Sikhism in Greater Vancouver
Total population | |
---|---|
222,160 8.5% of the total GV population (2021)[1] | |
Religions | |
Sikhism | |
Languages | |
Punjabi • Canadian English • Canadian French • Hindi • Urdu | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Sikhism in Greater Vancouver is one of the main religions across the region, especially among the Indo-Canadian population. The Sikh community in Vancouver is the oldest, largest and most influential across Canada, having begun in the late 19th century.[2]
By 1995, Vancouver had one of the two largest Sikh populations in the world outside of India.[3] In 2003, Sikhs became the largest group in Greater Vancouver who did not practice Christianity.[4] In 2011, there were 155,945 Sikhs in Greater Vancouver, representing 6.8% of the region's population.[5][6][7]
As of 2021[update], the Sikh population in Metro Vancouver is 222,165, forming 8.5% of the total regional population.[1]
History
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1981 | 22,390 | — |
1991 | 49,625 | +121.6% |
2001 | 99,005 | +99.5% |
2011 | 155,945 | +57.5% |
2021 | 222,165 | +42.5% |
Source: Statistics Canada [8][9]: 94 [10][5][1] |
At the turn of the century the
Beginning in the 1930s, within the Vancouver area, many clean-shaven, or
Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the
Organizations that favored the establishment of
Around 1995 moderate Sikhs politically challenged more extremist Sikhs in gurdwaras in Vancouver and Surrey. A December 1996 attack on the Guru Nanak temple in Surrey led by extremists and a January 1997 fight occurred.[20]
Geographical distribution
Subdivisions
Subdivision | 2021[21] | 2011[22] | 2001[23] | 1991[24] | 1981[25][a] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Surrey | 154,415 | 27.45% | 104,720 | 22.6% | 56,325 | 16.29% | 20,905 | 8.59% | 3,950 | 2.7% |
Delta | 19,235 | 17.93% | 10,495 | 10.63% | 8,255 | 8.57% | 3,695 | 4.18% | 1,565 | 2.11% |
Vancouver | 16,535 | 2.54% | 16,815 | 2.85% | 15,200 | 2.82% | 12,935 | 2.78% | 9,640 | 2.36% |
Richmond | 6,985 | 3.35% | 7,155 | 3.78% | 5,755 | 3.52% | 4,500 | 3.57% | 2,285 | 2.38% |
Burnaby | 6,905 | 2.81% | 6,395 | 2.9% | 5,625 | 2.94% | 3,370 | 2.15% | 2,025 | 1.51% |
Langley (District) | 5,170 | 3.95% | 1,965 | 1.91% | 1,055 | 1.22% | 300 | 0.46% | 320 | 0.72% |
New Westminster | 3,750 | 4.8% | 2,920 | 4.49% | 2,720 | 5.05% | 1,025 | 2.4% | 770 | 2.07% |
Maple Ridge | 1,925 | 2.14% | 870 | 1.16% | 695 | 1.11% | 390 | 0.81% | 165 | 0.52% |
Coquitlam | 1,855 | 1.26% | 1,430 | 1.14% | 985 | 0.88% | 625 | 0.76% | 330 | 0.56% |
Port Coquitlam | 1,335 | 2.21% | 1,260 | 2.26% | 805 | 1.58% | 595 | 1.63% | 280 | 1.03% |
Langley (City) | 1,045 | 3.73% | 35 | 0.14% | 50 | 0.21% | 125 | 0.64% | 50 | 0.34% |
White Rock | 905 | 4.37% | 85 | 0.46% | 35 | 0.2% | 65 | 0.42% | 85 | 0.65% |
Pitt Meadows | 640 | 3.36% | 560 | 3.16% | 670 | 4.57% | 370 | 3.32% | 115 | 1.85% |
North Vancouver (district) | 550 | 0.63% | 430 | 0.51% | 400 | 0.49% | 300 | 0.4% | 190 | 0.29% |
North Vancouver (City) | 530 | 0.92% | 375 | 0.79% | 265 | 0.6% | 340 | 0.89% | 150 | 0.45% |
West Vancouver | 135 | 0.31% | 115 | 0.27% | 120 | 0.29% | 15 | 0.04% | 10 | 0.03% |
Port Moody | 80 | 0.24% | 180 | 0.55% | 20 | 0.08% | 65 | 0.37% | 45 | 0.3% |
Vancouver CMA | 222,165 | 8.52% | 155,945 | 6.84% | 99,005 | 5.03% | 49,625 | 3.13% | 22,390 | 1.79% |
Federal electoral districts
2012 boundaries
