Sind sparrow
Sind sparrow | |
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Male at Head Marala, Punjab, Pakistan | |
Calls (recorded in Bikaner) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Passeridae |
Genus: | Passer |
Species: | P. pyrrhonotus
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Binomial name | |
Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth, 1845
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Approximate limits of the Sind sparrow's breeding (green) and winter dispersal (sky blue) range, within which it is very local |
The Sind sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus) is a
Within its Indus valley breeding range in
Description
The Sind sparrow is very similar to the house sparrow, and both sexes resemble their counterparts of that species, but it is slightly smaller and males and females each have features that distinguish them as Sind sparrows. The Sind sparrow is 13 cm (5.1 in) long, while the common South Asian subspecies of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus indicus, is 15 cm (5.9 in) long. Wingspans range from 6.2 to 7.0 cm (2.4 to 2.8 in), tails from 4.7 to 5.7 cm (1.9 to 2.2 in), and tarsi measure 1.6–1.9 centimetres (0.63–0.75 in).[2]
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the
The Sind sparrow's chirping chup call is softer, less strident, and higher pitched than that of the house sparrow, and is easily distinguished.[7][8] The song of breeding males includes chirrups interspersed with grating t-r-r-rt notes and short warbles or whistles.[7][8][9]
Taxonomy
The Sind sparrow was first formally described by
The specific epithet of the Sind sparrow, pyrrhonotus, comes from the
The Sind sparrow is a member of the genus Passer, which contains the house sparrow and around twenty other species.[23] In a 1936 review of the house sparrow's relatives, German ornithologist Wilhelm Meise suggested that the Sind sparrow evolved from an isolated population of house sparrows, noting that the Indus valley is a centre of small bird types.[24]
British ornithologist
Hume and Ticehurst observed a resemblance, and a possible relation, between the Sind sparrow and the Dead Sea sparrow of the Middle East and Balochistan.
Distribution and habitat
The Sind sparrow has a restricted distribution, primarily occurring within the Indus valley of Pakistan, and the lower parts of the tributaries of the Indus in the
During winter, it often makes short-distance movements, and some birds move into parts of western Pakistan and an adjoining corner of Iran, and less commonly north-western Gujarat, India.[3][33][36] Longer movements may occur, as suggested by a possible sighting in the United Arab Emirates in November 2000.[26]
It mostly breeds in
Behaviour
The Sind sparrow is gregarious, generally forming small groups of four to six birds while feeding. It tends to breed in loose colonies of a few pairs, and non-breeding birds may gather to roost in acacias or tamarisks near water.[33][39] During winter, the non-breeding season, it forms larger flocks of as many as 30 birds, and joins flocks with other seed-eating birds, such as house sparrows and red avadavats.[39][40] The Sind sparrow feeds mainly on the seeds of grasses and other plants such as Polygonum plebeium. It may also forage for insects such as caterpillars, especially to feed nestlings.[7] Flocks forage on flats alongside rivers, flying into nearby bushes and continuing to forage when disturbed.[8]
Nesting occurs during a period of several months between April and September, the timing depending on rainfall, during which two clutches are raised by most pairs. Sind sparrows build nests in the upper branches of thorny trees or the ends of thin branches hanging over water.[3][20][41] The nest is an untidy dome of grass and other plant matter, such as tamarisk twigs, roots, and reeds, with a diameter of about 9 to 18 cm (3.5 to 7.1 in). The nest has an entrance located higher up on the sides, is somewhat flat on top, and is lined with softer plant material and feathers.[42] The birds may sometimes build below the nests of egrets or extend the nest of a baya weaver or Indian pied myna.[32][43] Both the male and female take part in nest building and incubation.[8] Clutches typically contain three to five eggs.[7] Scrope Doig described the eggs as being markedly smaller than the house sparrow's, measuring 0.7 × 0.5 in (1.3 × 1.8 cm) and similarly greenish or greyish with highly variable blotches, striations, and other markings.[44]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 194–195
- ^ a b c d e Rasmussen & Anderton 2005, p. 575
- ^ Currie, A. J. (1916). "The Birds of Lahore and the Vicinity". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 24 (3): 561–577. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Porter, Christensen & Schiermacker-Hansen 1996, p. 410
- ^ Oates 1890, pp. 238–239
- ^ a b c d Summers-Smith 1988, p. 198
- ^ a b c d Ali & Ripley 1999, pp. 76–77
- ^ Currie, A. J. (1909). "The Rufous-backed Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus) nesting in the Punjab". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 19 (1): 259–260. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Blyth, E. (1845). "Synopsis of Indian Fringillidae". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. XIII (156): 944–963.
