Siliguri

Coordinates: 26°43′N 88°26′E / 26.71°N 88.43°E / 26.71; 88.43
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Siliguri
Silīguḍī
Shiliguri
District
No. of
Siliguri Police Commissionerate
Websitewww.siligurismc.in, www.siliguri.gov.in
1The coordinates given here are in metric system and based upon the Microsoft Encarta Reference Library Map Center 2005 2 The Vehicle Code given here is based upon the Siliguri Sub-Divisional Court, Darjeeling District Court and Jalpaiguri District Court documentations.

Siliguri (

urban agglomeration in West Bengal, after Kolkata and Asansol.[15][16]

Siliguri has great strategic importance in West Bengal, with convenient access to four international borders:

Eastern Himalayas, Siliguri is a significant trading and transportation hub.[17]

History

Map of Darjeeling district (1838) during regime of Rajah of Sikkim

Middle Ages history

Map of Darjeeling district (1876) after being considered a "regulated area" by the British government

According to Sailen Debnath, "Siliguri" means a stack of pebbles or stones. Until the 19th century this region was called as "Shilchaguri" when there was dense Dolka forest covering the region. Siliguri was a small agricultural village in the Kingdom of Sikkim. It was captured by the Kingdom of Nepal in 1788, after which Kirati and Nepali Lepchas came to settle in this region.[18]

At that time a river port on

Malda, Bengal and Bihar. This riverine trade line was thus used by the Bhutanese and Sikkimese to bring goods into their mainland.[citation needed
]

Modern history

Siliguri started as a small area in the northern part of city, on the front of Mahananda River, which is now Dagapur. The Treaty of Sugauli in 1816, signed between Britain-Nepal, changed the prospects of Siliguri, and it became a point of transit for the Darjeeling hills and Nepal mainland. From 1816 onwards, Siliguri started growing rapidly as a small city due to its strategic location in trade routes. In 1865, the British captured Darjeeling and the entire Dooars region to build tea plantations and export the produce to England. To scale up exportation they introduced the Siliguri Town railway station which stands to this day, and introduced the Toy train from the station to Darjeeling in 1880. This helped Siliguri gain sub-divisional town status in 1907.[19]

Toy train passing through Siliguri after independence, in 1955

The "

Meter gauge Siliguri Junction railway station. After few years in 1961 all these stations were connected with broad gauge New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station which later became the most important railway station in Northeast India.[22]

Due to tremendous growth, Siliguri is now far away from its past outlook, becoming the largest and fastest growing city in eastern India after Guwahati. The growth rate of Siliguri was 57.8% during 1971- 1981. Considering this growth, Siliguri came under the Integrated Urban Development Project program in 1981. Siliguri population growth rate rose to 46.8% of 1981–1991. A treaty between India and China for trade through Nathu La Pass, has expedited development and prospects of Siliguri as an international transportation and logistics hub. Later in 1994 Siliguri built a Municipal corporation which has been responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Siliguri. Siliguri has now achieved the status of becoming the 3rd largest city in West Bengal, after Kolkata and Asansol.[23]

Geography

Location

Siliguri is located at the foothills of the eastern Himalayas at a location of 26°43′N 88°26′E / 26.71°N 88.43°E / 26.71; 88.43. The city is spread over an area of 260 km2 within the

Teesta river is not far from the city. Siliguri has an average elevation of 122 metres (400 feet).[24] As Siliguri is located in the Terai region, the soil is sandy in nature with the ratio of sand and silt much higher than clay. This region is very prone to earthquake as there are several fault lines nearby.[25][26][27][28]
The
Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal and the Indian state of Bihar. On the east lies Jalpaiguri district and Kalimpong district and bounded on the west by the country of Nepal, thus strategically so important.[29]

Climate

Siliguri falls under the humid subtropical climate (Cwa), when using the Köppen climate classification. Warm summers, cooler winters and a severe monsoon defines Siliguri's climate.

