Siege of Jajce
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Siege of Jajce | |
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Part of Jajce Fortress, Kingdom of Bosnia 44°20′22″N 17°16′13″E / 44.33944°N 17.27028°E | |
Result | Hungarian victory |
Territorial changes | Hungary incorporates Jajce and 60 other minor settlements into the newly formed Banate of Jajce[1] |
Kingdom of Croatia
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Bosnia
Duchy of Saint Sava
Republic of Ragusa (logistics, goods)[1]
Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries
Venetian Arsenal
25,000 (Bánlaky estimate)[3][need quotation to verify]
14,000 cavalry
5,000 foot soldiers (Tošić estimate)[4]
40 Venetian galleys (see note)[5]
The siege of Jajce was a siege of the town of
Background
Beginning from the diet of Buda of 1462 some Bosnian-Hungarian borderline fortresses were already guarded by the
Sultan
The sultan divided his expeditionary army into three, one led by him, one by Ömer Bey, and one by Mahmud Pasha, respectively, and raided the surrounding countries as well as completed the conquest of Bosnia.
Premise
Mehmet II chose not to engage in winter operations and retreated bringing 100,000[dubious ] prisoners and leaving Mimert (Minnet) Bey in charge in Bosnia.[18][need quotation to verify] He also didn't have any other choice as their horses were exhausted and the supply lines were inefficient.[20] King Matthias Corvinus sent a couple thousand ecclesiastic army to the Lower Sava Valley and the Black Army of Hungary led by John Pongrácz de Dengeleg and supplemented by the Szeklers to the village of Keve. Matthias had a lot of Bohemian mercenaries. He also envoyed a garrison to his Adriatic subject, the Republic of Ragusa as a preventive measure.[21] He also commissioned ambassadors to the Signoria of Venice and Pope Pius II. Both of them promised financial aid, the Holy See granted a sum sufficient for the military service payment of 1,000 cavalry for a year. Venice offered 20,000 ducats for the anti-Ottoman defense. Matthias ordered all dispensable transport points to sail to the enlist point at Petrovaradin.[22][need quotation to verify] Matthias sought a long-term alliance with Venice. In 12 September just before the launch of the attack Matthias and Venetian orator John Emo met in the camp in Petrovaradin.[5] The terms were:[5]
- They form a mutual protective and offensive alliance against the Turks
- They don't conclude peace unbeknownst to the other
- The Republic of Venice provides 40 galleys and puts all of her Dalmatian and Peloponnese captains on a war footing
- The parties involved won't violate each other's territorial integrity
The lord of Hum, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, hesitated between the Ottomans, Venice, and Hungary to be subjugated to. In October they came to the decision to offer themselves to Venice. Already an ally to Hungary the Doge of Venice, Cristoforo Moro gently replied that Hungary had already made the necessary steps to relieve Bosnia, her armies entered Bosnia and besieged Jajce as well as the other fortresses. Following the events Stjepan Vukčić Kosača lent himself to Matthias who accepted his service. In exchange Vladislav Hercegović was promoted to a Hungarian banner lord and reassured the estates of Stjepan. This ancillary alliance was signed on 6 December.[23]
Army composition
The Hungarian-led army included commanders
The Ottoman army included commanders
among others.Siege
Corvinus branched off his army into two divisions. The first led by Emeric Zápolya was about to approach Jajce from the north along the
The siege possibly started at the confluence of
Aftermath
The smaller forts in the region were quickly recovered and were reorganized as a part of the Hungarian Banate of Jajce[dubious ].[1][35]
The main body of the Ottoman army besieged Jajce in July 1464, but the Hungarian defense held out until the Ottoman retreat in September 1464 due to the approaching of the Hungarian army.[36]
Matthias Corvinus appointed John Székely of Hídvég as the new captain and Emeric Zápolya as the new governor of Bosnia.
King Matthias Corvinus also gifted the fortress of
The Venetian–Ottoman conflict escalated into the Ottoman–Venetian War.[2]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Villari (1904), p. 251
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 250
- ^ a b c Bánlaky (1929), p. 66
- ^ Tošić (2002), p. 2
- ^ a b c Thallóczy (1915), p. 93
- ^ Thallóczy (1915), p. 102
- ISBN 0-932885-12-8.
