Siege of Kolberg (1807)
Battle of Kolberg (1807) | |||||||
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Part of the War of the Fourth Coalition | |||||||
Former battle memorial with statues of Nettelbeck and Gneisenau in Kolberg | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Prussia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
August von Gneisenau Ferdinand von Schill | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
14,000[6][5] 41 guns[6][dubious ] |
6,000[6][5] 230 guns[6] 46 guns on Swedish frigate | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
5,000 killed, wounded or captured[6][5] | 3,000 killed, wounded or captured[6][5] |
The siege of Kolberg (also spelled Colberg or Kołobrzeg)
After
The French forces commanded by
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby
Prelude
Within two weeks after the
On 8 November 1806, Mestram met with the Prussian commander of Kolberg
Among the Prussian soldiers who had retreated to Kolberg after Jena and Auerstedt was secondelieutenant Ferdinand von Schill, who after his recovery from a severe head injury in the house of Kolberg senator Westphal was ordered to patrol the areas west of the fortress with a small cavalry unit.[16] Supplied with information about French movements by local peasants, he succeeded in capturing a number of French officers and soldiers, gathering food and financial supplies in neighboring towns and villages, and recruiting volunteers to his unit from inside and outside Kolberg.[16]
Schill's victory in the skirmish of Gülzow (7 December 1806[17]), though insignificant from a military point of view, was widely noted as the first Prussian success against the French army - while Prussian king Frederick William III praised Schill as the "kind of man now valued by the fatherland", Napoleon referred to him as a "miserable kind of brigand". "ce miserable, qui est une espèce de brigand"[18] As a consequence of these successes and Schill's increasing fame, Prussian king Frederick William III ordered him to establish a freikorps on 12 January 1807,[16] which in the following months defended the fortress against French attacks allowing its defenders to complete their preparations for the expected siege with Swedish and British support via the Baltic.[19]
Time for preparation was needed since Kolberg lacked sufficient defensive structures, manpower and armament to withstand a siege. The defensive works of the fortress had been neglected, only the port and Kirchhof sconce had been prepared for defense when Prussia feared war with Russia and Sweden in 1805 and 1806, but they had been disarmed in September.
Siege
Mid-March to April
When the French encirclement of Kolberg rendered Schill's strategy moot, Lucadou sent three cavalry units to aid the Krockow freikorps in the defense of Danzig, while Schill departed to aid in the defense of Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania.[19] The suburbs, most notably Geldernerviertel, were burned down as it was customary.[12]
Because of the delay in the French advance, Napoleon replaced Teulié as the commander of the siege forces with division general Louis Henri Loison; Frederick William III replaced Lucadou as the commander of the fortress with major August Neidhardt von Gneisenau[19] after complaints by Nettelbeck[12] and out of considerations for an envisioned British landfall at Kolberg - he feared that a French-born commander might irritate his British supporters, while on the other hand Gneisenau had been in British service during the American Revolutionary War.[29]
In April, Napoleon withdrew the forces of
The French siege army was reinforced by troops from
May to June
Throughout May and June, the siege was characterized by heavy fighting around Wolfsberg sconce east of Kolberg.[29]
In early May, the siege forces numbered circa 8,000 troops.[36][37] The siege force's blockade corps was since 4 May divided into four brigades:[38]
- the first brigade was commanded by Berndes and included one Polish regiment[39] under Antoni Paweł Sułkowski. Sulkowski in his diaries wrote that Polish soldiers were highly excited about the prospect of taking the city, as it was once part of Poland during the Piast dynasty. He wrote "our soldiers burn with the enthusiasm to move our borders to the pillars of Bolesław", and noted that the chaplain of the Polish soldiers Ignacy Przybylski called upon them Polish soldiers. We are camped under Kołobrzeg. Since the time of Chrobry our regiment formed in Poznan and Gniezno Voivodeships is the first to show its banners here.[40] The brigade also included Württemberg regiments (Seckendorff, Romig);[39]
- the second brigade was commanded by Fontane and included the 1st Italian line infantry regiment (Valleriani[37]) and the infantry regiment Saxe-Weimar[39] (Egloffstein);[37]
- the third brigade was commanded by Castaldini and included the 2nd Italian light regiment;[39]
- the fourth brigade was commanded by general Bonfanti and included the 1st Italian light regiment[39] (Rougier).[37]