Temperature

The average annual temperature in Siliguri is 23.2 °C. In summer, the temperature varies from a minimum of 18-22 °C to a maximum of 28-32 °C.[30] The temperature of the hottest month, August, is 27.1 °C. The temperature in summer sometimes exceeds 35 °C.[31][32][33][34] On the other hand, the winter maximum temperature hovers around 20-25 °C, and the minimum drops 6-9 °C.[30] January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 16.4 °C. The minimum temperature in winter season sometimes drops 5 °C or below.[35][36][37][38] The highest temperature ever recorded in Siliguri is 41.9 °C, recorded on 7 June 2023,[39] while the lowest was recorded on 8 January 2018, when the mercury plummeted to 1.9 °C.[40][41]

Rainfall and other conditions

On an average, Siliguri gets 3340 mm per year.[42] Winters are mostly dry, with the summers being rainy. About 80% of the annual rainfall is felt between June and September, this period is known as monsoons or rainy season in the season cycle. Heavy showers are often felt in May,[43] June,[44] July,[45] August and September.[46] July is the wettest month (804 mm) and January is the driest month (12 mm). The average rainy days in July is 27 and for December and January it is 1. Humidity is high throughout the year.

Climate data for Siliguri (Bagdogra Airport), Normals (1991-2021), Extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		38.1
(100.6) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.8
(105.4) 		41.9
(107.4) 		40.4
(104.7) 		40.0
(104.0) 		40.1
(104.2) 		36.6
(97.9) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		41.9
(107.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.9
(94.8) 		35.3
(95.5) 		36.3
(97.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		30.4
(86.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		24.5
(76.1) 		29.3
(84.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.9
(85.8) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.7
(81.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24
(75) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		18.7
(65.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		6.5
(43.7)
Record low °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		3.5
(38.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		1.9
(35.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23
(0.9) 		24
(0.9) 		34
(1.3) 		76
(3.0) 		249
(9.8) 		628
(24.7) 		843
(33.2) 		589
(23.2) 		403
(15.9) 		121
(4.8) 		10
(0.4) 		11
(0.4) 		3,011
(118.5)
Average rainy days 4 4 5 11 17 20 21 20 18 8 2 2 132
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		69 65 54 63 79 88 90 88 87 80 70 68 75
Average ultraviolet index 5 7 9 11 12 13 14 13 11 8 5 4 9
Source 1: normal temperatures[47][48]Ultraviolet Index[49]
Source 2: Extremes(India Meteorological Department[50]), Mean maximum and Mean minimum temperatures[51]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1951 33,000—    
1961 66,000+100.0%
1971 100,000+51.5%
1981 234,000+134.0%
1991 367,000+56.8%
2001 479,000+30.5%
2011 701,489+46.4%
Source: [52]

Based on the Census data of 2011, the population of Siliguri UA/Metropolitan (including Siliguri municipal corporation and Dabagram municipality) is 701,489, while the population in the Municipal corporation area is 5,13,264.[3][15][53] Males constitute 51.44% of the population and females 48.55%. Population shares of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe category persons in Siliguri municipal area are 8.84% and 1.25% respectively. The literacy rate in Siliguri is 77.64%.[53][8] There are 154 notified and 31 non-notified slums in Siliguri, where 32% of Siliguri's population lives.[54]

Languages

Languages of Siliguri (2011)[55]

  
Hindi (25.24%)
  Nepali (4.66%)
  Bhojpuri (2.39%)
  Marwari (1.58%)
  Urdu
(1.24%)
  Others (4.01%)

Bengali is the official language in Siliguri subdivision, including Siliguri city.[56]

In the municipal corporation at the time of the 2011 census, 60.88% of the population spoke Bengali, 25.24% Hindi, 4.66% Nepali, 2.39% Bhojpuri, 1.58% Marwari and 1.24% Urdu as their first language.[55]

Odias, and Tribals. According to a 2001 thesis, Bengali speakers had a percentage of 64.25% out of the total population. Of the 30 wards in 2001, their population ranged from 11.71% to 98.96%.[57]

Religion

Religion in Siliguri City[58]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 91.98%
Islam
 
 5.37%
Christianity
 
 0.94%
Buddhism
 
 0.65%
Other or not stated
 
 1.05%

The most commonly followed religion in Siliguri is Hinduism, with Islam being the largest minority religion, followed by small percentage of adherents of Christianity and Buddhism.[58]

Governance and politics

Civic administration

Siliguri saw rapid urbanisation under the British rule and that was reflected in its local governance as well. The earliest form of local urban governance was a Sanitation Committee set up in 1915.[59] Its function was to dispose off night soil. Till 1921, most aspects of local governance in Darjeeling district, including Siliguri, was looked after by the Darjeeling Improvement Fund. In 1922, Siliguri Local Board with nominated members was created under the Bengal Local Self Government Act, 1885. In 1938, the Union Board was set up in Siliguri under the Bengal Village Self-Government Act, 1919 and it provided public utilities in the city.