[...] in Bosnia Jajce under Hungarian garrison actually held until 1527
- ^ Fra Ignacije Gavran (5 October 2017). "Od zauzeća Bosne do podjele Provincije (1463-1514) - from the book "Suputnici bosanske povijesti", Svjetlo riječi, Sarajevo 1990, pp. 39-44". Bosna Srebrena (in Serbo-Croatian). Franciscan Province "Bosna Srebrena". Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Fodor (2000), p. 10
- ^ Bánlaky (1929), p. 39
- ^ Stavrides (2001), p. 146
- ^ Fessler (1867), p. 103 (a number excluding the infantry and retinues)
- ^ Borovszky (1898), p. 357
- ^ Stavrides (2001), p. 147
- ^ Villari (1904), p. 243
- ^ Stavrides (2001), p. 148
- ^ Bánlaky (1929), pp. 60–61
- ^ a b Zinkeisen (1854), p. 156
- ^ Bašagić 1900, p. 20: U Hercegovini Mahmut paša je udario na nenadani otpor. Kršna zemlja Hercegovina sa golim brdima, tijesnim klancima i nepristupnim gradovima zadavaše turskom konjaništvu puno neprilika. Osim toga domaći bogumili junački su se borili uz svoga hercega i njegove sinove. Doduše Mahmut paša je dolinom Neretve sjavio do pod Blagaj i obsijedao ga; nu je li ga zauzeo ili je poslije nagodbe s hercegom predao mu se, nema sigurnih vijesti. Videći herceg Stjepan, da bez povoljna uspjeha, Mahmut paša ne će ostaviti Hercegovine, opremi najmlagjega sina Stjepana s bogatim darovima sultanu, da moli primirje. Na to Fatih ponudi, da gornju polovinu svojih zemlje ustupi Turskoj, a donju zadrži za se i za sinove. Mladoga Stjepana kao taoca zadrži u Carigradu, koji iza kratkog vremena pregje na islam pod imenom Ahmed beg Hercegović. Herceg Stjepan pristane na sultanovu ponudu, pa sklopi mir i ustupi Turcima svu gornju Hercegovinu do Blagaja. Na to Mahmud paša bude pozvan u Carigrad.
- ^ Hunyadi (2001), p. 179
- ^ Villari (1904), p. 245
- ^ Bánlaky (1929), pp. 56–57
- ^ a b Thallóczy (1915), p. 103
- ^ Nagy & Friebeisz 1868, p. 427.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Thallóczy 1915, p. 97.
- ^ Thallóczy 1915, p. 102.
- ^ Thallóczy 1915, pp. 95, 97.
- ^ Tursun Beg 1978, p. 54.
- ^ Tursun Beg 1978, p. 54, Thallóczy 1915, p. 105
- ^ Thallóczy 1915, p. 101–107.
- ^ Bánlaky 1929, p. 66.
- ^ Thallóczy 1915, p. 95.
- ^ Thallóczy 1915, p. 103.
- ^ Thallóczy 1915, pp. 94–96.
- ^ a b c Thallóczy (1915), pp. 101–107
- ISBN 978-963-9241-42-8.
- ^ Thallóczy (1915), p. 336
- ^ Thallóczy (1915), p. 97
Bibliography
- Setton, Kenneth Meyer; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P., eds. (1969). "The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522". A History of the Crusades, Vol. VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.
- ISBN 978-2-253-05575-4. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- Nagy, Iván; Friebeisz, Stephen (1868) [1857]. Magyarország családai czimerekkel és nemzékrendi táblákkal, volume 2 [Heraldry of the (noble) families of Hungary with genealogical tables, 2. book] (in Hungarian) (7th ed.). ISBN 963-207-774-1. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- Bánlaky, József (1929). "11. Az 1463. évi délvidéki és boszniai hadjárat. Az ugyanezen évi tolnai országgyűlés határozatai." [The campaign of 1463 in Bosnia. The measures of the diet of Tolna in the same year.]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [Military history of the Hungarian nation] (in Hungarian). ISBN 963-86118-7-1. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- Luigi Villari (2007) [1904]. The republic of Ragusa : an episode of the Turkish conquest. London, United Kingdom: J.M. Dent & Co. [Kessinger Publishing, reprint]. ISBN 978-1-4326-4038-5. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- Ignaz Aurelius Fessler (1867). Geschichte von Ungarn [History of Hungary] (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- Samu Borovszky; János Sziklay; Dezső Csánki (1898). "A mohácsi vésztől napjainkig" [from the Battle of Mohács to present day]. Magyarország vármegyéi és városai [Countries and towns of Hungary] (in Hungarian). ISBN 963-9374-91-1. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- Théoharis Stavrides (2001). "III. 1463: Campaigns in Bosnia and the Morea". The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). ISBN 90-04-12106-4.
- Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen; Johannes Heinrich Möller (1854). "II. Das Reich auf der Höhe seiner Entwicklung" [The empire at the height of its development]. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa [History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe] (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Friedrich Andreas Perthes. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- Fodor, Pál; Dávid, Géza, eds. (2000). Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest. BRILL. ISBN 9004119078.
- Zsolt Hunyadi; József Laszlovszky (2001). "XVI.". The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of medieval Latin Christianity. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. ISBN 963-9241-42-3.
- Konstantin Mihailović (1975). Memoirs of a Janissary. Published under the auspices of the Joint Committee on Eastern Europe, American Council of Learned Societies, by the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan.
- Tursun Beg (1978). The History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Bibliotheca Islamica. ISBN 978-0-88297-018-9.
- Đuro Tošić (2002) (in Serbian, Summary in English) Učešće Kosača u oslobođenju Jajca od Turaka 1463. godine [Role of the Kosača family in the 1463 liberation of Jajce] (pdf), 'Četvrti naučni skup istoričara u Gacku: Kosače – osnivači Hercegovine', "Srpska proza danas. Kosače – osnivači Hercegovine (Zbornik radova)”, SPKD Prosvjeta Bileća, SPKD Prosvjeta Gacko, Fond 'Vladimir i Svetozar Ćorović' Beograd, Bileća-Gacko-Beograd. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- Bašagić, Safvet-beg (1900). Kratka uputa u prošlost Bosne i Hercegovine, od g. 1463-1850 (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 21 January 2013.