Siege of Orléans
Siege of Orléans | |||||||
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Part of the Jules Eugène Lenepveu, painted 1886–1890 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of England Burgundian State[a] |
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Scotland | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
5,300[1][2] • c. 3,263–3,800 English[3] • 1,500 Burgundians[3][a] |
6,400 soldiers 3,000 armed citizens[1][2] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
More than 4,000[1] | 2,000[1] |
The siege of Orléans (12 October 1428 – 8 May 1429) marked a turning point of the
The city held strategic and symbolic significance to both sides of the conflict. The consensus among contemporaries was that the English regent,
Background
Hundred Years' War
The siege of Orléans occurred during the Hundred Years' War, an inheritance dispute over the French throne between the ruling houses of France and England. The conflict had begun in 1337 when England's King Edward III decided to press his claim to the French throne, a claim based on his status as the son of Isabella of France and thus of the contested French royal line.
Following a decisive victory at Agincourt in 1415, the English gained the upper hand in the conflict, occupying much of northern France.[4] Under the Treaty of Troyes of 1420, England's Henry V became regent of France. By this treaty, Henry married Catherine, the daughter of the current French king, Charles VI, and would then succeed to the French throne upon Charles's death. The Dauphin of France (title given to the French heir apparent), Charles, the son of the French king, was then disinherited.[5]
Geography
Orléans is located on the river Loire in north-central France. During the time of this siege it was the northernmost city that remained loyal to the Valois French crown. The English and their Burgundian allies controlled the rest of northern France, including Paris. Orléans's position on a major river made it the last obstacle to a campaign into central France. England already controlled France's southwestern coast.
Armagnac party
As the capital of the duchy of Orléans, this city held symbolic significance in early 15th century politics. The dukes of Orléans were at the head of a political faction known as the Armagnacs, who rejected the Treaty of Troyes and supported the claims of the disinherited and banished Dauphin Charles to the French throne. This faction had been in existence for two generations. Its leader, the Duke of Orléans, also in line for the throne, was one of the very few combatants from Agincourt who remained a prisoner of the English fourteen years after the battle.
Under the customs of chivalry, a city that surrendered to an invading army without a struggle was entitled to lenient treatment from its new ruler. A city that resisted could expect a harsh occupation. Mass executions were common in this type of situation. Reasoning of the late medieval established that since the city of Orléans had escalated the conflict, it forced the use of violence upon the English, justifying a conquering lord in exacting vengeance upon the citizens. The city's association with the Armagnac party made it unlikely to be spared if it fell.[6]
Preparations
State of the conflict
After the brief fallout over Hainaut in 1425–26, English and Burgundian forces renewed their alliance and offensive on the Dauphin's France in 1427.[7] The Orléanais region southwest of Paris was of key importance, not only for controlling the river Loire, but also to smoothly connect the English area of operations in the west and the Burgundian area of operations in the east. French forces had been largely ineffective before the Anglo-Burgundian onslaught until the siege of Montargis in late 1427, when they managed to successfully force it to be lifted. The relief of Montargis, the first effective French action in years, emboldened sporadic uprisings in the thinly-garrisoned English-occupied region of Maine to the west, threatening to undo recent English gains.[8]
However, the French failed to capitalize on the aftermath of Montargis, in large part because the French court was embroiled in an internal power struggle between the
The English took advantage of French paralysis to raise fresh reinforcements in England in early 1428, gathering a new force of 2,700 men (450
At the council of war in the spring of 1428, the English regent
Salisbury's approach
Between July and October, the Earl of Salisbury swept through the countryside southwest of Paris – recovering Nogent-le-Roi, Rambouillet and the area around Chartres.[14] Then, rather than continuing southwest to Angers, Salisbury turned abruptly southeast towards Orléans instead. Pressing towards the Loire, Salisbury seized Le Puiset and Janville (with some difficulty) in August. From there, rather than descending directly on Orléans from the north, Salisbury skipped over the city to seize the countryside west of it. He reached the river Loire at Meung-sur-Loire, which he promptly seized (a detachment of his men crossed the river then to plunder the abbey of Cléry).[14][17] He pressed a little downriver, in the direction of Blois, to take the bridge and castle of Beaugency.[14] Salisbury crossed the Loire at the point, and turned up to approach Orléans from the south. Salisbury arrived at Olivet, just one mile south of Orléans, on 7 October.[13] In the meantime, an English detachment, under John de la Pole, had been sent to seize the regions upriver, east of Orléans: Jargeau fell on 5 October,[14] Châteauneuf-sur-Loire immediately after, while further upriver, the Burgundians took Sully-sur-Loire.[13] Orléans was cut off and surrounded.