The

Municipal Council was set up in 1949 under the Bengal Municipal Act of 1932 with 8 wards.[59]
The first chairperson of the municipality was the Sub Divisional Officer, and the local councillors, called 'commissioners' in the then municipal act in effect, were nominated by the state government. After the amendment of the act in 1956, 3/4 of the local representatives were elected, while the remaining nominated by the Deputy Commissioner. The first elected chairperson of Siliguri was Jagdish Chandra Bhattacharya.

In 1994, the municipal council was upgraded to the

All India Trinamool Congress won 17 seats, Indian National Congress won 5 seats, Bharatiya Janata Party won 2 seats, while an independent candidate won 1 seat.[62] The mayor of Siliguri for the 5-year term of 2015-20 was Ashok Bhattacharya from CPIM, who was later elected as the local Member of Legislative Assembly as well.[63]

The term of the last elected body of Siliguri Municipal Corporation ended on 7 May, 2,020 but municipal elections could not be held because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[64] A Board of Administrators was established with the outgoing mayor, Ashok Bhattacharya, as the chairperson. This board will take care of the civic utilities of the city till the new municipal body is elected. This follows the establishment of similar boards first in state capital Kolkata and then the rest of the state.[65]

Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha constituency

Siliguri is part of the

Siliguri Vidhan Sabha Constituency is Sankar Ghosh.[67]

Civic services and infrastructure

Building plans in Siliguri are approved by Siliguri Municipal corporation; for building up to 3 storeys including parking, the Borough Offices give clearance, while for buildings with more than 3 storeys, the Building Department gives the approval.[68] The present City Development Plan 2041 for Siliguri was developed in 2015 as part of the Capacity Building for Urban Development project under the then Ministry of Urban Development by the private consultancy, CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited.[54] Siliguri City comes under Siliguri Jalpaiguri Planning Area and the responsibility of planning and development of the city lies with Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority.

The Public Health Engineering Department of the state government is responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure for water supply, while the Water Supply department of the corporation provides new connections, supplies water, and collects the user charges.[54][69] The Conservancy Environment Department of the corporation provides Solid Waste Management services in the city.[70] Each ward in the city has its own Solid Waste Management committee that takes care of cleanliness at the ward level.[54] The Public Works Department of the corporation and Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority are both responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads in Siliguri.[71][72][73] Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority also prepared the Traffic & Transportation Master Plan 2030 and the Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Siliguri Jalpaiguri Planning Area.[74]

Flora and fauna

Flora

Orchid
Sukna forest, Siliguri

Siliguri and surrounding the Sub-Himalayan forests are rich in fauna diversity. The plains of North Bengal (Siliguri,

Tropical and characterised by dense growth of tall Sal (Shorea robusta
). Sal occupies about 80% of all vegetation in these tropical forest.

These forests are categorised by their dominating plant species such as

1) East Himalayan Sal Forest, present on the lower slopes of

Orchids

2)

Terminalia tomentosa, and Schima wallichii

3) Eastern Tarai Sal Forest, generally found in lower altitudes compared to other two types of forest. This type of forest characterised by various species of

Sal which is found in Baikunthapur Forest, near Siliguri city.[75]

The rapid growth of the city has led to deforestation, making Siliguri warmer day by day and unbalancing the ecosystem.

Fauna

Wild Indian elephant at Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary

Siliguri is located in the Terai region ("moist land"), a belt of marshy grasslands and dense tropical deciduous moist forests at the base of Himalaya range which is rich in biodiversity, containing numerous rare species of flora and fauna. These forests are characterised by their distinct wildlife variety. Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary near Siliguri is famous for elephants. Sukna is the gateway to this sanctuary, which is 12 km from Siliguri.

These sub-Himalayan forests are the home of various types of wild animals like the

barking deer, wild pig, monkey, civet, snake, lizard, mountain goat, sambar, chital and fishing cat. These forests are also home of about 243 different bird species like the pied hornbill, egret, kingfisher, drongo, fly catcher, woodpecker and others. Another common sight is migratory water birds.[76]

Transport

Road

NH 27 crosses through the heart of the city[77] which is now a part of the AH2 project. Siliguri is the origin of the century-old Hill Cart Road that is NH 110, which connects Siliguri and Darjeeling[78] (77 km) dating from the British period. Siliguri also is the origin of NH 10 which connects Gangtok,[79][80] and NH 12 which connects Pankhabari-Mirik. The highways NH 327, that connects Siliguri — Panitanki and NH 327B connecting Panitanki - Mechi Bridg, are also part of AH2. It connects to adjacent countries through following routes:

Bus service

Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus

Rail

Being a transportation hub,[87] Siliguri is well connected through railway with almost all parts of the country. There are seven stations that serve the city.

