Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley | |
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From the top, left to right: Aerial view of Silicon Valley; PDT ) |
Silicon Valley is a region in
The cities of Sunnyvale, Mountain View, Palo Alto and Menlo Park are frequently cited as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. San Jose is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California, and the 12th-most populous in the United States.[4] Other major Silicon Valley cities include Santa Clara, Redwood City and Cupertino. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zürich, Switzerland and Oslo, Norway), according to the Brookings Institution.[5] As of June 2021, it also had the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more in the United States.[6]
Silicon Valley is home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations, including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000, and thousands of startup companies. Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech innovation, although the tech ecosystem has recently become more geographically dispersed.[7][8] It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, and the microcomputer, among other technologies, were developed. As of 2021[update], the region employed about a half million information technology workers.[9]
As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities,
Etymology
"Silicon" refers to the chemical element used in silicon-based transistors and integrated circuit chips, which is the focus of a large number of computer hardware and software innovators and manufacturers in the region. The popularization of the name is credited to Don Hoefler.[1] The first known appearance in print was in his article "Silicon Valley U.S.A.", in the January 11, 1971, issue of the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. In preparation for this report, during a lunch meeting with marketing people who were visiting the area, he heard them use this term.[13] However, the term did not gain widespread use until the early 1980s,[1] at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market.
The urbanized area is built upon an alluvial plain[14] within a longitudinal valley formed by roughly parallel earthquake faults. The area between the faults subsided into a graben or dropped valley.[15][16] Hoefler defined Silicon Valley as the urbanized parts of "the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley".[13] Before the expansive growth of the tech industry, the region had been the largest fruit-producing and packing region in the world up through the 1960s, with 39 fruit canneries.[17][18] The nickname it had been known as during that period was "the Valley of Heart’s Delight",[19][20]
History
Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors, including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful
Early military origins
The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of
In 1933,
A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed, which was the area's largest employer from the 1950s into 1980s.[26]
Role of Stanford University
In 1951, to address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment-opportunities for graduating students,
Rise of Silicon
In 1956, William Shockley, the co-inventor of the first working transistor (with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain), moved from New Jersey to Mountain View, California, to start Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his ailing mother in Palo Alto. Shockley's work served as the basis for many electronic developments for decades.[34][35] Both Frederick Terman and William Shockley are often called "the father of Silicon Valley".[36][37] Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor; Shockley referred to them as the "traitorous eight". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found Intel.[38][39]
Following the 1959 inventions of the monolithic
Origins of the Internet
On April 23, 1963, J. C. R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon's ARPA issued an office memorandum addressed to Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network. It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his vision of a computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.[45][46][47][48] As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."[48] In 1969, the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.[49]
Emergence of venture capital
By the early 1970s, there were many
In 1971,
Banking
Another important pillar of the Valley's success was Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), founded in 1983 by a group of former Bank of America executives.[50] Before its 2023 collapse, SVB specialized in providing banking services to Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and their startup firms. SVB's original primary commercial lending product was a working capital line of credit, secured by a startup's accounts receivable.[53] In contrast to traditional banks, who focused their commercial lending on already-established businesses, SVB specialized in lending money to small startup companies in the "preprofit" stage.[53]
Lawyers and law firms
Prior to 1970, most Northern California lawyers were based in San Francisco, especially the experienced patent attorneys whom the high-tech industry needed to protect its intellectual property. During the 1970s, lawyers began to follow venture capitalists down the Peninsula to serve the booming high-tech industry in Silicon Valley.[54] As of 1999, there were 2,400 lawyers practicing law in Palo Alto, a city of only 50,000 people, "the densest concentration of lawyers" in the United States outside of Washington, D.C.[55]
By the year 2000, large law firms from all over the world were rushing to establish offices in the mid-Peninsula region on or near Sand Hill Road, and Silicon Valley law firms had become global trendsetters in that they were the first legal services employers to adopt business casual apparel (in imitation of their startup clients).[56] During this era, lawyers evolved from their relatively narrow conventional role as protectors of intellectual property into business advisers, intermediaries, and dealmakers, and thereby acquired great prominence in Silicon Valley.[56][57] For young entrepreneurs new to the Valley's mysterious ways, their lawyer often served as their first coach, mentor, teacher, friend, and cheerleader who helped connect them to the Valley's startup ecosystem.[58] As of 2022, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area had the highest average wage for lawyers in the United States, at $267,840.[59]
Rise of computer culture
The
The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California; which was on occasion of the arrival of the MITS Altair microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by People's Computer Company. Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club.[62] Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.[63]
Advent of software
Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user interfaces.
