Silky shark
Silky shark | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Chondrichthyes |
Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
Subdivision: | Selachimorpha |
Order: | Carcharhiniformes |
Family: | Carcharhinidae |
Genus: | Carcharhinus |
Species: | C. falciformis
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Binomial name | |
Carcharhinus falciformis (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839)
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Confirmed (dark blue) and suspected (light blue) range of the silky shark[3] | |
Synonyms | |
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The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, gray whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark and sickle silk shark, is a
With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. It feeds mainly on
The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. However,
Taxonomy
A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists
The
Phylogeny and evolution
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Phylogenetic relationships of the silky shark, based on allozyme sequences[10] |
Initial efforts to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the silky shark were inconclusive; based on
More recently, Gavin Naylor's 1992
Distribution and habitat
The silky shark has a
Primarily an inhabitant of the
Description
Slim and streamlined, the silky shark has a fairly long, rounded snout with barely developed flaps of skin in front of the nostrils. The circular, medium-sized eyes are equipped with nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids). Short, shallow furrows are present at the corners of the mouth.[5][24] 14-16 and 13–17 tooth rows are found on either side of the upper and lower jaws, respectively (typically 15 for both). The upper teeth are triangular and strongly serrated, with a notch in the posterior edge; they are erect at the center and become more oblique towards the sides. The lower teeth are narrow, erect, and smooth-edged. The five pairs of gill slits are moderate in length.[25]
The
The skin is densely covered by minute, overlapping
Biology and ecology
The silky shark is one of the three most common
Younger silky sharks are known to form large, loosely organized aggregations, possibly for mutual defense.
Potential predators of the silky shark include larger sharks and
Feeding
The silky shark is an opportunistic predator, feeding mainly on
Studies conducted off the Florida coast and the Bahamas have shown that silky sharks are highly sensitive to sound, in particular low-frequency (10–20 Hz), irregular pulses. Experiments in which these sounds were played underwater attracted sharks from hundreds of meters away. Silky sharks likely orient to these sounds because they are similar to the noise generated by feeding animals such as birds or dolphins, thus indicating promising sources of food.[28][30] These studies have also demonstrated that a silky shark attracted by one sound will quickly withdraw if that sound abruptly changes in amplitude or character; this change need not be a sound produced by a predator to evoke the reaction. Over repeated exposures, silky sharks habituate to the sound change and stop withdrawing, though it takes them much longer to do so compared to the bolder oceanic whitetip shark.[34]
The bite force of a 2-m-long silky shark has been measured at 890 newtons (200 lbf).[40] A well-established association exists between this species and tuna: off Ghana, almost every tuna school has silky sharks trailing behind, and in the eastern Pacific, these sharks inflict such damage to tuna fishing gear and catches that fishery workers have given them the moniker "net-eating sharks".[5][26] Silky sharks and bottlenose dolphins compete when both species target the same school of fish; the amount eaten by the dolphins decreases relative to the number of sharks present. If a large number of sharks is present, they tend to remain inside the prey school, while the dolphins consign themselves to the periphery, possibly to avoid incidental injury from the sharks' slashing attacks. Conversely, if a large enough group of dolphins gathers, they become able to chase the sharks away from the prey school. Regardless of which one dominates, the two predators do not engage in any overtly aggressive behavior against each other.[41]
Life history
Like other members of its family, the silky shark is
Silky sharks in most parts of the world are thought to reproduce year-round, whereas
Region | Length at birth | Male length at maturity | Female length at maturity |
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Northwestern Atlantic | 68–84 cm (27–33 in)[3] | 2.15–2.25 m (7.1–7.4 ft)[27] | 2.32–2.46 m (7.6–8.1 ft)[27] |
Eastern Atlantic | ? | 2.20 m (7.2 ft)[43] | 2.38–2.50 m (7.8–8.2 ft)[26][43] |
Indian | 56–87 cm (22–34 in)[3] | 2.39–2.40 m (7.8–7.9 ft)[3][44] | 2.16–2.60 m (7.1–8.5 ft)[3][44] |
Western Pacific | ? | 2.10–2.14 m (6.9–7.0 ft)[45][46] | 2.02–2.20 m (6.6–7.2 ft)[45][47] |
Central Pacific | 65–81 cm (26–32 in)[47] | 1.86 m (6.1 ft)[48] | 2.00–2.18 m (6.56–7.15 ft)[22][48] |
Eastern Pacific | 70 cm (28 in)[3] | 1.80–1.82 m (5.9–6.0 ft)[1][3] | 1.80–1.82 m (5.9–6.0 ft)[1][3] |
The life history characteristics of the silky shark differ across its range (see table). Northwestern Atlantic sharks tend to be larger than those in the western-central Pacific at all ages, while eastern Pacific sharks tend to be smaller than sharks in other regions. Eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean sharks seem to match or exceed the size of northwestern Atlantic sharks, but the figures are based on relatively few individuals and more data are needed.[3]
The overall growth rate of the silky shark is moderate compared to other shark species and similar for both sexes, though it varies significantly between individuals. One central Pacific study has found females growing much slower than males, but the results may have been skewed by missing data from large females.