Manning the defenses of Orléans, John of Dunois had watched the tightening English noose and took care to prepare the city for siege. Dunois correctly anticipated that the English would aim for the bridge, nearly one quarter mile (400 m) long, that led from the south shore of the Loire into the centre of the city of Orléans on the north shore. The bridge passed over the riverine island of St. Antoine, an optimal location for Salisbury to position English cannon within range of Orléans city centre.
Early stages of the siege
Assault on the Tourelles
The siege of Orléans formally began on 12 October 1428, and initiated with an artillery bombardment that began on 17 October. The English assaulted the Boulevart on 21 October, but the assaulters were held back by French missile fire, rope nets, scalding oil, hot coals and quicklime.[18][19] The English decided against a new frontal attack, and set about mining the bulwark. The French countermined, fired the pit props and fell back to the Tourelles on 23 October. But the Tourelles itself was taken by storm the next day, 24 October.[18] The departing French blew up some of the bridge arches to prevent a direct pursuit.
With the fall of the Tourelles, Orléans seemed doomed. But the timely arrival of the Marshal de Boussac with sizeable French reinforcements prevented the English from repairing and crossing the bridge and seizing Orléans immediately.[18] The English suffered another setback two days later, when the Earl of Salisbury was struck in the face by debris kicked up in cannon fire while supervising the installation of the Tourelles. English operations were suspended while Salisbury was carried off to Meung to recover, but after lingering for about a week, he died of his injuries.[20][21]
The investment
The lull in English operations following Salisbury's injury and death gave the citizens of Orléans time to knock out the remaining arches of the bridge on their end, disabling the possibility of a quick repair and direct assault. The new siege commander appointed by Bedford in mid-November,
In the winter, a Burgundian force numbering about 1,500 men arrived to support the English besiegers.
The establishment of the outworks was not without difficulty – the French garrison sallied out repeatedly to harass the builders, and systematically destroyed other buildings (notably, all the churches) in the suburbs to prevent them serving as shelter for the English during the winter months. By the Spring of 1429, the English outworks covered only the south and west of the city, with the northeast basically left open (nonetheless swarming with English patrols). Sizeable contingents of French men-at-arms could push aside the patrols and move in and out of the city, but the entry of any lighter-escorted provisions and supplies was firmly blocked, there and further afield.[22]
On the south bank, the English center was the bridge complex (composed of the Tourelles-Boulevart and the now-fortified Augustines). Guarding the approach to the bridge from the east was the bastille of St. Jean-le-Blanc, while to the west of the bridge complex was the bastille of Champ de St. Privé. St. Privé also guarded the bridge to the island of Charlemagne (which had another bastille). On the north bank of the Loire, on the other side of Charlemagne bridge, was the bastille of St. Laurent, the largest English bulwark and the nerve center of English operations. Above that were a series of smaller outworks, in order: the bastille de la Croiz Boisse, the bastille des Douze Pierres (nicknamed "London"), the bastille de Pressoir Aps (nicknamed "Rouen") and, just north of the city, the bastille de St. Pouair (nicknamed "Paris"), all on top of the main roads.[23] Then came the great northeastern gap, although its back was mostly covered by thick forest of the Bois d'Orléans. Finally, some 2 km east of the city, on the north bank, there was the isolated bastille of St. Loup.