New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station

New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express, 4 Rajdhani Express, 2 Tourist Vistadome Express, 1 Shatabdi Express and 2 Humsafar Express.[94]

Siliguri Junction railway station
Siliguri Junction

Siliguri Junction railway station (station code SGUJ)[95] established in 1949[96] is another major broad gauge and narrow gauge railway station of Siliguri. Until 2011 it was the only triple gauge (broad gauge, meter gauge and narrow gauge) railway station in India.[97] After 2011, the meter gauge was shut down, but the track remains between Siliguri Junction railway station and Bagdogra railway station. Many different cities in India are serviced from this station.[98]

Siliguri Town railway station

Siliguri Town railway station is one of the oldest railway station (station code SGUT)[99] of the region, opened in 1880[100][101] for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (Toy train) connecting Siliguri and Darjeeling. Its importance diminished with the construction of the Siliguri Junction railway station and New Jalpaiguri junction. Siliguri Town railway station is also a broad gauge and narrow gauge railway station, and is halting point for 8 trains only.[102]

Bagdogra railway station

Siliguri-Aluabari broad gauge single line via Thakurganj. This station is the halting point for 14 trains.[104]

Gulma railway station

New Jalpaiguri-Alipurduar-Samuktala Road Line
. This station is the halting point of 5 trains. Mainly passenger train halt at in this station.

Matigara Railway Station

Matigara Railway Station (station code MTRA)[105] is situated at Mathapari, West Bengal.[105] Trains passing through this station include MLFC - SGUJ DEMU and SGUJ- MLFC DEMU. This station has a single platform and two tracks; one broad gauge line and one metre gauge line.[citation needed
]

Rangapani railway station

Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line
. This station is a halting point for 2 passenger trains.

Air

Bagdogra International Airport

civil enclave at AFS Bagdogra of the Indian Air Force. This airport is a major transport hub in the region, with flights to Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Dibrugarh and has international connectivity with Paro and Bangkok. The airport also has regular helicopter services to Gangtok. Due to its location near Darjeeling hills and Sikkim
, the Bagdogra Airport sees thousands of tourists annually.

Central government of India confirmed international airport status to this airport in 2002 with limited international operations.[106][107] This is one of the few airports in India with zero sales tax on aviation turbine fuel.[108]

Educational facilities

North Bengal Medical College
North Bengal University administrative building.
North Bengal St. Xavier's College.
Surendra Institute of Engineering and Management.
Don Bosco School, Siliguri.

University

Colleges

General degree colleges[110]
Medical colleges
Engineering colleges
Other Colleges
  • Inspiria Knowledge Campus

Schools

English Medium Schools
Army Schools

Media

Newspaper
English newspapers including
Times of India, The Statesman,[118] The Economic Times, and The Asian Age are widely circulated throughout the city. Several Bengali newspapers including Uttarbanga Sambad,[119] Anandabazar Patrika,[120] Bartaman,[121] Uttarer Saradin,[122] Aajkaal, Pratidin, and Ganashakti[123] and Nepali Paper Himalaya Darpan are available. The leading Hindi dailies Prabhat Khabar[124][125] and Janpath Samachar[126] are also published from Siliguri.The online based news portals Siliguri Times,[127] Khabar Arohan,[128] Bong Siliguri Times,[129] CCN News, The Siliguri Journal,[130] and Siliguri Barta,[131] Times of North
provide live updates regarding Siliguri and adjacent areas.
Radio
Ustad Rashid Khan, Subhas Mukhopadhyay, Shashi Kapoor, Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, Madhuri Chattopadhyay, and Priya Ranjan Dasmunshi have visited AIR Siliguri.[134] Popular programs executing from here are Pratyusha, Yuva Anusthan, Grame Ganje, Mahila Majlis, Mananiyeshu, Sishumahal and Arogya.[135] Two radio channels are operated from AIR
Siliguri through which programs are broadcasting daily:
No. Name[136] Frequency[137] Language
01 Primary Channel (PC) PC: 421.9 Metres 711 kHz (Medium wave) Bengali
02 Vividh Bharati Service (VBS) VBS: 101.4 MHz (High wave) Bengali/Hindi
In addition to All India Radio, Siliguri has several private FM radio channels:
No. Name[138][139] Frequency[140] Language
01 Nine FM 91.9 FM Hindi
02 Radio High[141] 92.7 FM Hindi
03
Red FM
 93.5 FM Hindi
04 Radio Misty 94.3 FM Bengali
05 Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM Bengali
06 Air Rainbow[142] 102.3 FM Hindi/English
Television
Siliguri receives almost all television channels received by rest of the country. Apart from the national terrestrial network Doordarshan,[143][144] cable TV serves most of the houses.[145][146] Siliguri also receives some Nepali[147] and Bangladeshi channels too. Siliguri has three local channels: CCN,[148] Amar Cable and HTV. There is a TV tower in Kurseong,[149] about 25 km from Siliguri.

