Sidon Eyalet

Coordinates: 33°33′00″N 35°23′00″E / 33.55°N 35.3833°E / 33.55; 35.3833
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
the Ottoman Empire
1660–1864

The Sidon Eyalet in 1795
CapitalSafed (1660)
Sidon (1660–1775)
Acre (1775–1841)[1]
Beirut (1841–1864)
History 
• Established
1660
• Disestablished
1864
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Damascus Eyalet
Beirut Vilayet
Syria Vilayet
Today part ofLebanon
Israel

The Eyalet of Sidon (

Egypt to the Bay of Kisrawan, including parts of modern Israel and Lebanon
.

Depending on the location of its capital, it was also known as the Eyalet of

Safad, Beirut or Acre.[2]

Background

Ottoman rulers considered creating the province as early as 1585. The districts of Beirut-Sidon and Safed (encompassing much of the

Fakhr al-Din Ma'n.[3]

History

Creation

The province was briefly created during Fakhr al-Din's exile in 1614–1615, and recreated in 1660.[3][4] The province continued to be subordinated in some ways, both in fiscal and political matters, to the Damascus province out of which it was created.[3]

Despite conflicts in the 1660s, the Ma'n family "played the leading role in the management of the internal affairs of this eyalet until the closing years of the 17th century, perhaps because it was not possible to manage the province-certainly not in the sanjak of Sidon-Beirut-without them."[5]

Late 17th to 18th century

The Ma'ns were succeeded by the

Zaydan family in the Galilee and the sheikhs of the Shia clans of Ali al-Saghir, Munkar, and Sa'b families in Jabal Amil.[6] Even the coastal towns of Sidon, Beirut, and Acre were farmed out to the Sidon-based Hammud family. By the late 1720s, Beirut and its tax farm also went over to the Shihabs under Emir Haydar, while Acre and its tax farm came under the rule of the Zaydani sheikh Zahir al-Umar in the mid-1740s.[7]

In 1775, when Jezzar Ahmed Pasha received the governorship of Sidon, he moved the capital to Acre. In 1799, Acre resisted a siege by Napoleon Bonaparte.[8]

Early and mid-19th century

As part of the

Bashir III al-Shihab, to whom the sultan had granted the title of emir.[9]

In 1842 the Ottoman government introduced the Double

1860 Lebanon conflict that followed, thousands of Christians were killed in massacres that culminated with the Damascus Riots of July 1860.[9]

Dissolution

Following the international outcry caused by the massacres, the

mutasarrıf, which was the direct predecessor of the political system that continued to exist in Lebanon's early post-independence years. The new arrangement ended the turmoil, and the region prospered in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire.[9]

Administrative divisions

Sidon Eyalet consisted of two

sanjaks
in the 17th century:

  1. Sidon-Beirut Sanjak
  2. Safad Sanjak

By the start of the 18th century, Sidon Eyalet was not divided into sanjaks and third-level

nahiyes.[11]
There were several, mostly insignificant changes to the territorial jurisdictions of the muqata'as throughout the century but for the most part, the province comprised the following muqata'as:

  1. Beirut (town)[12]
  2. Jabal al-Shuf (e.g. Druze-dominated, southern half of Mount Lebanon)[12]
  3. Sidon (town)[12]
  4. Iqlim al-Tuffah[12] (southeast of Sidon)
  5. Iqlim al-Shumar[12]
  6. Iqlim al-Shaqif
    Shaqif Arnun
    castle)
  7. Tyre (town)[12]
  8. Bilad Bishara[12]
  9. Sahil Akka (coastal plain of Acre)[12]
  10. Acre (town)[12]
  11. Safed and Rama (these had been separate muqata'as but were merged by the governor Jazzar Pasha in 1777)[13]
  12. Jira (countryside of
    Tarshiha')[14]
  13. Shefa-Amr and Nazareth (these had been separate muqata'as but were merged by Jazzar Pasha in 1777)[13]
  14. Haifa and Yajur (these had been part of the Damascus Eyalet, but were appended to Sidon in 1723. They were later re-appended, in name only, to Damascus in the 1760–1762, but were afterward restored to Sidon)[15]
  15. Sahil Atlit (the Atlit coast south of Haifa was effectively annexed from Damascus, without imperial sanction, by the powerful tax farmer, Zahir al-Umar, in the late 1750s, and became officially part of Sidon during Jazzar Pasha's governorship, 1776–1804)[16]
  16. Marj Ayyun (appended to Sidon during Jazzar Pasha's governorship)[16]

Sidon Eyalet consisted of seven sanjaks (districts) in the early 19th century:[17]

  1. Acre Sanjak
  2. Beirut Sanjak
  3. Sidon Sanjak
  4. Tyre Sanjak
  5. Nablus Sanjak
  6. Nazareth Sanjak
  7. Tiberias Sanjak

Governors

Governors of the eyalet:[18][19][20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Macgregor 1850, p. 12.
  2. ^ McLeod 1858, p. 52.
  3. ^ a b c Winter 2010, p. 120.
  4. ^ Firro 1992, p. 45.
  5. ^ a b Abu-Husayn 1992, p. 673.
  6. ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 82, 98.
  7. ^ Cohen 1973, p. 82.
  8. ^ Agoston & Masters 2009, p. 9.
  9. ^ a b c d Agoston & Masters 2009, p. 330.
  10. ^ Agoston & Masters 2009, p. 87.
  11. ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 119–121.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cohen 1973, p. 125.
  13. ^ a b Cohen 1973, pp. 123, 125.
  14. ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 121, 125.
  15. ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 122, 139–140, 142–143.
  16. ^ a b Cohen 1973, p. 122.
  17. ^ System of universal geography founded on the works of Malte-Brun and Balbi — Open Library (p. 647)
  18. ^ World Statesmen — Lebanon
  19. ^ Süreyya 1996.
  20. ^ Joudah 2013, p. 166.
  21. ^ Rood 2004, p. 96.

Bibliography

33°33′00″N 35°23′00″E / 33.55°N 35.3833°E / 33.55; 35.3833

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