Silencer (firearms)
A silencer, also known as a sound suppressor, suppressor, or sound moderator, is a
A typical silencer is a metallic (usually stainless steel or titanium) cylinder containing numerous internal sound baffles, with a hollow bore to allow the bullet to exit normally. During firing, the bullet passes through the bore with little hindrance, but most of the expanding gas ejecta behind it is redirected through a longer and convoluted escape path created by the baffles, prolonging the release time. This slows down the gas and dissipates its kinetic energy into a larger surface area, reducing the blast intensity, thus lowering the loudness.[1]
Silencers can also reduce the recoil during shooting, but unlike a
Because the internal baffles will slow and cool the released gas and contain gunpowder that is still burning upon exit from the muzzle, silencers also reduce or even eliminate the muzzle flash. This is different from a flash suppressor, which reduces the amount of flash by dispersing burning gases that are already released outside the muzzle, without necessarily reducing sound or recoil. A flash hider, or muzzle shroud, in contrast, conceals visible flashes by screening them from the direct line of sight, rather than reducing the intensity of the flash.
History
In 1892, Swiss inventor Jakob Stahel patented a silencer intended for killing cattle, though he claimed it could be adapted to other firearms too.[2] In 1894 another silencer for use with firearms was patented by another Swiss inventor, C.A. Aeppli.[3]
American inventor
Former president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt was known to purchase and use Maxim silencers.[10]
Silencers were regularly used by agents of the United States
In 2020, the United States Marine Corps began to field suppressors in its combat units, citing improved communication on a squad and platoon level because of the reduced sound. The USMC purchased 7,000 suppressors in 2020, and plan to have a total of 30,000 by the end of 2023, making them the first armed service to issue suppressors for general usage.[14][15]
Terminology
Silencer is the earlier, more traditional term for such noise reduction devices. Recently, however, suppressor has gained currency in connection to American gun rights organizations.
The US National Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934 defined silencers and established regulations limiting their sale and ownership.[16] Both the US Department of Justice and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) use the term silencer.[17] Hiram Percy Maxim, the original inventor of the device, marketed them as "Maxim Silencers".[18]
The earliest use of the technical term suppressor to refer to firearm noise reduction is in US Patent 4530417, July 23, 1985, "A suppressor for reducing the muzzle blast of firearms or the like".
The Oxford, American Heritage, and other dictionaries apply the term suppressor to such contexts as electromagnetic shielding devices, genetics, and censorship, but not firearms.[22][23][24][25] These dictionaries define both silencer and suppressor as essentially equivalent and interchangeable, neither applying exclusively or primarily to sound, and both being applicable as much to complete and total quiet or to partial reduction of sound.[22][23][24][25]
In 2011, the
In 2014, the ASA changed its name to American Suppressor Association "in a continuing effort to dispel myths about suppressors".
Gun rights advocates and gun media generally claim that the word "silencer" is defined as meaning total silence, while "suppressor" is defined as meaning only reduced sound intensity, in spite of its original definition.[27][29]
Firearm noise anatomy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
When discharged, a firearm makes sound from three sources:
- shockwave generated by high-pressure gases escaping and expanding from the muzzle after the projectile exits the barrel and breaks the functional seal restraining the gas inside the bore
- supersonicallythrough the air
- Mechanical noise generated by the internal moving parts of the firearm action
A silencer can affect only the noise generated by the muzzle blast.
While using
Muzzle blast generated by firearm discharge is directly proportional to the amount of
Design and construction
A silencer is typically a hollow metal tube made from
Both types of silencers reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases from the firing of the cartridge to be decelerated and cooled through a series of hollow chambers. The trapped gas exits the suppressor over a longer period of time and at a greatly reduced speed, producing less noise signature. The chambers are divided by either baffles or wipes. There are typically at least four and up to perhaps fifteen chambers in a suppressor, depending on the intended use and design details. Often, a single, larger expansion chamber is located at the muzzle end of a can-type silencer, which allows the propellant gas to expand considerably and slow down before it encounters the baffles or wipes. This larger chamber may be "reflexed" toward the rear of the barrel to minimize the overall length of the combined firearm and silencer, especially with longer weapons such as rifles.