Riding | 2021 | 2011 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Percentage | Population | Percentage | |
Surrey—Newton | 62,340[26] | 51.47% | 46,320 | 44.35% |
Surrey Centre | 36,070[27] | 27.74% | 26,035 | 23.69% |
Fleetwood—Port Kells | 30,380[28] | 24.5% | 21,435 | 19.64% |
Delta | 19,270[29] | 17.61% | 10,490 | 10.55% |
Cloverdale—Langley City | 18,745[30] | 14.46% | 7,405 | 7.41% |
Vancouver South | 10,775[31] | 9.98% | 11,895 | 12.01% |
South Surrey—White Rock | 9,410[32] | 8.07% | 3,945 | 4.29% |
Langley—Aldergrove | 7,500[33] | 5.72% | 3,135 | 3.09% |
New Westminster—Burnaby | 6,275[34] | 5.1% | 5,575 | 5.22% |
Steveston—Richmond East | 5,285[35] | 5.2% | 5,525 | 5.75% |
Burnaby South | 3,330[36] | 2.79% | 2,905 | 2.79% |
Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge | 2,570[37] | 2.35% | 1,425 | 1.53% |
Vancouver Kingsway | 2,435[38] | 2.27% | 2,690 | 2.65% |
Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam | 1,815[39] | 1.39% | 1,680 | 1.53% |
Richmond Centre | 1,700[40] | 1.59% | 1,635 | 1.75% |
Port Moody—Coquitlam | 1,495[41] | 1.31% | 1,195 | 1.12% |
Vancouver Granville | 1,260[42] | 1.16% | 825 | 0.84% |
Burnaby North—Seymour | 1,220[43] | 1.14% | 975 | 0.98% |
North Vancouver
|
905[44] | 0.74% | 665 | 0.61% |
Vancouver Centre
|
895[45] | 0.72% | 530 | 0.52% |
Vancouver Quadra | 665[46] | 0.62% | 630 | 0.63% |
Vancouver East | 610[47] | 0.54% | 390 | 0.38% |
Vancouver CMA | 222,165 | 8.52% | 155,945 | 6.84% |
Note: Based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries. |
2003 boundaries
Riding | 2011 | 2001[48] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Percentage | Population | Percentage | |
Newton—North Delta | 44,745 | 35.05% | 30,610 | 27.61% |
Fleetwood—Port Kells | 32,860 | 20.7% | 13,025 | 12.93% |
Surrey North | 31,185 | 25.05% | 18,845 | 17.76% |
Vancouver South | 12,085 | 9.96% | 10,360 | 9.3% |
Burnaby—New Westminster | 6,900 | 5.29% | 6,645 | 6.05% |
Delta—Richmond East | 6,130 | 5.57% | 5,530 | 5.4% |
South Surrey—White Rock—Cloverdale | 5,605 | 4.49% | 1,195 | 1.22% |
Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge—Mission | 3,520 | 2.71% | 2,920 | 2.68% |
Vancouver Kingsway | 3,040 | 2.45% | 3,680 | 3.22% |
Burnaby—Douglas | 2,155 | 1.77% | 1,450 | 1.35% |
Langley | 2,000 | 1.56% | 1,100 | 1% |
Richmond
|
1,935 | 1.55% | 1,175 | 1.11% |
Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam | 1,770 | 1.37% | 1,255 | 1.15% |
New Westminster—Coquitlam | 1,360 | 1.13% | 805 | 0.75% |
Vancouver Quadra | 820 | 0.68% | 420 | 0.38% |
North Vancouver
|
780 | 0.62% | 660 | 0.55% |
Vancouver Centre
|
620 | 0.46% | 340 | 0.32% |
Vancouver East | 390 | 0.38% | 415 | 0.39% |
Vancouver CMA | 155,945 | 6.84% | 99,005 | 5.03% |
Note: Based on 2003 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries. |
Varieties of Sikhism
Part of a series on |
Sikhism |
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Hugh Johnston, in 1988, wrote that there are political divisions and religious divisions within the Sikh community of Vancouver.[13] In 2008 Elizabeth Kamala Nayar stated that Vancouver media reporting on orthodox Sikhs is often negative and that orthodox Sikhs "are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’."[49] She also stated that journalists of mainstream publications in Canada often conflate "fundamentalist" Sikhism with the pro-Khalistan movement and "moderate" Sikhism with those opposed to the Khalistan movement; she explained that this occurred when the publications discussed religious conflicts in the Sikh community Vancouver as well as conflicts involving Sikhs throughout Canada.[50] Nayar added that in Vancouver the wearing of turbans often is associated with Sikh fundamentalism.[49]