The remaining forces, except for the grenadiers, were entrusted with the defense of other sconces in the vicinity of Kolberg.[37] The headquarters of the siege force was in Tramm (now Stramnica), where the grenadiers were concentrated.[37] The artillery, under command of general Mossel, was concentrated near Zernin (now Czernin), and defended by a Saxon detachment stationed in Degow (now Dygowo).[37] The construction of the siege works, was since 5 May supervised by brigade general Chambarlhiac of the 8th corps on Napoleon's behalf.[41]
Schill returned to the town in early May, but left for Stralsund again after discord with Gneisenau, taking most of his freikorps with him[29] (primarily the cavalry units).[42] After Schill's departure, the defenders numbered about 6,000 men[6][43] and consisted of
- one grenadier battalion with 850 men, commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ernst von Waldenfels,[42] vice commander of the fortress;[29]
- one fusilier battalion with 750 men, commanded by Möller;[42]
- the 2nd Pomeranian reserve battalion with 540 men;[42]
- the 3rd Neumark reserve battalion with 420 men;[42]
- the 3rd musketeer battalion von Owstien with 800 men;[42]
- the 3rd musketeer battalion von Borcke with 800 men;[42]
- of Schill's freikorps, five infantry companies with 750 men[42] and one cavalry squadron with 113 men,[43] commanded by Count Wedell;[42]
- two Jäger companies (Dobrowolski and Otto) with 300 men, later commanded by Arenstorf;[43]
- 110 cuirassiers from the depot of the von Balliodz regiment;[43]
- 400 artillerists.[43]
On 7 May, in a French reconnaissance attack, troops from the 1st Italian line infantry as well as the Polish, Württemberg and Saxon regiments assaulted Wolfsberg sconce.[32] During the fight, a Polish unit repelled a charge from the cavalry squadron of Schill's Freikorps (113 troopers).[44] General Loison in a report to Marshal Berthier on 8 May stated that the Poles had stopped a charge of 600 Prussian cavalry in that action.[32] In another attack, launched during the night of 17/18 May, siege force troops managed to take part of Wolfsberg sconce, but had to retreat when in the resulting chaos, Württemberg troops shot at Italian units. The Prussian forces launched a counter-attack and drove them from the sconce once again.[32] After this, the French general lost confidence in Wurttemberg troops and removed them from the battlefield.[32] Polish troops were extensively used, and according to Louis Loison, showed exceptional determination in the attacks on Wolfsberg sconce.[32]
On 20 May,[45] an arms replenishment for the defenders arrived by sea from Great Britain, containing inter alia 10,000 rifles, 6,000 sabres and ammunition.[43] Some of those supplies, including 6,000 rifles, were however redirected to the defenders of Stralsund.[45]
On 30 May, Napoleon ordered the redeployment of Jean Boudet's division to enable it to reach Kolberg on demand within 36 hours, one regiment of the division was ordered to reinforce the siege forces.[46]
Wolfsberg sconce, overrun by the French army on 17 May but recovered by the defenders the next day, capitulated on 11 June.[47] Among others, Waldenfels was killed at the Wolfsberg sconce.[29] Also, Teulié was lethally injured when a cannonball hit his leg—according to the French Biographie universelle, he died five days later, on 12 May, and his death caused the parties to agree on a 24-hour truce in his honor;[48] according to Höpfner's History of the Prussian Army however, Teuliè was hit when a 24-hour truce on 11/12 June was concluded after the capitulation of the Wolfsberg sconce, but not observed;[49] and according to the Italian Biografie di Pietro Teulie however, the cannonball hit Teuliè after 13 June, and five to six days later, he died in Loison's arms in the nearby village of Tramm.[50]
Temporarily, the defenders were supported by the British
On 14 June, British artillery replenishments arrived for the defenders, including 30 iron cannons, 10 iron howitzers and ammunition.[45] The guns replaced "the many unusable guns on Kolberg's walls".[52] Since the fortress had experienced a shortage of light artillery while at the same time it had sufficient cannonball supplies in storage, a Kolberg smith had forged an operative iron 4-pounder gun; further efforts to forge artillery pieces in the fortress were rendered moot by the arrival of the British guns.[52]
Final days
In mid-June, the siege forces were reinforced by two
The French forces took the Maikuhle forest held by the remaining soldiers of Schill's freikorps[29] on 1 July.[53] Kolberg was heavily bombarded—of a total of 25,940 cannonballs fired by the siege force, 6,000 were fired on 1 and 2 July.[54]
On 2 July at noon, fighting ceased upon the announcement of the Prusso-French agreement to the Peace of Tilsit.[55][29] A Prusso-French truce had been signed already on 25 June following the decisive Russian defeat in the Battle of Friedland.[56] Kolberg was one of the few Prussian fortresses which withstood Napoleon's forces until the peace was signed[29][57]—others were Glatz (Kłodzko) and Graudenz (Grudziądz).[57]
Casualties