Silencers vary greatly in size and efficiency. One disposable type developed in the 1980s by the
Two ancillary advantages of the silencer are recoil reduction and flash suppression. Muzzle flash is reduced both by being contained in the suppressor and by the arresting of unburned powder that would ordinarily burn in the air and intensify the flash. Recoil reduction results from the slowing of propellant gases that contribute 30–50% of recoil velocity. However, some suppressors can increase the backpressure produced by the propellant gases. This can cause them to function somewhat like a muzzle booster and thus increase the felt recoil. The weight of the silencer and the location of that additional weight at the muzzle reduces recoil through the basic mass as well as muzzle flip because of the location of this mass.
Components
Baffles and spacers
Baffles are usually circular metal dividers that separate the expansion chambers. Each baffle has a hole in its center to permit the passage of the bullet through the silencer and toward the target. The hole is typically at least 1mm larger than the bullet caliber to minimize the risk of the bullet hitting the baffle, called a baffle strike. Baffles are typically made of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or alloys such as Inconel, and are either machined out of solid metal or stamped out of sheet metal. A few silencers for low-powered cartridges such as the .22 Long Rifle have successfully used plastic baffles (certain models by Vaime and others).[31]: 186–187
There are several unique baffle designs. M, K, Z, monolithic core
Propellant gas heats and erodes the baffles, causing wear, which is worsened by high rates of fire. Aluminum baffles are seldom used with fully automatic weapons because service life is unacceptably short. Some modern suppressors using steel or high-temperature alloy baffles can endure extended periods of fully automatic fire without damage. The highest-quality rifle suppressors available today have a claimed service life of greater than 30,000 rounds.[31]: 363–364 Baffles have not been given any specific angles, a specific size, or weight to meet any standards; they are created on a trial and error basis.[35]
Spacers separate baffles and keep them aligned at a specified distance from one another inside the silencer. Many baffles and spacers are manufactured as a single assembly and several suppressor designs have all the baffles attached together with spacers as a one-piece helical baffle stack. Modern baffles are usually carefully shaped to divert the propellant gases effectively into the chambers. This shaping can be a slanted flat surface, canted at an angle to the bore, or a conical or otherwise curved surface. One popular technique is to have alternating angled surfaces through the stack of baffles.[35]
Wipes and packing material
Wipes are inner dividers intended to touch the bullet as it passes through the silencer, and are typically made of rubber, plastic, or foam. Each wipe may have either a hole drilled in it before use or a pattern stamped into its surface at the point where the bullet will strike it, or it may simply be punched through by the bullet. Wipes typically last for a small number of firings (perhaps no more than five) before their performance is greatly degraded. While many suppressors used wipes in the Vietnam War era, most modern suppressors do not use them as anything that touches the projectile degrades accuracy. All wipes deteriorate quickly and require disassembly and spare parts replacement.[36]
Wet silencers or wet cans use a small quantity of water, oil, grease, or
Packing materials such as metal mesh, steel wool, or metal washers may be used to fill the chambers and further dissipate and cool the gases. These are somewhat more effective than empty chambers but less effective than wet designs.[31]: 130 Metal mesh, if properly used, may last for hundreds or thousands of shots of spaced semi-automatic fire; however, steel wool usually degrades within ten shots, with stainless steel wool lasting longer than regular steel wool. Like wipes, packing materials are rarely found in modern silencers.[35]
Wipes, packing materials, and purpose-designed wet cans have been generally abandoned in 21st-century suppressor design because they decrease overall accuracy and require excessive cleaning and maintenance.[36] The instructions from several manufacturers state that their suppressors need not be cleaned at all.[citation needed] Furthermore, legal changes in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s made it much more difficult for end-users to legally replace internal silencer parts, and the newer designs reflect this reality.[37]
Attachment