Using money from
While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer, and Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel.[64] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford University's Ethernet campus network.[65]
Internet age
Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the
Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the
The
Economy
The
The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.
More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its
Manufacture of transistors was for a long time the core industry in Silicon Valley. The workforce was for the most part composed of Asian and Latino immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to the chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part well compensated.[79][80]
-
Intel in Santa Clara
Housing
Silicon Valley has a severe housing shortage, caused by the market imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from 2010 to 2015, many more jobs have been created than housing units built. (400,000 jobs, 60,000 housing units)[81] This shortage has driven home prices extremely high, far out of the range of production workers.[82] As of 2016 a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $2,500 while the median home price was about $1 million.[81] The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region.[83] Homelessness is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there is little shelter space other than in San Jose which, as of 2015, was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels.[84]
The Economist also attributes the high cost of living to the success of the industries in this region. Although, this rift between high and low salaries is driving many residents out who can no longer afford to live there. In the Bay Area, the number of residents planning to leave within the next several years has had an increase of 35% since 2016, from 34% to 46%.[85][86]
Wealth
The wealth inequality in Silicon Valley is more pronounced than in any other region of the United States. A 2023 report found that the aggregate household wealth of Silicon Valley (including
Notable companies
Thousands of
- Adobe Inc.
- AMD
- Agilent Technologies
- Alphabet Inc., includes Google
- Apple Inc.
- Applied Materials
- Block, Inc.
- Broadcom Inc.
- Cadence Design Systems
- Cisco Systems
- eBay
- Electronic Arts
- HP Inc.
- Intel
- Intuit
- Intuitive Surgical
- Juniper Networks
- KLA Corporation
- Lam Research
- Maxim Integrated
- Meta Platforms, includes Facebook
- NetApp
- Netflix
- Nvidia
- PayPal
- Salesforce
- Sanmina Corporation
- Seagate Technology
- ServiceNow
- Synnex
- Synopsys
- Western Digital
- X, known as Twitter
Additional notable companies headquartered in Silicon Valley (some of which are defunct, subsumed, or relocated) include:
- 23andMe
- 3Com (acquired by Hewlett-Packard)
- 8x8
- Actel (acquired by Microsemi)
- Actuate Corporation
- Adaptec (acquired by PMC-Sierra)
- Aeria Games and Entertainment
- Altera (acquired by Intel)
- Amazon's A9.com
- Amazon's Lab126.com
- Amdahl (acquired by Fujitsu)
- Atari
- Atmel (acquired by Microchip Technology)
- Broadcom)
- Palm Inc.)
- BEA Systems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
- Cypress Semiconductor (acquired by Infineon Technologies)
- Extreme Networks
- Fairchild Semiconductor (acquired by onsemi)
- Flex(formally Flextronics)
- Foundry Networks (acquired by Brocade Communications Systems)
- Geeknet (Slashdot)
- GlobalFoundries (moved to Malta, New York)
- GoPro
- Harmonic, Inc.
- Hitachi Data Systems
- Hitachi Global Storage Technologies(acquired by Western Digital)
- Hewlett Packard Enterprise (moved to Spring, Texas)
- IDEO
- Informatica
- LinkedIn (acquired by Microsoft)
- Denver, Colorado)
- LSI (acquired by Broadcom)
- Maxtor (acquired by Seagate)
- McAfee (acquired by Intel)
- Memorex (acquired by Burroughs)
- Mozilla Foundation
- Move, Inc.
