Simian

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"Anthropoids" redirects here. For other uses, see Anthropoid (disambiguation) and Simian (disambiguation).
For an explanation of very similar terms, see Monkey.

Simians
Temporal range:
Ma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Haeckel, 1866[1][2][3]
Parvorders


sister: Tarsiiformes

Synonyms
  • Anthropoids
  • cladistic
    sense includes apes, and thus humans)
  • Pithecoidea[4]
  • Simiae[3]
  • Pitheci[3]

The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an

Hominoidea
(apes—including humans).

The simians are sister group to the

Cenozoic era); 40 million years ago, simians colonized South America, giving rise to the New World monkeys. The remaining simians (catarrhines) split about 25 million years ago into Cercopithecidae and apes (including humans
).

Taxonomy and evolution

In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans – collectively known as simians or anthropoids – were grouped under Anthropoidea (

Prosimii". Under modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder Haplorhini, while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.[5] Strong genetic evidence for this is that five SINEs are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines — even one being coincidental between tarsiers and simians would be quite unlikely.[6] Despite this preferred taxonomic division, "prosimian" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the metric system in the sciences and the use of customary units elsewhere in the United States.[7] In the Anthropoidea, evidence indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution.[8]

priority over Anthropoidea because the taxonomic term Simii by van der Hoeven, from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.[1][9] In contrast, Anthropoidea by Mivart dates to 1864,[10] while Simiiformes by Haeckel dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority.[1] Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder name (ending in "iformes"), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -"oidea", which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.[9]

Extant simians are split into two distinct groups. The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini split from the rest of the simian line about 40 million years ago (Mya), leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This latter group split about 25 Mya between the

Cercopithecidae
and the apes. This shows that the Cercopithecidae are closer related to the apes than to the Platyrrhini.

Some lines of extinct simian also are either placed into the Eosimiidae (to reflect their Eocene origin) and sometimes in Amphipithecidae, thought to originate in the Early Oligocene. Additionally, Phileosimias is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and sometimes categorised separately.[11]

Classification

Phylogeny of living (extant) primates
Primates (80 Mya)
Haplorhini (63 Mya)
Simiiformes (42.6 Mya)
Catarrhini (29.0 Mya)

Hominoidea

Cercopithecoidea

Platyrrhini

Tarsiiformes

Strepsirrhini

Cladogram. For each clade, it is indicated approximately how many Mya newer extant clades radiated.[citation needed]

The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:[1][2]

Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging within the Eosimiidae. The simians originated in Asia, while the crown simians were in Afro-Arabia.[12][13][5][14][7][15] It is indicated approximately how many Mya the clades diverged into newer clades.

Haplorhini (64)

Tarsiiformes

Simians (54)
Ekgmowechashalidae (39)

Muangthanhinius (†32 Mya)

(36)

Ekgmowechashala (†)

Eosimiidae (52)
Eosimiidae s.s.(50)
(45)

Eosimias (†40)

Phenacopithecus (†42)

(45)

Bahinia [fr] (†32)

Nosmips aenigmaticus
(†37)

Phileosimias (†28)

(48)

Amphipithecidae (†35)

(45)
Parapithecoidea
Crown Simians (40)
Platyrrhini
 (35)

Perupithecus (†)

(30)
(29)

Chilecebus (†20)

(26)

Tremacebus (†20)

(24)

Homunculus (†16)

Dolichocebus (†20)

(28)

Branisella (†26)

Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)

Catarrhini

Usually the

Nosmips aenigmaticus (previously in Eosimidae[13]) is a basal simian.[18] In a 2021 paper, the following basal simians were found:[19]

Simiiformes
/ (58)
(57)
(56)
(17)
(54)

Eosimiidae s.s. (†41)

(48)

Bahinia (†33)

(45)

Phileosimias (†28)

higher Simians (incl. crown simians)

Eosimiidae s.l.

Dolichocebus annectens and Parvimico materdei would normally, given their South American location and their age and other factors, be considered Platyrrhini. The original Eosmiidae appear polyphyletic with Nosmips, Bahinia, and Phileosimias at different locations from other eosimians.

Biological key-features

In a section of their 2010 assessment of the evolution of anthropoids (simians) entitled "What is an Anthropoid", Williams, Kay, and Kirk set out a list of biological features common to all or most anthropoids, including genetic similarities, similarities in eye location and the muscles close to the eyes, internal similarities between ears, dental similarities, and similarities on foot bone structure.[6] The earliest anthropoids were small primates with varied diets, forward-facing eyes, acute color vision for daytime lifestyles, and brains devoted more to vision and less to smell.[6] Living simians in both the New World and the Old World have larger brains than other primates, but they evolved these larger brains independently.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    .
  3. ^ a b c Haekel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie, Allgemeine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Organismen. pp. CLX.
  4. ISSN 0370-2774
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-118-21145-8
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 20212104
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-539043-8
    .
  8. ^ Lull, Richard Swann (1917). "XXXVII: The Evolution of Man". Organic Evolution (1929 ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 641–86 – via Google Books.
  9. ^
    doi:10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-415-28604-6
    .
  11. PMID 15937103. (Full text PDF
    )
  12. PMID 15937103
    .
  13. ^
    S2CID 89631627
    .
  14. PMID 22696520
    .
  15. ^
    S2CID 215550773
    .
  16. PMID 27151861
    .
  17. ISSN 1094-8074
    .
  18. ^
    S2CID 215550773
    .
  19. PMID 35582793
    .

External links

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Wikispecies has information related to Simian.
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