Apart from integral silencers that are integrated as a part of the firearm's barrel, most suppressors have a female threaded end, which attaches to male threads cut into the exterior of the barrel. These types of silencers are mostly used on handguns and rifles chambered in .22LR. More powerful rifles may use this type of attachment, but harsh recoil may cause the suppressor to over-tighten to the barrel and the suppressor can become difficult to remove.[35] SilencerCo's Salvo silencer for shotguns attaches via internal barrel threading normally used to mount removable chokes.[38]
Military rifles such as the M16 or M14 often use quick-detach suppressors that use coarser than normal threads and are installed over an existing muzzle device such as a flash suppressor and can include a secondary locking mechanism to allow the shooter to quickly and safely add or remove a sound suppressor based on individual needs.[35]
Advanced types
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
In addition to containing and slowly releasing the gas pressure associated with muzzle blast or reducing pressure through the use of coolant mediums, advanced silencer designs attempt to modify the properties of the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast. In these designs, effects known as
An alternate method under development is called an "anti-phase destructive interference generator."[citation needed] The process duplicates the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast and then uses them to create an anti-phase auditory signal. Currently, this is a muzzle attached device and is only being tested to cancel out the gunshot sound of the firearm. The devices tested incorporate multiple microphones, speakers, and an auditory processor. The first shot fired is recorded, and then played back precisely out of sync(180 degrees out of phase) with each subsequent shot. This has proven successful with small caliber(.17-.22) rifles, but the amplitude has not been matched efficiently with larger cartridges. With the use of subsonic ammunition, the resultant sound waves effectively cancel out one another, and with the exception of the sound of the action cycling, eliminate any gunshot sound. In the current development stage, this has worked only in close proximity to the shooter, and the pressure wave (p-wave) can still be felt. Each time a different type of ammunition or firearm is used, the device needs recalibration.
Taking advantage of either property requires that the silencer be designed within the specification of the muzzle blast in mind. For example, the velocity of the sound waves is a major factor. This figure can change significantly between different cartridges and barrel lengths.
However, these concepts are controversial because a muzzle blast creates broadband noise rather than pure tones, and phase cancellation in particular is therefore extremely difficult (if not impossible) to achieve. Some suppressor manufacturers claim to use phase cancellation in their designs.[39]
From a physics standpoint, supersonic cartridge loads are impractical to suppress past the levels that are merely hearing-safe for the shooter due to the sonic boom emitted by the bullet, and cartridges such as
Captive-piston silencer
Another silencer technology uses a captive piston cartridge; examples are the Smith & Wesson Quiet Special Purpose Revolver (QSPR) and the Soviet and Russian PSS silent pistol,[42] OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver and the MTs-116M suppressed sniper rifle, a 12.7mm silenced development of the 7.62mm MTs-116M.[43] The large calibre allows the bullet to be fired at subsonic speed, eliminating a major source of noise, while retaining accuracy, range, and effectiveness. All of these weapons use special, very expensive, captive-piston ammunition; QSPR ammunition resembled metal-cased .410-bore shotgun shells. The cartridge case internally works as a piston to trap the gases; the piston pushes the bullet, but the gases are retained in the cartridge case instead of being expelled noisily; in tests of the PSS the sound pressure level was 124.6dB, similar to a suppressed .22 rimfire pistol.[42] The ammunition itself, rather than the weapon, is silent; in the US each individual round is considered to be a silencer, subject to regulations on silencers.[42]
Improvised silencers
Improvised silencers have been made from a variety of materials. In 2015,
Characteristics
Functionally, a suppressor is meant to diminish the report of a discharged round, or make its sound unrecognizable. Other sounds emanating from the weapon remain unchanged. Even subsonic bullets make distinct sounds by their passage through the air and striking targets, and supersonic bullets produce a small sonic boom, resulting in a ballistic crack. Semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms also make distinct noises as their actions cycle, ejecting the fired cartridge case and loading a new round.
Aside from reductions in volume, suppressors tend to alter the sound to something that is not identifiable as a gunshot.