Orléans's position seemed gloomy. Although the French still held isolated citadels like
Battle of the Herrings
The threat to Orléans had prompted the partisans of Richemont and La Trémoille to make a quick temporary truce in October 1428. In early 1429, Charles de Bourbon, Count of Clermont assembled a French-Scottish force in Blois for the relief of Orléans.[26][27] Hearing of the dispatch of an English supply convoy from Paris, under the command of Sir John Fastolf for the English siege troops, Clermont decided to take a detour to intercept it. He was joined by a force from Orléans under John of Dunois, which had managed to slip past the English lines. The forces made junction at Janville and attacked the English convoy at Rouvray on 12 February, in an encounter known as the Battle of the Herrings, on account of the convoy being laden with a large supply of fish for the forthcoming Lenten season.[28][29]
The English, aware of their approach, formed a "
The defeat at Rouvray was disastrous for French morale. Bickering and recriminations immediately followed as Clermont and Dunois blamed each other for the disaster, reopening the fissures between the Richemont and La Tremoille parties. Clermont, disgusted, quit the field and retired to his estates, refusing to participate further.[30] Once again, the Dauphin Charles was advised to sue for peace with Burgundy and should that fail, to consider abdicating and retiring to the Dauphiné, perhaps even going into exile in Scotland.[30]
Surrender proposal
In March, John of Dunois made what he hoped was an irresistible offer to
The agreement would have given the English the chance to pass through Orléans and strike into Bourges, the administrative capital of the Dauphin, which had been the primary motivator for the siege itself. Burgundy hurried to Paris in early April to persuade the English regent John of Bedford to take the offer. But Bedford, certain Orléans was on the verge of falling, refused to surrender his prize. The disappointed Philip withdrew his Burgundian auxiliaries from the English siege in a huff.[33] The Burgundian contingent left on 17 April 1429,[34] which left the English with an extremely small army to prosecute the siege. The decision proved to be a lost opportunity, and a terrible mistake in the long run for the English.[35]
Joan's arrival at Orléans
It was on the very day of the Battle of the Herrings that a young French peasant girl, Joan of Arc, was meeting with Robert de Baudricourt,[36] the Dauphinois captain of Vaucouleurs,[37] trying to explain to the skeptical captain her divinely-ordained mission to rescue the Dauphin Charles and deliver him to his royal coronation at Reims. She had met and been rebuffed by Baudricourt twice before, but apparently this time he assented and arranged to escort her to the Dauphin's court in Chinon. According to the Chronique de la Pucelle, at this meeting with Baudricourt, Joan disclosed that the Dauphin's forces had suffered a great reversal near Orléans that day, and if she were not sent to him soon, there would be others.[38] Accordingly, when news of the defeat at Rouvray reached Vaucouleurs, Baudricourt became convinced of the girl's prescience and agreed to escort her. Whatever the truth of the story – and it is not accepted by all authorities – Joan left Vaucouleurs on 23 February for Chinon.
For years, vague
Escorted by several of Baudricourt's soldiers, Joan arrived in Chinon on 6 March 1429 and met with the skeptical La Trémoille. On 9 March she finally met the Dauphin Charles, although it would be a few days more before she had a private meeting where the Dauphin was finally convinced of her "powers" (or at least, her usefulness).[39] Nonetheless, he insisted she first proceed to Poitiers to be examined by church authorities. With the clerical verdict that she posed no harm and could be safely taken on, Dauphin Charles finally accepted her services on 22 March. She was provided with a suit of plate armor, a banner, a pageboy, and heralds.
Joan's first mission was to join a convoy assembling at Blois, under the command of Marshal Jean de La Brosse, Lord of Boussac bringing supplies to Orléans. It was from Blois that Joan dispatched her famous missives to the English siege commanders, calling herself "the Maiden" (La Pucelle), and ordering them, in the name of God, to "Begone, or I will make you go".[40]
The relief convoy, escorted by some 400–500 soldiers, finally left Blois on 27 or 28 April, in nearly religious processional array. Joan had insisted on approaching Orléans from the north (through the Beauce region), where English forces were concentrated, intent on fighting them immediately. But the commanders decided to take the convoy in a circuitous route around the south (through the Sologne region) without telling Joan, reaching the south bank of the Loire at Rully (near Chécy), some four miles east of the city. Orléans' commander, Jean de Dunois, came out to meet them across the river. Joan was indignant at the deception and ordered an immediate attack on St. Jean-le-Blanc, the nearest English bastille on the south bank. But Dunois, supported by the Marshals, protested and with some effort, finally prevailed on her to allow the city to be resupplied before any assaults on anything. The provisions convoy approached the landing of Port Saint-Loup, across the river from the English bastille of Saint-Loup on the north bank. While French skirmishers kept the English garrison of Saint-Loup contained, a fleet of boats from Orléans sailed down to the landing to pick up the supplies, Joan and 200 soldiers. One of Joan's reputed miracles was said to have taken place here: the wind which had brought the boats upriver suddenly reversed itself, allowing them to sail back to Orléans smoothly under the cover of darkness. Joan of Arc entered Orléans in triumph on 29 April around 8:00 PM, to much rejoicing. The rest of the convoy returned to Blois.
