Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir

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Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir
Part of the
Ottoman-Habsburg wars

Oran's harbour. Painting of 1613 by Vicente Mestre.
DateApril – June 1563
Location
Oran and Mers El Kébir, present-day Algeria
Result Spanish victory[1]
Belligerents
Spain Spanish Empire
France
Commanders and leaders
Martín de Córdoba
Francisco de Mendoza y Vargas
 Hasan Pasha
Jafar Catania
Strength
1,500 men
90 guns[2]		 100,000 men
30
galliots and fustas
5 carracks[4]
Casualties and losses
Unknown Heavy human losses,
5 galliots captured,
4 carracks captured[5]

Between April and June 1563 the

Martín de Córdoba
, managed to hold the strongholds of Oran and Mers El Kébir, respectively, until the relief fleet of Francisco de Mendoza arrived to successfully defeat the offensive.

Background

With the defeat of the

Barbary resisting Ottoman and Moorish piracy operating along the coasts of Naples, Sicily, and the Levant. When the Ottoman commander Hasan Corso's fleet of 50 galleys besieged both towns in the Siege of Oran in 1556,[6] it was Sultan Suleiman's order to withdraw his galleys for use in the Eastern Mediterranean that ensured Oran and Mers El Kébir could continue under Spanish control despite being weakly defended.[7]

In 1562,

La Herradura. The Spanish fleet off the city of Málaga was destroyed, 24 of the 27 galleys sank, and a large number of sailors and soldiers, including Don Juan de Mendoza, Captain General of the Galleys of Spain, perished.[8]

Hassan Pasha, instructed by the Sultan

forts: San Miguel, located on the hill that separated Oran from Mers El Kébir, and Todos los Santos, facing the second town.[9]

Siege

Forts San Miguel and Todos los Santos

Map of the Bay of Oran in 1725, by Johannes van Keulen.

The siege began on April 3, 1563, when Ottoman troops massively attacked the tower of Todos los Santos, defended by 200 Spanish soldiers.[9] The fierce resistance of the fort's garrison, along with artillery support from Mers El Kébir, inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers.[9] However, once the Ottoman cannons tore down the walls, the fort was soon taken.[9] Meantime Jafar's galleys blocked Mers El Kébir to prevent the city to be relieved from Oran. Ottoman's main objective was to capture Mers El Kébir, as Hassan was warned by several renegades that the Spanish planned to abandon Oran to concentrate on the defense of the other town.[3] Therefore, he destined most of his troops to take the fort of San Miguel, a key point of the Spanish defense, while only a few troops remained blocking Oran.[3]

San Miguel's fort was attacked over 22 days by 24,000 infantry and 400 cavalry soldiers.[9] His few defenders rejected Hassan's offer of surrender and successfully repelled six assaults which left the moat full of dead Janissaries.[10] Among the Ottoman casualties was the governor of Constantine, whose body could be recovered by his men with the permission of Martín de Córdoba.[10] However, despite the stubbornness of the defense, the reinforcements sent from Mers el Kébir were not enough to continue fighting, and on May 8, under cover of darkness, the Spanish survivors retreated to the town.[9]

Siege of Mers El Kébir

Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz
.

Once inside the fort, the Ottoman troops surrounded the city, digging trenches around and placing artillery to break down the walls. On a nearby hill were also installed several culverins to bombard the inner town.[9] Martín de Córdoba, who had less than 500 men available to defend the city, prepared for the assault.[9] This one took place on 20 May. Hassan sent ahead 12,000 Arabs to break the resistance of the Spanish harquebusiers and facilitate the assault by two columns of regular troops which would attack secondly.[11] Despite the heavy losses they suffered, the Arabs managed to scale the walls and raise the Ottoman flag on the battlements. However, the Spanish soon expelled them.[11] In that attack nearly 2,500 men died, mostly falling into the moat around the town.[12]

In the following days, more assaults took place which also failed with great loss of life, although the Spanish situation had become desperate.

Álvaro de Bazán and Andrea Doria, 34 galleys coming from Barcelona, Naples, Genoa, Savoy, and Malta, had embarked 4,000 soldiers and many volunteer knights, and had sailed to Mers el Kébir.[13] Hassan, fearing to be trapped between the Spanish reinforcements and Mers El Kébir, ordered his troops to retreat hastily. The tents could be saved, but guns, clothing, and tools were left in the field.[5] The Ottoman fleet was not so lucky, and several of its ships, including four of the French carracks, were captured.[5]

Aftermath

After disembarking reinforcements and supplies at Oran and Mers El Kébir, Francisco de Mendoza's fleet returned to Spain.

Vespasian Gonzaga Colonna, Prince of Sabbioneta and Duke of Trayecto, to make a comprehensive report about the situation of both towns. Gonzaga advised to abandon Oran but to keep Mers El Kebir.[15] However, marshal Juan Muñoz sent to the king a report by Sancho de Leyva advising to keep both strongholds.[15] Philip II finally opted for Leyva's advice.[15]

Notes

  1. ^ Edwards/Lynch p.570
  2. ^ San Miguel p.363
  3. ^ a b c d e f Sánchez Doncel p.180
  4. ^ Fernández Duro p.49
  5. ^ a b c Fernández Duro p.53
  6. ^ Sánchez Doncel p.224
  7. ^ Braudel p.940
  8. ^ a b c Sánchez Doncel p.179
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fernández Duro p.50
  10. ^ a b San Miguel p.364
  11. ^ a b Fernández Duro p.51
  12. ^ San Miguel p.365
  13. ^ Fernández Duro p.52
  14. ^ a b San Miguel p.370
  15. ^ a b c d Sánchez Doncel p.182

References

  • Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1895). Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (in Spanish). Vol. II. Madrid, Spain: Est. tipográfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra".
  • San Miguel (duque de), Evaristo (1991). Historia de Felipe II, rey de España (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Barcelona, Spain: Salvador Manero.
  • Sánchez Doncel, Gregorio (1991). Presencia de España en Orán (1509-1792) (in Spanish). Toledo, Spain: I.T. San Ildefonso.
    ISBN 978-84-600-7614-8
    .
  • Edwards, John; Lynch, John (2005). Edad Moderna: Auge del Imperio, 1474-1598 (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Editorial Critica.
    ISBN 978-84-8432-624-3
    .
  • Braudel, Fernand (1995). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II. Vol. 2. Los Angeles, USA: University of California Press.
    ISBN 978-0-520-20330-3
    .
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