As the suppressed sound of firing is overshadowed by ballistic crack, observers can be deceived as to the location of the shooter, often from 90 to 180 degrees from his actual location. However,
There are many advantages to using a silencer that are not related to the sound.
Hunters using centerfire rifles find silencers bring various important benefits that outweigh the extra weight and resulting change in the firearm's center of gravity. The most important advantage of a suppressor is the hearing protection for the shooter as well as their companions. Many hunters have suffered permanent hearing damage due to someone else firing a high-caliber gun too closely without warning.[51] By reducing noise, recoil and muzzle-blast, it also enables the firer to follow through calmly on their first shot and fire a further carefully aimed shot without delay if necessary. Wildlife of all kinds are often confused as to the direction of the source of a well-suppressed shot. In the field, however, the comparatively large size of a centerfire rifle suppressor can cause unwanted noise if it bumps or rubs against vegetation or rocks, so many users cover them with neoprene sleeves.[52]
Silencers reduce firing
A suppressor also cools the hot gases coming out of the barrel enough that most of the lead-laced vapor that leaves the barrel condenses inside the silencer, reducing the amount of lead that might be inhaled by the shooter and others around them. However, in auto-loading actions, this might be offset by increased back pressure, which results in propellant gas blowing back into a shooter's face through the chamber during case ejection.[54]
Subsonic ammunition
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
In weapons firing
However, the numeric effectiveness of subsonic rounds is, again, misrepresented by media.[36] Independent testing of commercially available firearm suppressors with commercially available subsonic rounds has found that .308 subsonic rounds decreased the volume at the muzzle by 10 to 12dB when compared to the same caliber of suppressed supersonic ammunition.[56] When combined with silencers, the subsonic .308 rounds metered between 121 and 137dB.
The ballistic crack depends on the speed of sound, which in turn depends mainly on air temperature. At sea level, an ambient temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is approximately 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s). Bullets that travel near the speed of sound are considered transonic, which means that the airflow over the surface of the bullet, which at points travels faster than the bullet itself, can break the speed of sound. Pointed bullets, which gradually displace air, can get closer to the speed of sound than round- or snub-nosed bullets before becoming transonic.
Special cartridges have been developed for use with a silencer. These cartridges use very heavy bullets to make up for the energy lost by keeping the bullet subsonic. A good example of this is the .300 Whisper cartridge, which is formed from a necked-up .221 Remington Fireball cartridge case. The subsonic .300 Whisper fires up to a 250 grains (16 g), .30 caliber bullet at about 980 feet per second (300 m/s), generating about 533 foot-pounds force (723 J) of energy at the muzzle. While this is similar to the energy available from the .45 ACP pistol cartridge, the reduced diameter, and streamlined shape of the heavy .30 caliber bullet provides far better external ballistic performance, improving range substantially.