Lifting the siege
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) |
Over the next couple of days, to boost morale, Joan periodically toured the streets of Orléans, distributing food to the people and salaries to the garrison. Joan of Arc also sent out messengers to the English bastions demanding their departure, which the English commanders greeted with jeers. Some even threatened to kill the messengers as "emissaries of a witch".
The Journal du siege d'Orléans, as quoted in Pernoud, reports several discussions during the course of the following week between Joan and Jean de Dunois, the illegitimate half-brother of the Duke of Orléans and the chief leader directing the city's defense on behalf of the captive duke.
Believing the garrison too small for any action, on 1 May Dunois left the city in the hands of La Hire and made his way personally to Blois to arrange for reinforcements. During this interlude, Joan went outside the city walls and surveyed all of the English fortifications personally, at one point exchanging words with the English commander William Glasdale.
On 3 May Dunois's reinforcement convoy left Blois to head for Orléans. At the same time, other troop convoys set out from Montargis and Gien in the direction of Orléans. Dunois's military convoy arrived via the Beauce district, on the north bank of the river, in the early morning of 4 May, in full view of the English garrison at St. Laurent. The English declined to challenge the convoy's entry on account of its strength. Joan rode out to escort it in.
Assault on St. Loup
At noon that day, 4 May 1429, apparently to secure the entry of more provisions convoys, which had taken the usual circuitous route via the east, Dunois launched an attack on the easterly English bastille of St. Loup together with the Montargis-Gien troops. Joan nearly missed out on it, having been napping when the assault began, but she hurried to join in.[41] The English garrison of 400 was heavily outnumbered by the 1,500 French attackers. Hoping to divert the French away, the English commander, Lord John Talbot, launched an attack from St. Pouair, on the northern end of Orléans, but it was held back by a French sortie. After a few hours, St. Loup fell, with some 140 English killed and 40 prisoners taken. Some of the English defenders of St. Loup were captured in the ruins of a nearby church, their lives spared at Joan's request. Hearing that St. Loup had fallen, Talbot retired the northern assault.
Assault on the Augustines
The next day, 5 May, was
The operation began in the early morning of 6 May. The citizens of Orléans, inspired by Joan of Arc, raised urban militias on her behalf and showed up at the gates, much to the distress of the professional commanders. Nonetheless, Joan prevailed upon the professionals to allow the militia to join. The French crossed the river from Orléans on boats and barges and landed on the island of St. Aignan, crossing over to the south bank via a makeshift pontoon bridge, landing on the stretch between the bridge complex and the bastille of St. Jean-le-Blanc. That plan had been to cut off and take St. Jean-le-Blanc from the west, but the English garrison commander, William Glasdale, sensing the intent of the French operation, had already hurriedly destroyed the St. Jean-le-Blanc outwork and concentrated his troops in the central Boulevart-Tourelles-Augustines complex.
Before the French had properly disembarked on the south bank, La Hire reportedly launched a precipitous attack on the strongpoint of the Boulevart (an outlying fortification to the south of Les Tourelles). This nearly turned into a disaster, as the assault was exposed on the flanks to English fire from the Augustines. The assault broke off when there were cries that the English garrison of the bastille of St. Privé further west was rushing upriver to reinforce Glasdale and cut them off. Panic set in, and the French attackers retreated from the Boulevart back to the landing grounds, dragging Joan back with them. Seeing the "witch" on the run and the "spell" broken, Glasdale's garrison burst out to give chase, but according to legend, Joan turned around on them alone, raised her holy standard and cried out "Au Nom De Dieu" ("In the name of God"), which reportedly was sufficient to impress the English to halt their pursuit and return to the Boulevart.[43] The fleeing French troops turned around and rallied to her.
