Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)
Battle of Algeciras | |||||||
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Part of the Reconquista | |||||||
Alfonso X of Castile "the Wise", King of Castile | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Order of Santa María de España | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Alfonso Fernández de Castilla |
History of Spain |
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Timeline |
The siege of Algeciras was the first of many sieges of the city by Christian forces in the lengthy period of the Spanish Reconquista. The siege, ordered by King Alfonso X of Castile also known as "el Sabio", was a fruitless military campaign initiated by the Kingdom of Castile with the objective of removing the Benimerins from Algeciras. The siege on Algeciras, then known to the Muslims as Al-Jazira Al-Khadra, was strategically important because Algeciras had been at the time the main fortress and landing place for African reinforcement troops in the Iberian Peninsula. Castile, which had a powerful armada of ships anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar to blockade such reinforcement, had a few days previously to the siege, seen that fleet obliterated by the Muslim admiral, Abu Yusuf Yaqub at the Naval Battle of Algeciras.
Context
Since the middle of the 13th century, the
Under these circumstances, the Muslim forces were not able to advance further into Castilian territory. In 1276, they signed a two-year truce with the Kingdom of Castile.[7] Nevertheless, the Marinids under Yusuf did not return to Africa and maintained control in force of Algeciras and Tarifa, having a large troop presence in both cities.[8] In the meantime, the Castilians busied themselves with issues of succession to the crown. Alfonso X decided to pass the privilege on to his son Sancho, even though he was under considerable pressure from the nobility and from his wife, Violante, that he pass the crown on to the children of the dead heir, Fernando.[9]
The siege
It was under this set of compromising circumstances that Alfonso X decided to lay siege to the city of Algeciras, understanding that while the city remained under Moroccan control, it continually posed the threat of a new invasion of the Kingdom of Castile. Al-Jazira Al-Khadra, the name the Muslims had given to Algeciras, had been the first city founded by the Muslim conquerors when they first landed on the Iberian Peninsula in the year 711. The contemporary city stretched to the north of the
On 5 August 1278, the Castilian troops arrived at the outskirts of Algeciras.
Throughout April 1279, after the king returned to Castile, the Christian camp began to feel the effects of a lack of food and supplies. This was in part due to the loss of their fleet at the naval battle. The problem was exacerbated due to the large number of besieging troops and the fact that enough supplies were not being sent from Sevilla. It would not be found out for many months that much of the tax money collected in Castile with the objective of financing the siege was being diverted by the infante Pedro to entice his mother Violante to return to Castile.[18] That autumn was especially hot and before long, the water sources that sustained the troops began to deteriorate, causing an outbreak of plague in the Christian camp.[12] Amongst the sick soldiers, the worst off were often members of the fleet who were forced to remain for weeks on their ships without proper food or supplies. By July 1279, many of the troops from the ships abandoned the fleet and joined their counterparts on the ground in the hopes of better care. Many of the boats remained anchored off Isla Verde for this reason and by the time of the battle later that month, the fleet was easily destroyed by the Muslim galleys.[17]
Arrival of the Muslim fleet
Throughout the blockade, Algeciras was able to maintain communication with Gibraltar by means of
The Castilian ground army, surprised by the rapid destruction of their navy, were helpless to stop the Muslims as their ships sailed into the city and their soldiers disembarked at the shipyard. The Muslim army then hastily exited the city gates and gave battle to the Christian besiegers.[20][page needed] The infante Pedro, who was at the time in charge of the siege, fled the battle, leaving his captains to become captured and losing all siege weapons to the enemy.[21][page needed]
Aftermath
Alfonso X was forced to sign a new truce with the Marinids later in 1279.[22] After the battle, the King of Morocco built the Villa Nueva de Algeciras in the places where the siege works once stood so that future besiegers would not be able to use the same advantageous positions again.[23]
References
- ^ Rodríguez 1788, p. 69.
- ^ a b Lafuente y Zamalloa 1861, p. 290.
- ^ Álvarez de la Fuente 1773, p. 208.
- ^ Cortada 1841, p. 559.
- ^ Lafuente y Zamalloa 1861, p. 291.
- ^ de Mariana 1854, p. 401.
- ^ Gómez Ranera 1838, p. 93.
- ^ Suárez Fernández 1983, p. 175.
- ^ Lafuente y Zamalloa 1861, p. 302.
- ^ Álvarez, Rafael Jiménez-Camino; Guerra, José María Tomassetti (2005). "'Allende el río...' sobre la ubicación de las villas de Algeciras en la Edad Media". Boletín de arqueología Yazirí: 435–457.
- ^ Real Academia 1857, p. 587.
- ^ a b Lafuente y Zamalloa 1861, p. 303.
- ^ Ortiz de la Vega 1858, p. 162.
- ^ Conde 1844, p. 364.
- ^ Ortiz de Zúñiga 1795, p. 296.
- ^ Real Academia 1857, p. 588.
- ^ a b Conde 1844, p. 211.
- ^ a b c Lafuente y Zamalloa 1861, p. 304.
- ^ a b Real Academia 1857.
- ^ Conde 1844.
- ^ Ortiz de la Vega 1858.
- ^ Ortiz de la Vega 1858, p. 164.
- ^ Ortiz de Zúñiga 1795, p. 297.
Bibliography
- Álvarez de la Fuente, José (1773). Sucesión Real de España (in Spanish). Imprenta i librería de D. Manuel Martín.
- Conde, José Antonio (1844). Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en Espana: Sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias arábigas (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Imprenta de Juan Oliveres.
- Cortada, Juan (1841). Historia de España: Desde los tiempos más remotos hasta 1839 (in Spanish). Imprenta de A. Brusi.
- Gómez Ranera, Alejandro (1838). Breve compendio de la historia de España desde su origen hasta el reinado del señor Fernando VII (in Spanish). Imprenta de Fuentenebro.
- de Mariana, Juan (1854). Obras del Padre Juan de Mariana (in Spanish). Editor M. Rivadeneyra.
- Lafuente y Zamalloa, Modesto (1861). Historia general de España (in Spanish). Establecimiento tipográfico de Francisco de P. Mellado.
- Ortiz de Zúñiga, Diego (1795). Anales eclesiásticos y seculares de la muy noble y muy leal ciudad de Sevilla (in Spanish). Imprenta Real.
- Ortiz de la Vega, Manuel (1858). Anales de España (in Spanish). Imprenta Cervantes.
- Memorial histórico español: Colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades que publica la Real Academia de la historia (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Real Academia de la Historia. 1857.
- Rodríguez, Manuel (1788). Retratos de los reyes de España, desde Atanarico hasta nuestro católico monarca Carlos III. Con los sumarios de sus vidas (in Spanish). Lorenzo de San Martín.
- Suárez Fernández, Luis (1983). Historia de España Antigua y media (in Spanish). Ediciones Rialp. ISBN 8432118826.