9×19mm Parabellum, a very popular caliber for suppressed shooting, can use almost any factory-loaded 147 grains (9.5 g) weight round to achieve subsonic performance. These 147gr weight bullets typically have a velocity of 900–980 feet per second (270–300 m/s), which is less than the 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s) speed of sound.[57]
The
Without using subsonic ammunition, the
Effectiveness
Live tests by independent reviewers of numerous commercially available suppressors find that even low-power, unsuppressed .22LR handguns produce gunshots over 160
Comparatively, ear protection commonly used while shooting provides 18 to 32 dB of sound reduction at the ear.[62] For additional comparison, chainsaws, rock concerts, rocket engines, pneumatic drills, small firecrackers, and ambulance sirens are rated between 100 and 140 dB.[63]
While some consider the noise reduction of a suppressor significant enough to permit safe shooting without hearing protection ("hearing safe"),
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs has stated that the most prominent disability in former servicemen is reduced and damaged hearing, and that the United States Marine Corps' decision to purchase and use suppressors would solve this problem.[15]
Traditional measures of suppressor noise reduction have focused on the change in the peak sound pressure level between suppressed and unsuppressed conditions. Because of the MIL-STD 1474D, the ability to reduce the suppressed level to below 140 dB peak sound pressure level (dB pSPL) was the goal for firearm suppressor manufacturers. In MIL-STD 1474D, materiel that produced peak levels below 140 dB were not subject to a requirement to wear hearing protection devices that could affect a person's situational awareness. Firearms have different levels of perceived loudness. This difference can be related to the peak sound pressure level but also to the initial duration of the impulse. A longer initial duration (also known as the A-duration) can create a sensation that impulses with the same sound pressure level (dB pSPL) are louder because the muzzle blast interacts with the body for a longer period of time. For instance, the peak levels of a Remington model 788, 22" barrel .308 caliber, 150 grain bullet rifle and a Winchester Mossberg 4x4, 24" barrel .300 caliber, 150 grain bullet rifle were 169 and 171 dB pSPL, respectively. The mean A-duration of the .308 Remington was 0.35 milliseconds and the A-duration of the .300 Winchester was 0.42 ms, 20% longer. When the impulses' peak sound pressure levels are normalized to the same level (170 dB pSPL), the equivalent energy of the .300 Winchester was approximately 1 dB greater than that of the .308 Remington. In other words, greater energy was present for the impulse with a longer A-duration.[65]
Measurements relying upon sound level meters are often unable to capture the waveform details to accurately describe the impulse.
Regulation
The legal regulation of silencers varies widely around the world. In some nations, such as Finland, France, and New Zealand some or all types of suppressors are essentially unregulated and are sold through retail stores or by mail-order.[36] In other countries, their possession or use is more restricted.
Europe
- Czech Republic: C-category accessory, i.e. they are available to gun license holders and subject to registration[66]
- Denmark: the Danish Weapons And Explosives Law makes the unlicensed possession of a silencer illegal. As of 7 May 2014[update] it is legal to own and use silencers for hunting.[67]
- Finland: a firearm silencer is classified as a firearm part by law. Purchasing a suppressor requires a firearm ownership permit, which must be shown to the vendor at the moment of purchase.[68]
- France: silencers for rimfire pistols are sold without government oversight in France.[36]
- Germany: a silencer is treated the same in the eyes of the law as the weapon it is designed for. Accordingly, suppressors for air guns, which can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age, can be purchased by anyone over 18. A hunting license allows the purchase of a suppressor for long guns for centerfire ammunition.[69]
- Italy: a silencer is considered a restricted firearms accessory, which can only be sold to the armed forces, police and government agencies.(Law april 18 1975 Art. 2). The exception to this is any silencers acquired before 4 November 2013, where these items can be freely retained and used. No registration is needed for these.[70]
- Norway: not regulated and can be purchased by anyone for any firearm. No licence or permit is necessary.[71]
- Poland: In 2020, a new amendment to the Arms and Ammunition Act allowed police to issue permits for firearms with sound suppressors for hunting permits. Hunters are allowed to use them only for the sanitary shooting of animals.[72]
- Portugal: Silencers "Sound Moderators" are permitted for hunters and sport shooters since 22 September 2019 [73][74]
- Russian Federation: firearm silencers use (legally defined as "devices for noiseless shooting") is prohibited, and dealers are prohibited from selling them, but there is no penalty for purchasing or possession of such devices.[75]
- Spain: firearms silencers are prohibited by the Decree regulating firearms (technically, the law just references the Decree). Airgun "moderators" are not explicitly mentioned, so they are tolerated. Ambiguous rulings by authorities are common.[76]
- Sweden: Since 1 July 2022, silencers are regulated the same way as ammunition. Anyone who has the right to possess a certain weapon for shooting may possess silencers that fit the weapon.[77]
- United Kingdom: the owner's firearm certificate (FAC) will need to show permission for the purchase of a "sound moderator". All firearms certificates have the caliber approved by the police and annotated to the document before a silencer may be purchased. While silencers are controlled components under the Firearms Act 1968, it is generally taken that good reason to possess the firearm "should normally imply "good reason" to possess a sound moderator".[78]Silencers can be used across multiple firearms of the same calibre, or purchased for each firearm they wish to suppress.
