753
  • Pei Lengleng (裴冷冷) 784–789? / Tang general – Lu Yang (魯陽) 789

See also

References

  1. ^ Millward 2007:23
  2. ISBN 978-90-04-15830-6
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1624120763
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9
    .
  5. ^ Whitfield 2004, p. 47.
  6. ^ Twitchett 2000, pp. 116–118.
  7. ^ Wechsler 1979, pp. 226–228.
  8. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3
    .
  9. ^ Xue, p. 596-598.
  10. ^ Wechsler 1979, p. 226.
  11. ^ Beckwith, 36, 146.
  12. ISBN 978-1-317-64721-8
    .
  13. ^ Marshall Broomhall (1910). Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp. 17–.
  14. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6
    .
  15. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0
    .
  16. ISBN 978-81-208-1540-7
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-136-15034-0
    .
  18. ^ Bonavia, Judy (2004). The Silk Road From Xi’an to Kashgar. Revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. Odyssey Publications.
  19. ^ "Silk Road, North China, C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham". Megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
  20. ^ "Silk Road Trade Routes". University of Washington. Retrieved August 25, 2007.

Bibliography

  • Xue, Zongzheng (1992), Turkic peoples, 中国社会科学出版社
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