Based on data from the Prussian Military Archive, Höpfner lists the casualties for the Prussian garrison of Kolberg (saying it is uncertain whether they included the losses of the Schill freikorps) as follows:[58]
Officers | Corporals | Privates | |
---|---|---|---|
killed in action: | 14 | 23 | 391 |
lethally wounded: | 7 | 28 | 253 |
wounded: | 27 | 104 | 912 |
captured: | 6 | 6 | 192 |
missing: | 0 | 10 | 149 |
deserted: | 0 | 18 | 316 |
discharged as invalids: | 1 | 24 | 380 |
total: | 55 | 213 | 2,593 |
Höpfner further reports that
- Schill's freikorps lost a total of 682 infantry, 40 artillerists and an unrecorded number of cavalry and jäger as dead, wounded, captured or missing;[58]
- of the civilian population of Kolberg, 27 died and 42 were wounded, primarily during the two final days.[54]
Regarding the casualties of the siege force, Höpfner says that the Prussian archives reports list a total of 7,000 to 8,000 dead and wounded, 1,000 of whom were killed and injured during the last two days.[54] Höpfner does not cite the number claimed by the French, which he dismissed as "worthless," and says that the beforementioned Prussian claim for the total siege force casualties might be exaggerated.[54]
The casualty figures cited by Smith in The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book match Höpfner's numbers for the Prussian garrison, as they were used as a source; for the siege force casualties, Smith lists 102 officers and 5,000 men dead and wounded or died of sickness.[6]
Aftermath
After the announcement of the peace, Kolberg was not occupied by the French army.
During the siege, Kolberg's suburbs had been levelled, more than half of the Old Town was damaged or destroyed by artillery fire, and Kolberg's economy with its two important branches sea trade and salt mining declined.
In popular memory
The siege itself became a myth in military history of Prussia, which was partially deflated in modern research by Hieronim Kroczyński.[10] Nobel laureate Paul Heyse described the events in his successful drama "Colberg" (1865).[68]
Before
Nazi propaganda movie
Paul Heyse's drama was exploited
Explanatory notes
Notes
- ^ a b Wörner 2004, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f Lilienstern 2008.
- ^ a b Erkenbrecher 1998, p. 15.
- ^ a b Burgdorf 2006, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d e f Bodart 1908, p. 384.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith 1998, p. 252.
- ^ Davies 2006, p. 393.
- ^ Ross 2008, p. 377.
- ^ Zawadzki 2009, pp. 110–124.
- ^ a b Horward 1986, p. 639.
- ^ Kroczyński 2009, p. 59.
- ^ a b c d Jessen 2009, p. 50.
- ^ Jessen 2009, p. 46.
- ^ Jessen 2009, p. 48.
- ^ Buchholz 1999, p. 360.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kroczyński 2009, p. 60.
- ISBN 978-3-412-20340-5.
- ^ Jessen 2009, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kroczyński 2009, p. 61.
- ^ a b Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 449.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 455.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 456.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 457.
- ^ a b Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 450.
- ^ a b Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 454.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). pp. 479–480.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 480.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). pp. 532–533.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kroczyński 2009, p. 62.
- ^ William Fiddian Reddaway, Cambridge History of Poland, Volume 1 Archived 30 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 1971, pg. 228
- ISBN 0-9626655-2-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g Przemysław Kroczyński, "Udział Polaków w oblężeniu Kołobrzegu w 1807 roku w świetle akt znajdujących się w Archives Historiąues de V Armee de Terre w Paryżu", "Koszalińskie Zeszyty Muzealne", t. 12, 1982, page 75-84
- ^ Historia Gdańska Edmund Cieślak Tom 3-page 115, Wydawnictwo Morskie 1993
- ^ My z Napoleonem Andrzej Nieuważny Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, 1999, page 35
- ISBN 0-9626655-2-5.: "[pg. 3] After western Poland was liberated from Prussian rule in 1806, General Dombrowski was [pg. 4] recalled from Italian service and directed to establish the new Polish army. He began on 16 November 1806. On 29 November, Napoleon directed him to form eight regiments of infantry, each with two bataillons. Four were to be raised in Posen, four in Kalisz. [...] [pg. 6] The Posen (Dombrowski) legion. [...] Regiment[:] 1st[,] Colonel[:] A. Sulkowski[,] Major[:] S. Jakubowski"
- ^ Działania militarne na Pomorzu Wiesław Wróblewski, Akademia Obrony Narodowej. Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, Poland. Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej. Departament Systemu Obronnego – 2001, page 161
- ^ a b c d e f g h Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 592.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 593.
- ^ a b c d e Pfister, Albert (1868). Denkwürdigkeiten aus der württembergischen Kriegsgeschichte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts. p. 349.