Human interactions
Given its formidable size and dentition, the silky shark is regarded as potentially dangerous to humans. However, it only rarely comes into contact with people due to its oceanic habits.[8] Its natural curiosity and boldness may lead it to repeatedly and closely approach divers, and it can become dangerously excited in the presence of food. The silky shark tends to be more aggressive if encountered on a reef than in open water. Cases of individual sharks persistently harassing divers and even forcing them out of the water have been reported.[39][49] As of May 2009, the International Shark Attack File lists six attacks attributable to the silky shark, three of them unprovoked and none fatal.[50]
Large numbers of silky sharks are caught by
Conservation
As one of the most abundant and widely distributed sharks on Earth, the silky shark was once thought to be mostly immune to depletion despite heavy fishing mortality. In 1989 alone, some 900,000 individuals were taken as bycatch in the southern and central Pacific tuna longline fishery, seemingly without effect on the total population.[27] Fishery data on this shark are often confounded by under-reporting, lack of species-level separation, and problematic identification. Nevertheless, mounting evidence indicates the silky shark has, in fact, declined substantially worldwide, a consequence of its modest reproductive rate which is unable to sustain such high levels of exploitation. The total annual catch reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization fell steadily from 11,680 tons in 2000 to 4,358 tons in 2004. Regional assessments have found similar trends, estimating declines of some 90% in the central Pacific from the 1950s to the 1990s, 60% off Costa Rica from 1991 to 2000, 91% in the Gulf of Mexico from the 1950s to the 1990s, and 85% (for all large requiem sharks) in the northwestern Atlantic from 1986 to 2005. The silky shark fishery off Sri Lanka reported a drop from a peak catch of 25,400 tons in 1994 to only 1,960 tons in 2006, indicative of a local stock collapse. However, Japanese fisheries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have recorded no change in catch rate between the 1970s and the 1990s,[1] and the validity of the methodologies used to assess declines in the Gulf of Mexico and the northwestern Atlantic have come under much debate.[52][53][54]
As of 2017, the silky shark is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a vulnerable species. The silky shark is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, though this has yet to result in any management schemes. The species should benefit from bans on shark finning, which are being increasingly implemented by nations and supranational entities, including the United States, Australia, and the European Union.[1] Organizations such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission have also taken steps to improve fishery monitoring, with the ultimate goal of reducing shark bycatch.[3] However, given the highly migratory nature of the silky shark and its association with tuna, no simple way is known to reduce bycatch without also affecting the economics of the fishery.[23]
References
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- ^ ISBN 978-92-5-101384-7.
- ^ Müller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1839). Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (volume 2). Veit und Comp. p. 47.
- ^ JSTOR 1441029.
- ^ a b c d e f g Knickle, C. Biological Profiles: Silky Shark. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on August 12, 2009.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Carcharhinus falciformis" in FishBase. August 2009 version.
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- ^ a b Bourdon, J. (May 2009). Fossil Genera: Carcharhinus. The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks. Retrieved on April 18, 2010.
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- ^ Garrick, J. A .F. (1982). "Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus". NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circ. 445: 1–194.
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- ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Carcharhinus falciformis). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Carcharhinus_falciformis.pdf
- ^ Kohin, S.; Arauz, R.; Holts D. & Vetter, R. (2006). "Preliminary Results: Behavior and habitat preferences of silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) and a big eye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus) tagged in the Eastern Tropical Pacific". In Rojas M.; R. Zanella & I. Zanella (eds.). Primer Seminario-Taller del Estado del Conocimiento de la Condrictiofauna de Costa Rica. INBIO. pp. 17–19.
- ^ Hoffmayer, E. R., Franks, J. S., Driggers, W. B. (III) and Grace, M. A. (March 26, 2009). "Movements and Habitat Preferences of Dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) and Silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) Sharks in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary Results". 2009 MTI Bird and Fish Tracking Conference Proceedings.
- ^ a b c Bonfil, R., Mena R. and de Anda, D. (September 1993). Biological parameters of commercially exploited silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 115:73–86.
- ^ a b Kohler, N. E.; Casey, J. G. & Turner, P. A. (1998). "NMFS Cooperative Shark Tagging Program 1962–63: An atlas of shark tag and recapture data" (PDF). Marine Fisheries Review. 60 (2): 1–87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-09. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
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{{cite book}}
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External links
- Carcharhinus falciformis, Silky shark at FishBase
- Photos of Silky shark on Sealife Collection
- Carcharhinus falciformis (Silky Shark) at IUCN Red List
- Biological Profiles: Silky Shark Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine at Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
- Open Ocean: Silky Shark at ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
- Species Description of Carcharhinus falciformis at www.shark-references.com