- National Semiconductor (acquired by Texas Instruments)
- Nook (subsidiary of Barnes & Noble)
- Oracle Corporation (moved to Austin, Texas)
- Palo Alto Networks
- TCL Corporation)
- PARC
- Proofpoint
- Quantcast
- Quora
- Rambus
- Roku, Inc.
- EMC)
- SanDisk (acquired by Western Digital)
- SolarCity (acquired by Tesla, Inc.)
- Sony Mobile Communications(U.S. subsidiary headquarters)
- Sony Interactive Entertainment
- SRI International
- Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
- SunPower
- SurveyMonkey
- Symantec (now part of Gen Digital and headquartered in Tempe, Arizona)
- Roche)
- Tesla, Inc. (now headquartered in Austin, Texas)
- TIBCO Software
- TiVo (acquired by Xperi)
- Uber
- Verifone (moved to Coral Springs, Florida)
- VeriSign (moved to Reston, Virginia)
- Symantec)
- VMware (acquired by Dell Technologies)
- Walmart Labs
- Cisco Systems)
- YouTube (acquired by Google)
- Yelp, Inc.
- Zoom
- Zynga
- Xilinx (acquired by AMD)
Demographics
Depending on what geographic regions are included in the meaning of the term, the population of Silicon Valley is between 3.5 and 4 million. A 1999 study by
Gender
In November 2006, the University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state.[93] The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs.[94]: 4, 7 This was the lowest percentage in the state.[95] (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.)[94]
Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men.[96] This is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering.[97] He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg—are men.[96]
As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. Bloomberg reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended the 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts.[98] The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech.[99] As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups.[100]
After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November 2006,
Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&P 100.[103]
The 2012 lawsuit
Race
A 2017 study showed that white males made up the majority of higher positions, with 58.7% holding executive positions and 46.5% being managers. The second highest position holders were Asian men, with 16.3% having executive positions and 17.9% being managers. Black and Latino people had the lowest percentages in all categories.[109]
Harvard Business Review published an article in 2018 discussing diversity and inclusion and gave statistics on black employees along with advice to future black technicians. LeRon L. Barton, a black man who spent over two decades in Tech, gave an insight on his work experiences. He said he saw no one who looked like him in his profession and said he received many comments that he believed disregarded his skill such as being called the diversity hire. He described being isolated from his team, and constantly having to prove he could do the job he was hired for.[110]
Statistics
This section needs to be updated.(March 2024) |
In 2014, tech companies Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Apple, and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May,
In August 2014, Apple reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians.[114] Soon after, USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms."[115] Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in the tech industry, "This is the next step in the civil rights movement"[116] while T. J. Rodgers has argued against Jackson's assertions.
According to a 2019 Lincoln Network survey, 48% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as
Municipalities
The following Santa Clara County cities are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):[118][119]
The geographical boundaries of Silicon Valley have changed over the years. Historically, the term Silicon Valley was treated as synonymous with Santa Clara Valley,[1][2][3] and then its meaning later evolved to refer to Santa Clara County plus adjacent regions in southern San Mateo County and southern Alameda County.[120] However, over the years this geographical area has been expanded to include San Francisco County, Contra Costa County, and the northern parts of Alameda County and San Mateo County, this shift has occurred due to the expansion in the local economy and the development of new technologies.[120]
The United States Department of Labor's Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program defined Silicon Valley as the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz.[121]
In 2015, MIT researchers developed a novel method for measuring which towns are home to startups with higher growth potential and this defines Silicon Valley to center on the municipalities of Menlo Park, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.[122][123]
Education
Colleges and universities
The Silicon Valley includes many colleges and universities including Stanford University, a private university, and the University of California, Berkeley, a public university. Both are considered to be world-leading institutions.[124] More broadly, colleges and universities in the area include:
- Bay Area Medical Academy
- California University of Management and Technology
- California South Bay University
- Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley
- Cañada College
- Chabot College
- De Anza College
- DeVry University
- Evergreen Valley College
- Foothill College
- Gavilan College
- Golden Gate University
- International Technological University
- Lincoln Law School of San Jose
- Menlo College
- Mission College
- National University San Jose Campus
- Northwestern Polytechnic University
- Ohlone College
- Palo Alto University
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, West Campus
- Peralta Colleges
- San Jose City College
- San José State University
- Santa Clara University
- Sofia University
- Stanford University
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Silicon Valley Campus
- University of San Francisco South Bay Campus
- University of Silicon Valley
- West Valley College
- William Jessup University
Secondary Education
Funding for public schools in upscale Silicon Valley communities such as Woodside is often supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents. Schools in less affluent areas such as East Palo Alto must depend on state funding.[125]
Culture
Events
- Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, San Jose
- Facebook F8, San Jose
- Silicon Valley Comic Con, San Jose
- Silicon Valley Pride, San Jose
Museums
- Computer History Museum
- Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose
- De Saisset Museum at Santa Clara University
- Hiller Aviation Museum
- History Park by History San José
- The HP Garage
- Intel Museum
- Los Altos History Museum
- Moffett Field Historical Society Museum
- Palo Alto Art Center
- Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum
- The Tech Museum of Innovation
Media
In 1980, Intelligent Machines Journal changed its name to InfoWorld, and, with offices in Palo Alto, began covering the emergence of the microcomputer industry in the valley.[127]
Local and national media cover Silicon Valley and its companies. CNN,
Specialty media include
Cultural references
Some appearances in media, in order by release date:
- A View to a Kill—1985 film from the James Bond series. Bond thwarts an elaborate ploy by the film's antagonist, Max Zorin, to destroy Silicon Valley.[128]
- Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires– 1996 documentary
- Pirates of Silicon Valley—1999 film about the early days of Apple Computer and Microsoft (though the latter has never been based in Silicon Valley)
- Code Monkeys—2007 comedy series
- The Social Network—2010 film
- Amazon Video[130]
- Jobs—2013 film
- The Internship—2013 comedy film about working at Google
- Silicon Valley—2014 American sitcom from HBO
- Halt and Catch Fire—2014 TV series, the last two seasons are primarily set in Silicon Valley
- Steve Jobs—2015 film
- Watch Dogs 2—2016 video game developed by Ubisoft
- Valley of the Boom—2019 docudrama about the 1990s tech boom in Silicon Valley
- Devs—2020 TV miniseries
- Start-Up—2020 South Korean television series, when three artificial intelligence (A.I.) developers from South Korea are offered positions as engineers for the fictional company, 2STO which is located in Silicon Valley.
- The Dropout—2022 TV miniseries about the rise and fall of Theranos
- Super Pumped—2022 TV series about Travis Kalanick's time at Uber
See also
- Fail fast (business), an element of corporate culture common among Silicon Valley organizations[131]
- List of tourist attractions in Silicon Valley
- List of places with "Silicon" namesaround the world
- List of technology centers around the world
- Semiconductor industry
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Carmakers who have recently expanded to Silicon Valley include Volkswagen, Hyundai, General Motors, Ford, Honda, Toyota, BMW, Nissan and Mercedes-Benz.
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A 2013 census showed Santa Clara County having more than 7,000 homeless people, the fifth-highest homeless population per capita in the country and among the highest populations sleeping outside or in unsuitable shelters like vehicles.
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Silicon Valley is thick with those who might be called working-class millionaires
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This is one of Silicon Valley's most glaring faults: It is male-dominated.
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We're in the middle of a shifting trend where there are newly wealthy women putting their money to work, and similarly we're starting to have a larger number of experienced investors,
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That's the full verdict. No on all claims.
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We may look back at this as a watershed moment—regardless of how the very attentive jury comes out on their verdict.
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Ms. Klein argued that the Kleiner trial would become a landmark case for women in the workplace, as consequential for corporate gender relations as Anita Hill's accusations in 1991 of sexual harassment during the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas
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In a sign that the struggle over the place of women in Silicon Valley is only beginning, gender discrimination suits have recently been filed against two prominent companies, Facebook and Twitter.