North America
- In Canada, a device to muffle or stop the sound of a firearm is a "prohibited device" under the Gun politics in Canada.
- In the United States, taxes and strict regulations affect the manufacture and sale of silencers under the District of Columbia. The state of Connecticut allows silencer ownership, but prohibit using silencers while hunting.[82] The federal legal requirements to manufacture a silencer in the United States are enumerated in Title 26, Chapter 53 of the United States Code.[83] Individual states and several municipalities also have their specific requirements. Federal law provides severe penalties for crimes of violence committed using firearms equipped with silencers, with a minimum prison sentence of 30 years.[84][85]
Oceania
- In Australia, use, and ownership of silencers is generally limited to government, security, and law enforcement use only and thus prohibited for civilians.
- In New Zealand, following firearm law changes in April 2019, suppressors could still be fitted to a standard firearm.[86]
See also
- Title II weapons
- Piston effect § Tunnel boom, for a similar device but far bigger, on ends of railway tunnels
- Sound blimp, a device to reduce the noise made by a camera's shutter
Notable suppressed firearms
- De Lisle carbine
- MAC-10
- MSP Groza silent pistol
- OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver
- PBS-1 Suppressor
- STEN Mk IIS
- VSS Vintorez
- Welrod
- AAC Honey Badger
- ShAK-12
Other muzzle devices
References
- ^ "Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer". atf.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ "Jakob stahel".
- ^ CH8453A, Aeppli, C.A., "Knall-Dämpfungsapparat für Feuerwaffen", issued 1894-03-20
- ^ "US Patent 958935A - Silent Firearm".
- ISSN 0161-7370.
- ISBN 978-0-8117-4694-6.
During the early 1900s, Hiram Percy Maxim designed and patented gun silencers. His efforts were directed toward both military and sporting arms and resulted in his forming the Maxim Silencer Company, Hartford, Conn.
- ISBN 978-0-19-509354-4.
- ^ Gage (1913). Electrical Record and Buyer's Reference. New York: Buyers' Reference Company. p. 53.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4766-1334-5.
- ^
Boorman, Dean K. (2001). The History of Winchester Firearms. Globe Pequot Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-58574-307-0.
- ^ Lovell, Stanley (1963). Of Spies and Stratagems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. – Lovell claimed that a weapon so quiet would be more efficient than any death ray.
- ISBN 978-0-671-73458-9.
- ^
Bull, Stephen (1 January 2004). Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-57356-557-8.
- ^ Moss, Matthew (13 January 2021). "USMC Begins Roll Out of Suppressors". The Firearm Blog.
- ^ a b Gonzales, Matt. "Marine Corps begins widespread fielding of suppressors". DVIDS.
- ^ Section 1(a), Public Law No. 474, Ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236 (June 26, 1934).
- ^ "Silencer FAQ". Firearms technology. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
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- ^ US 4530417
- ^ "Five sound moderators on test - Shooting UK". Shooting UK. 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
- ^ The NRA Handbook Including The NRA Rules Of Shooting and the Programme of the Imperial Meeting Friday 17 June To Saturday 23 July 2016 (PDF), National Rifle Association, March 26, 2016
- ^ a b "silencer". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b "suppressor". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b "suppressor". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
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- ^ a b c Devaney, Tim (May 5, 2017), "Gun lobby seeks to calm fears about silencers", The Hill
- ^
Examples of blaming Hollywood exaggeration of silencer effectiveness:
- Sweeney, Patrick (February 10, 2017). "Ruger silent-SR: One of the great names in firearms takes the plunge into a once-taboo market". General OneFile(subscription required). pp. 32 ff.
With subsonic ammunition, the Silent-SR provided the Hollywood 'phuut-phuut' noise that all movie suppressors are supposed to deliver
- McCombie, Brian (August 28, 2014). "Joshua Waldron: How two guys in a rock band redesigned silencers and became the biggest suppressor maker in the nation". General OneFile(subscription required). pp. 48 ff.