Gurdwaras
Sikh
Sikhs often selected gurdwaras due to religious beliefs, family ties, political beliefs, and/or social reasons, and these were not necessarily gurdwaras that were the closest to them.[55]
By 1988 there were six gurdwaras within a 16-kilometre (10 mi) radius in one area in Vancouver. Four new gurdwaras opened in Metro Vancouver in the 1980s.[55]
Gurdwaras in Vancouver
The first
The Akali Singh Gurdwara is in East Vancouver, along Skeena Street.[54] It opened in 1952 in response to a religious dispute. Around the time it opened, the Akali Singh Gurdwara did not permit people who had no facial hair from being a part of its management committee, but it allowed them to be a part of the auditing committee.[59] The construction of the current gurdwara, valued at 1.5-2 million dollars, began construction in 1981.[60] Previously the revenue of the Akali Singh gurdwara was equal to that of the KDS,[61] but around the time of the new gurdwara construction, a takeover of the gurdwara was attempted. The gurdwara prevented an internal takeover by restricting election participation to persons who were not members of other Sikh societies. As a result, a severe membership split occurred and the size was reduced. The Akali Singh was opposed to the KDS, which had a more militant attitude towards the Khalistan question.[55]
Around 1975, a Marxist–Leninist Sikh group purchased the Desh Baghat Mandir centre on Main Street after a failed attempt to seize control of other gurdwaras.[16]
Gurdwaras in suburbs and other municipalities
Most South Asians in Surrey, as of 2001, are Sikhs.[62] The Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara is on Scott Road in the City of Surrey.[54] As of 2011 in regards to its orthodoxy it is a "moderate" gurdwara.[63] As of 2004 it had 37,000 members, making it one of North America's largest Sikh temples.[64] Dasmesh Darbar Gurdwara is an orthodox gurdwara in Surrey.[65]
The
The KDS had its own branch gurdwara in
The gurdwara of the New Westminster Society is in Richmond. The previous membership followed Baba Mihan Singh, an individual from Doaba who had been invited to attend the New Westminster Society after he arrived in Vancouver; the New Westminster Society had employed one of his relatives as a priest. In 1979 the Nananksar Gurdwara, established by followers of Baba Mihan Singh, was being established, sapping membership from the New Westminster Society.[55] As of 1989, the group controlling the KDS also controlled the New Westminster Society.[61] Since 1984 the Nanaksar Gurdwara attracted Sikhs who were uninterested in politics.[67]
The Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Temple is a
See also
- List of Canadian Sikhs
- Sikhism in Canada
- South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver
- South Asian Canadians in British Columbia
Notes
- ^ Note: 1981 census religious breakdown for all subdivisions includes an "Eastern Non-Christian" section. Estimates derived using the Sikh proportion of Eastern Non-Christian religious total from the 1991 census.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ a b Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 101.