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After years of drawing a sharp circle that included Santa Clara County as well as southern San Mateo and Alameda counties, this newspaper is expanding the geographic boundaries that it considers to be part of Silicon Valley to include the five core Bay Area counties: Santa Clara, San Mateo, San Francisco, Alameda and Contra Costa.
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In wealthy districts, the public schools have essentially been privatized; they insulate themselves from shortfalls in state funding with money raised by foundations they have set up for themselves.
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Further reading
Books
- Bronson, Po (2013). The Nudist on the Lateshift: and Other Tales of Silicon Valley. ISBN 978-1-4481-8964-9.
- ISBN 978-0-88730-855-0.
- Halpin, Darren R., and Anthony J. Nownes. The New Entrepreneurial Advocacy: Silicon Valley Elites in American Politics (Oxford University Press, USA, 2021).
- English-Lueck, June Anne (2002). Cultures@Silicon Valley. ISBN 978-0-8047-4429-4.
- Hayes, Dennis (1990) [1989]. Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era. ISBN 978-0-921689-62-1.
- ISBN 978-0-688-17906-9.
- Koepp, Rob (April 11, 2003). Clusters of Creativity: Enduring Lessons on Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Silicon Valley and Europe's Silicon Fen. ISBN 978-0-470-85566-9.
- Lécuyer, Christophe Lécuyer (2006) [2005]. Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970. ISBN 978-0-262-12281-8.
- ISBN 978-1-4493-8839-3.
- O'Mara, Margaret. The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America (2019).
- O'Mara, Margaret Pugh (2015) [2004]. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. ISBN 978-1-4008-6688-5.
- Pellow, David N; Park, Lisa Sun-Hee (2002). The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-tech Global Economy. ISBN 978-0-8147-6710-8.
- ISBN 978-0-674-75340-2.
- Scoville, Thomas (2001). Silicon Follies (Fiction). ISBN 978-0-7434-1945-1.
- Whiteley, Carol; McLaughlin, John (2002). Technology, Entrepreneurs and Silicon Valley. Silicon Valley Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-9649217-1-9. Archived from the originalon December 4, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
Journals and newspapers
- Alexandre, Olivier. "Culture as a universal variable opportunity flow and selection process in Silicon Valley." Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation (2022). online
- Kantor, Jodi (December 23, 2014). "A Brand New World in Which Men Ruled". The New York Times.
- Koenig, Neil (February 9, 2014). "Next Silicon Valleys: How did California get it so right?". BBC News.
- Kwon, Doris, and Olav Sorenson. "The Silicon Valley Syndrome." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (2021): online
- Malone, Michael S. (January 30, 2015). "The Purpose of Silicon Valley". MIT Technology Review.
- Norr, Henry (December 27, 1999). "Growth of a Silicon Empire". San Francisco Chronicle.
- Palmer, Barbara (February 4, 2004). "Red tile roofs in Bangalore: Stanford's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond". Stanford Report.
- Schulz, Thomas (March 4, 2015). "Tomorrowland: How Silicon Valley Shapes Our Future". Der Spiegel.
- Sturgeon, Timothy J. (December 2000). "Chapter Two: How Silicon Valley Came to Be" (PDF). Industrial Performance Center. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- Williams, James C. (December 2013). "From White Gold to Silicon Chips: Hydraulic Technology, Electric Power and Silicon Valley". Social Science Information (Abstract). 52 (4). S2CID 145080600. (Subscription required for full text.)
Audiovisual
- Silicon Valley: A Five Part Series (DVD). Narrated by Leonard Nimoy. Silicon Valley Historical Association. 2012.
{{cite AV media}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - Staff (August 27, 2010). "A Weekend in Silicon Valley". The New York Times (Slideshow).
External links
- Santa Clara County: California's Historic Silicon Valley—A National Park Service website
- Silicon Valley—An American Experience documentary broadcast in 2013
- Silicon Valley Cultures Project at the Wayback Machine (archived December 20, 2007) from San Jose State University
- Silicon Valley Historical Association
- Silicon Valley Central Chamber of Commerce website