French commanders then launched an assault against the fortified monastery of "Les Augustins", which was finally taken just before nightfall.[44]
With the Augustins in French hands, Glasdale's garrison was blockaded in the Tourelles complex. That same night, what remained of the English garrison at St. Privé evacuated their outwork and went north of the river to join their comrades in St. Laurent. Glasdale was isolated, but he could count on a strong and well-ensconced English garrison of 700–800 troops.
Assault on the Tourelles
Joan had been wounded in the foot by stepping on a metal spike during the assault on the Augustins, and was taken back to Orléans overnight to recover, and as a result did not participate in the evening war council. The next morning, 7 May, she was asked to sit out the final assault on the Boulevart-Tourelles, but she refused and roused to join the French camp on the south bank, much to the joy of the people of Orléans.[45] The citizens raised more levies on her behalf and set about repairing the bridge with beams to enable a two-sided attack on the complex. Artillery was positioned on the island of Saint-Antoine.
Early in the morning, Joan was struck down while standing in the trench to the south of Les Tourelles, by a longbow arrow between the neck and left shoulder and was hurriedly taken away.[46] Rumors of her death bolstered the English defenders and faltered French morale. But, according to eyewitnesses, she returned later during the evening and told the soldiers that a final assault would carry the fortress. Joan's confessor / chaplain, Jean Pasquerel, later stated that Joan herself had some type of premonition or foreknowledge of her wound, stating the day before the attack that "tomorrow blood will flow from my body above my breast."[47] Further assaults against Les Tourelles during the day were beaten back. As evening was approaching, Jean de Dunois had decided to leave the final assault for the next day. Informed of the decision, Joan went off for a period of quiet prayer, then returned to the area south of Les Tourelles, telling the troops that when her banner touched the fortress wall the place would be theirs.[48] When one soldier shouted "It's touching! [the wall]", Joan replied "Tout est vostre – et y entrez!" ("All is yours, – go in!").[49] The French soldiery rushed in, swarming up the ladders into the fortification.
The French carried the day and forced the English out of the boulevart and back into the last redoubt of the Tourelles. But the drawbridge connecting them gave way, and Glasdale fell into the river and perished.[50] The French pressed on to storm the Tourelles itself, from both sides (the bridge now repaired). The Tourelles, half-burning, was finally taken in the evening.
English losses were heavy. Counting other actions on the day (notably the interception of reinforcements rushed to the defense), the English had suffered nearly a thousand killed, and 600 prisoners. 200 French prisoners were found in the complex and released.
End of the siege
With the Tourelles complex taken, the English had lost the south bank of the Loire. There was little point of continuing the siege, as Orléans could now be easily re-supplied indefinitely.
On the morning of 8 May the English troops on the north bank, under the command of the Earl of Suffolk and Lord John Talbot, demolished their outworks and assembled in battle array in the field near St. Laurent. The French army under Dunois lined up before them. They stood facing each other immobile for about an hour, before the English withdrew from the field and marched off to join other English units in Meung, Beaugency and Jargeau. Some of the French commanders urged an attack to destroy the English army then and there. Joan of Arc reportedly forbade it, on account of it being Sunday.[51]
Aftermath
The English did not consider themselves beaten.[
The French commanders realized as much, Joan less so. Leaving Orléans, she met the Dauphin Charles outside of Tours on 13 May to report her victory. She immediately called for a march northeast into Champagne, towards Reims, but the French commanders knew they had to first clear the English out of their dangerous positions on the Loire.[citation needed]
The
After some preparation, the march on Reims began from
Legacy
The city of Orléans commemorates the lifting of the siege with an annual festival, including both modern and medieval elements and a woman representing Joan of Arc in full armor atop a horse.
See also
- Medieval warfare
- The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World
- Jean Poton de Xaintrailles
- Joan of Arc bibliography
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d Charpentier & Cuissard 1896, p. 410.
- ^ a b Davis 2003, p. 76.
- ^ a b Pollard 2005, p. 14.
- ^ DeVries 1999, pp. 20–24.
- ^ DeVries 1999, p. 26.