[Joshua Waldron, co-founder of SilencerCo] "So I see a big part of my job as educating the public about silencers and trying to undo so much of that stupid Hollywood idea about silencers being an assassin's tool.
- McCombie, Brian (June–July 2012). "Hush-up: How sound suppressors work and why you should own one". General OneFile(subscription required). p. 82.
Despite their Hollywood image, suppressors are not 'silencers'. They won't completely muffle rifle or handgun noise, and they won't stop the sonic crack of a bullet that comes from traveling beyond the speed of sound.
- "Hollywood has a lot to answer for". General OneFile(subscription required). February 6, 2017. p. 10.
In the real world, 'silencers' are actually 'suppressors,' and they don't eliminate the sound of a gunshot so much as slightly reduce it —
- Sweeney, Patrick (February 10, 2017). "Ruger silent-SR: One of the great names in firearms takes the plunge into a once-taboo market".
- ^ a b c Rosenwald, Michael S. (January 9, 2017), "Gun silencers are hard to buy. Donald Trump Jr. and silencer makers want to change that", The Washington Post
- ^ Slowik, Max (May 9, 2014), ASA changes its name to American Suppressor Association
- ^ a b c d e Paulson, Alan C. Silencer: History and performance. Vol. 1.[full citation needed]
- ^ ISBN 978-1-119-96477-3. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ^ "Reflex suppressor for Barrett M82A1 - BR reflex suppressors (Finland)". Guns.connect.fi. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
- ^ "Suppressors - Silencers - SilencerCo". SilencerCo. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4665-8881-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4406-2890-0. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^
Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide. Firearms Programs Division. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4289-5186-0. Retrieved 8 August 2013 – via DIANE Publishing.
- ^ Waldron, Len. "SilencerCo Salvo 12 Gauge Suppressor Review." Guns & Ammo. March 7, 2016. [1]
- ^
Webb, Brandon; Doherty, Glen (15 September 2010). 21st Century Sniper: The complete guide. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-61608-001-3.
- ^ ".22 and .45 as easy to suppress ammunition". AssassinsTradeCraft.com. Silencers.
- ^ "Sound Suppressors on High-Powered Rifles". connect.fi.
- ^ a b c "Beyond Quiet: The Russian PSS Captive Piston Pistol (2 Web pages)". Small Arms Defense Journal. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ Hambling, David (25 August 2018). "The Science of Russia's New Silent Sniper Rifle". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
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- ^ ISBN 1610046773. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ISBN 978-1476796055. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
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- ISBN 978-0-7627-8876-7.
- ^ Paulson, Al (2004). "Finland's Silenced .338 Long-Range Sniper:Sako TRG42 Rifle and BR-Tuote T8M Reflex Suppressor". Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement. 1 (8). New York: Harris Publications. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
- ^
Dater, Philip; Dockery, Kevin (July 2007). "Chapter 28". Stalkers and Shooters: A history of snipers. Berkley Publishing Group. pp. 228–235. ISBN 978-0-425-21542-5.
- ^ Stewart, Michael; Meinke, Deanna K.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Murphy, William J.; Finan, Donald S.; Lankford, James E.; Tasko, Stephen M. (2017). "NHCA Position Statement, Recreational Firearm Noise" (PDF). National Hearing Conservation Association.
- ISBN 978-1-4402-3847-5.
- ^ White, Mark (1998). "The use of sound suppressors on high-powered rifles". Small Arms Review. Vol. 1, no. 7–9.
- ^ Emptormaven. "Rethinking Direct Impingement". Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ "Modern sniper rifles". world.guns.ru. 2001-01-26. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
- ^ a b Silvers, Robert (2005). "Results". Retrieved 2009-03-09.
- ^
ISBN 978-1-4402-2424-9.
- ISBN 978-1-4766-1564-6.
- S2CID 19539367.
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- ^ "nihl". Hearinglossweb.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
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