Sports facilities

Siliguri hosts numerous sporting events and matches to influence and build develop young athletes from the city. Some of the important sports enthusiast local clubs in Siliguri organise several cricket, football, volleyball, swimming competition, TT matches etc. S.A.I or

Teesta river.[157]

U-19 football tournament at Kanchenjunga Stadium, Siliguri
Municipal corporation indoor stadium

Kanchenjunga Stadium

Kanchanjunga Stadium, a multipurpose stadium, is the main stadium in Siliguri,[158] and is primarily used for football matches, although it has also hosted several cricket matches. It has a capacity of 30,000[159] people at a time. Recently[when?] this stadium is all set to get a facelift.[160]

Football:

Cricket:

Municipal corporation indoor stadium

Indoor sports including

lawn tennis and chess are played here. Siliguri is renowned for being the training grounds of table tennis players. This stadium can hold 5000 people at a time. The Senior National Table Tennis Championship[165] was recently organised here.[166] Sports festival, 2017 was also held in this indoor stadium.[167]

Visitors' attractions

Coronation Bridge on Teesta
Heritage Toy Train at NJP
Bengal safari park
Gajoldoba view point

cotton teal, tufted duck, little ringed plover, and great cormorant. Due to shuttling of migratory birds, the Pakhibitan sanctuary was established here. A boating facility is available.[172]

North Bengal Wild Animals Park, about 8 km (5.0 mi) away from the city, offers visitors the 'Bengal Safari' to experience sub-Himalayan wildlife closely, such as

Indian bison and migratory birds. It offers mild to medium trekking challenges at some points.[175]

There are some important Hindu and Buddhists monuments in and around the city. Salugara Monastery is located 6 km (3.7 mi) away from Siliguri. The main attraction is the 100 ft (30 m) stupa, which is believed to be founded by the Tibetan Lama, Kalu Rinpoche.[176] This tranquil location for meditation was established by Tibetan monks and followers of Dalai Lama.[177] Sed-Gyued monastery is located near Salugara monastery. It is a breathtaking monument which was destroyed by the Chinese army, and then rebuilt. The monastery is home to more than 90 monks of the Gelukpa division, and is used as a research centre.[178] Ewam India Buddhist Monastrey is 11 km (6.8 mi) from Siliguri and is placed in the lap of nature near Bengal safari.[179] The ISKCON temple in the city, also known as Sri Sri Radha Madhav Sundar Mandir locally, is one of the biggest Krishna centres in the North-Eastern region of India.[180] The Sevoke Kali temple is an ancient temple on the banks of Teesta river close to the Coronation Bridge.This temple dedicated to Maa Kali, the Goddess of Destruction.[181]

Siliguri also offers amusement and water parks to tourists and locals. Dreamland Amusement Park, located near Fulbari, 12 km (7.5 mi) from Siliguri junction, is an agricultural land converted in a fun house. It has 5-6 usual rides and a mini Ropeway. Savin Kingdom is an amusement and water park which is located near Dagapur in Siliguri. The water park has a pool, slides, artificial wave, and rain dance.[182] It also has various joy rides like adrenaline junkies, sky train, break dance, go-carting, and artificial bullsas well as a multiplex, kids zone, and restaurant.[183]

The North Bengal Science Centre, established in 1997, is the only science centre in North Bengal. The main attractions are the Digital Planetarium, Science Shows, 3D Theater, Taramandal Shows, science galleries and a green Science Park.[184][185] The Hong Kong market is known as the Chandni Chowk of Northeast India, a street market with a variety of shops popping out on the alleyways.[186]

Notable people

See also

References

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External links

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