- ^ a b Fêtes de Jeanne d'Arc (Festivals of Joan of Arc, Orleans) – 8 May 2016 Photos Orleans & son AgglO
- ^ Ramsay 1892, p. 374.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, pp. 375–376.
- ^ a b Ramsay 1892, p. 380.
- ^ a b Ramsay 1892, p. 386.
- ^ Beaucourt 1882, pp. 144–168.
- ^ Jones 2000, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e Ramsay 1892, p. 382.
- ^ a b c d e Ramsay 1892, p. 381.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, p. 382 n. 2.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, p. 398.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 257.
- ^ a b c d e Ramsay 1892, p. 383.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 261.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, pp. 383–384.
- ^ DeVries 1999, p. 61.
- ^ a b Ramsay 1892, p. 384.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 265.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, p. 387.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, p. 386 n4.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, pp. 385–386.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 266.
- ^ DeVries 1999, pp. 65–66.
- ^ "Battle of the Herrings". Xenophon Group. 1999-12-21. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Ramsay 1892, p. 386.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 269.
- ^ Jones 2000, p. 24.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, pp. 386–387.
- ^ Pollard 2005, p. 15.
- ^ Jones 2000, p. 26.
- ^ DeVries 1999, pp. 67–68.
- ^ DeVries 1999, p. 39.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 272. For contemporary testimonials of the meetings with Baudricourt given at Joan's trial, see Quicherat's Procès, vol. 1 p. 53, vol. 2 pp. 436, 456.
- ^ Ramsay 1892, p. 390; Beaucourt 1882, pp. 204–09.
- ^ For the letters, see Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 281
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 288.
- Ascension Day was originally Joan's idea.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, pp. 290–291; Ramsay 1892, p. 394.
- ^ Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses. p. 89.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, pp. 291–292.
- ^ Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses. p. 90.
- ^ Quicherat's 1845 Procès, p. 109. Note that Cousinot's Pucelle (p. 293) separates the events, and reports that Joan was wounded in an earlier morning assault, and only after her recovery made the decision to initiate the afternoon assault.
- ^ Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses. pp. 90–92.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 293.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 294.
- ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p. 296.
- ^ Lingard, John (1883). The History of England: From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688. Nimmo.
General references
- Beaucourt, G.F. [in French] (1882). Histoire de Charles VII, 2: Le Roi de Bourges 1422–1435 (PDF) (in French). Paris: Société Bibliographique. Archived.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)|postscript=
- Charpentier, Paul & Cuissard, Charles (1896). Journal du siège d'Orléans, 1428–1429. H. Herluison.
- Cousinot de Montreuil, G. (1864). M. Vallet de Viriville (ed.). Chronique de la Pucelle ou chronique de Cousinot. Paris: Delays. link
- ISBN 978-0-19-521930-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7509-1805-3. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2018-09-27.
- Jones, M.K. (2000). "'Gardez mon corps, sauvez ma terre' – Immunity from War and the Lands of a Captive Knight: The Siege of Orléans (1428–29) Revisited". In Mary-Jo Arn (ed.). Charles d'Orléans in England (1415–1440). D.S. Brewer. pp. 9–26. ISBN 978-0-85991-580-9.
- ISBN 978-0-312-21442-5.
- ISBN 978-1-84415-247-6.
- Quicherat, J. (1841). Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite La Pucelle. Vol. 1. Paris: Renouard. link
- Quicherat, J. (1844). Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite La Pucelle. Vol. 2. Paris: Renouard. link
- Quicherat, J. (1845). Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite La Pucelle. Vol. 3. Paris: Renouard. link
- )
Further reading
- Cooper, Stephen (2010). The Real Falstaff: Sir John Fastolf and the Hundred Years' War. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84884-123-9.
- ISBN 978-1-84176-232-6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
External links
- Medieval History Database: Records for Units at the Siege of Orleans
- "Orleans, Siege of". eHistory. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- "Siege of Orléans". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Chapter on the Siege of Orleans
- Joan of Arc at Orleans description of the battle with numerous links to more detailed information
- St Joan of Arc and the Scots Connection the role of the Scots in the siege of Orleans
- The Siege of Orleans, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale & Matthew Bennett (In Our Time, 24 May 2007)