- ^ Napis. Tom poświęcony literaturze użytkowej i okolicznościowej Janusz Maciejewski Latona, 2005 pages 159-160
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 594.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 579.
- ^ a b c d e f Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 580.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 596.
- ^ a b c Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 581.
- ^ a b c d Höpfner, Eduard (1851). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4. p. 634.
- ^ Kamptz, W. (1860). "Versuch zur Aufstellung der Grundsätze, nach welcher der Bedarf an Sandsäcken zur Vertheidigung einer Festung berechnet werden kann". In Otto; et al. (eds.). Archiv für die Offiziere der Königlich Preußischen Artillerie- und Ingenieur-Corps. Vol. 48 Archiv für die Offiziere der Königlich Preußischen Artillerie- und Ingenieur-Corps. pp. 187–209, p. 208.
- ^ "Teulié Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine" in Michaud (ed) (1843): Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, vol. 41, p. 209.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1851). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4. p. 621.
- ^ Jacopetti, Maggiore (1845). Biografie di Achille Fontanelli, di Francesco Teodoro Arese e di Pietro Teuliè. pp. 93–94.
- ^ a b Röhr, Albert (1963). Handbuch der deutschen Marinegeschichte. p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 582.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 546.
- ^ a b c d Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 677.
- , p. 218)
- ISBN 978-3-412-20340-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-486-59009-8.
- ^ a b Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 676.
- ISBN 3-927996-31-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 702.
- ^ Höpfner, Eduard (1855). Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preußischen Armee nach den Quellen des Kriegsarchivs, part II. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). p. 703.
- ISBN 3-932981-55-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 3-486-57641-0.
- ^ Pick, Albert (1967). Papiergeld. Ein Handbuch für Sammler und Liebhaber. Bibliothek für Kunst- und Antiquitätenfreunde. Vol. 47. Klinkhardt&Biermann. p. 44.
- ISBN 3-89626-158-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 3-7861-1438-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Murawski, Erich (1969). Die Eroberung Pommerns durch die Rote Armee. Boppard. p. 251.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-3-8260-3627-9.
- ^ Kroczyński 2009, p. 63.
- ^ map of Kołobrzeg Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-7618-0316-5.
- ISBN 0-02-570230-0
- ISBN 0-02-570230-0
- ISBN 0-19-509967-2), pg. 47-66, footnote 1, (in Google Books Archived 30 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine).
References
- Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) (in German). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- Buchholz, Werner, ed. (1999). Pommern. Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
- Burgdorf, Wolfgang (2006). Ein Weltbild verliert seine Welt (in German). Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-58110-2.
- Davies, Norman (2006). God's playground: a history of Poland in two volumes, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199253401.
- Davies, Norman (2005). God's playground. A history of Poland. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
- Erkenbrecher, Hans, ed. (1998). Die Residenzstadt Gotha in der Goethe-Zeit. Palmbaum Texte: Kulturgeschichte. Vol. 5.
- Horward, Donald (1986). Napoleonic military history: a bibliography. Garland Pub. ISBN 9780824090586.
- Jessen, Olaf (2009). ""Das Volk steht auf, der Sturm bricht los!" Kolberg 1807 - Bündnis zwischen Bürger und Soldat?". In Veltzke, Veit (ed.). Für die Freiheit, gegen Napoleon. Ferdinand von Schill, Preussen und die deutsche Nation. Köln/Weimar: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20340-5.
- Kroczyński, Hieronim (2009). "Ferdinand von Schills Mitwirkung an der Verteidigung der Festung Kolberg im Jahre 1807". In Veltzke, Veit (ed.). Für die Freiheit, gegen Napoleon. Ferdinand von Schill, Preussen und die deutsche Nation. Köln/Weimar: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20340-5.
- Lilienstern, Helga Rühle von (2008). Das grosse Geheimnis von Hildburghausen (in German). Salier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939611-19-6.
- Ross, Corey (2008). Media and the Making of Modern Germany: Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191557293.
- ISBN 1-85367-276-9.
- Wörner, Nadine (2004). Süddeutschland in den Revolutions- und napoleonischen Kriegen (in German). GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-640-28651-5.
- Zawadzki, Hubert (2009). "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807". Central Europe. 7 (2): 110–124. S2CID 145539723.
External links
- Images of the battle and excerpts from Nettelbeck's diary at Dansk Militærhistorisk Selskab - Chakoten (Danish/German)
- Image gallery: remains of Wolfsberg sconce
- Media related to Siege of Kolberg (1807) at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Battle of Ostrołęka (1807) |
Napoleonic Wars Siege of Kolberg (1807) |
Succeeded by Siege of Danzig (1807) |