- ^ Whistler, H. (1925). "A note on the weavers and finches of the Punjab. Part 2". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 30 (2): 406–417. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Dickinson, E. C.; Pittie, A. (21 December 2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 51. Dates of avian names introduced in early volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80–5 (3). Leiden: 113–124. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
- ^ Blanford 1876, p. 255
- ^ a b Hume, A. O. (1880). "Notes". Stray Feathers. 9 (3): 232–234. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Hume 1873, p. 209
- ^ Doig, S. B. (1880). "Birds Nesting on the Eastern Narra. Additions and Alterations". Stray Feathers. 9 (4): 277–282. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ a b Hume, A. O. (1881). "Passer pyrrhonotus, Blyth". Stray Feathers. 9 (5&6): 442–445. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ James, H. E. M. (1893). "Sind as a Field for the Naturalist". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 8: 322–325. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Hartert 1903, p. 151
- ^ a b c d Ticehurst 1922, pp. 651–653
- ^ Jobling 2010, p. 237
- ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2011). "English Name Updates". IOC World Bird Names (version 2.10). Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ Summers-Smith 1992, pp. 3, 6
- S2CID 39371043.
- ^ Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 279–280, 288–289, 304–305
- ^ a b Summers-Smith 2009, p. 795
- S2CID 21782750. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 July 2011.
- ISSN 2625-8498.
- ^ Ogilvie-Grant, W. R.; Forbes, Henry O. (May 1899). "The Expedition to Sokotra I. Descriptions of the New Species of Birds". Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums Under the City Council. II (1): 2–3. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Kirwan, Guy M. (2008). "Studies of Socotran Birds III. Morphological and mensural evidence for a 'new' species in the Rufous Sparrow Passer motitensis complex endemic to the island of Abd 'Al Kuri, with the validation of Passer insularis Sclater & Hartlaub, 1881". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 128 (2): 83–93. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ a b c Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 195–196
- ^ a b c Harvey, B; Sharma, S. C. (2002). "The initial colonisation of the Yamuna flood plain by the Sind Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 99 (1): 35–43.
- ^ a b c d e Roberts 1992, pp. 478–480
- ^ Scott, Derek A. (2008). "Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s" (PDF). Podoces. 3 (1/2): 1–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
- ^ Roselaar, Cees S.; Aliabadiani, Mansour (2009). "Review of Rare Birds in Iran, 1860s–1960s" (PDF). Podoces. 4 (1): 1–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ Bapat, N. N. (1992). "Sind Jungle Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth in North-West Gujarat". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 89 (3): 378. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Clement, Harris & Davis 1993, p. 448
- ^ Sangha, Harkirat Singh; Kulshreshtha, Manoj (2008). "Locations of Sind Sparrow sightings along the Rajasthan Canal and the River Sutlej". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 105 (1): 91–92. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ a b Summers-Smith 1988, p. 196
- from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Baker 1926, p. 174
- ^ Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 197–198
- ^ Jones, A. E. (1912). "Notes on Birds from Lahore". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 21 (3): 1073–1074. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Hume 1889, p. 162
Works cited
- ISBN 978-0-19-565943-6.
- Baker, E. C. Stuart (1926). Fauna of British India: Birds. Vol. III (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis.
- Blanford, W. T. (1876). Eastern Persia: An account of the journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870-71-72. Volume 2. The Zoology and Geology. London: Macmillan and Co.
- Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03424-9.
- .
- Hume, A. O. (1873). "Contributions to the Ornithology of India. Sindh, No. II". Stray Feathers. 1: 91–289.
- Hume, A. O. (1889). Oates, Eugene William (ed.). The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Vol. II (2nd ed.). London: R. H. Porter.
- Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Oates, Eugene W. (1890). Blanford, W. T. (ed.). Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Vol. II. London: Taylor and Francis.
- Porter, R. F.; Christensen, F.; Schiermacker-Hansen, P. (1996). Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle East. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-076-9.
- Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). ISBN 978-84-87334-66-5.
- Roberts, Tom J. (1992). The Birds of Pakistan. Volume 2: Passeriformes: Pittas to Buntings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577405-4.
- Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988). The Sparrows: a study of the genus Passer. illustrated by ISBN 978-0-85661-048-6.
- Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1992). In Search of Sparrows. illustrated by Euan Dunn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-073-8.
- Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2009). "Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.). ISBN 978-84-96553-50-7.
- Ticehurst, C. B. (1922). "The Birds of Sind (Part ii)". The Ibis. 11th series. 4 (4): 605–662.
External links
- Sind sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection
- Bird Specialties of Pakistan: Sind sparrow at the Birdwatchers Club of Pakistan
- Sind sparrow at delhibird.net