- SAGE Publications, 1995. p. 178. "[...]and also in the two largest populations of Sikhs outside of India — in Britain, in London, and in Canada, in Vancouver."
- ^ Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 3.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
- ^ "Annexes" (Archive). Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community. Government of Canada. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.
- ^ 2011 Census
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Census, 1991 Religions in Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
- ^ Hans, p. 221-222.
- ^ Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.
- ^ a b Johnston, Hugh, p. 5.
- ^ Johnston, Hugh, p. 3.
- ^ a b Johnston, Hugh, p. 8.
- ^ Campbell, The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, p. 4 (PDF document p. 12/136). "Vancouver and Toronto have the largest Sikh communities and Canada."
- ^ Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 22.
- ^ Johnston, Hugh, p. 2.
- The Vancouver Sun. July 30, 2007. Retrieved on December 5, 2014.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-05-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Select from a list of geographies, British Columbia Census division". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "NHS Profile, 2011 Subprovincial geography levels: British Columbia Census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "R9101 – Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) – Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-26). "Data tables, 1981 Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1981 Census – Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey—Newton British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Fleetwood—Port Kells British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Delta British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Cloverdale—Langley City British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population South Surrey—White Rock British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Langley—Aldergrove British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population New Westminster—Burnaby British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Steveston—Richmond East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Kingsway British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Richmond Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Port Moody—Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Granville British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby North—Seymour British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population North Vancouver British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Quadra British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order), 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ a b Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 26-27. "[...]while in Vancouver Sikh fundamentalists are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’,[...]In fact, in Vancouver, there is not only the link made between fundamentalism and turban-wearers, but the reportage on orthodox Sikhs is generally made in a bad light."
- ^ a b c Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 23.
- ^ .
- ^ Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 127.
- ^ Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 102.
- ^ a b c d Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 48.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Johnston, Hugh, p. 10.
- ^ Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 16.
- ^ a b Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 46.
- ISBN 9814484806, 9789814484800. p. 31.
- ^ Johnston, Hugh, p. 6.
- ^ Johnston, Hugh, p. 9-10.
- ^ a b Johnston, Hugh, p. 9.
- ISBN 1442609931, 9781442609938. p. 170.
- ^ a b Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 49.
- ). Retrieved on November 3, 2014.
- ^ Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 49-50.
- ^ a b Johnston, Hugh, p. 18.
- ^ Johnston, Hugh, p. 11.
- ^ canada.com. July 12, 2008. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.
- ^ Chan, Cheryl. "‘We are zero’: Immigrant says she can’t escape sting of India's caste system, even in Canada" (Archive). National Post. October 10, 2013. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.
References
- Campbell, Michael Graeme. 1977. The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (M.A. thesis) (Archive), Political Science Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Profile at the UBC
- Dusenbery, Verne A. 1981. "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy: The Impact on Vancouver Sikh Ethnic and Religious Adaptation". In Canadian Ethnic Studies, Vol. 13: 3, Winter.
- Hans, Raj Kumar. 2003. "Gurdwara as a Cultural Site of Punjabi Community in British Columbia, 1905 – 1965." In Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
- Johnston, Hugh. 1988. "The Development of Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961". In Canadian Ethnic Studies, Vol. 20:2.
- Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ISBN 0802086314, 9780802086310.
- Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. "The Making of Sikh Space: The Role of the Gurdwara" (Chapter 2). In: DeVries, Larry, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer. Asian Religions in British Columbia (Asian Religions and Society Series). ISBN 0774859423, 9780774859424. Start: p. 43.
- Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora: The Experience of Orthodox Sikhs in Vancouver."
Further reading
- Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. "Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver" (Archive). In Urban Geography, Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 - Available at Academia.edu and at ResearchGate.