Sindh
Sindh
| ||
---|---|---|
Province of Sindh | ||
2023 census)[1] | ||
• Total | 55,696,147 | |
• Rank | 2nd | |
• Density | 395/km2 (1,020/sq mi) | |
Demonym | Sindhi | |
GDP (nominal) | ||
• Total | $86 billion (2nd)[a] | |
• Per Capita | $1,997 (3rd) | |
GDP (PPP) | ||
• Total | $345 billion (2nd)[a] | |
• Per Capita | $7,209 (3rd) | |
Time zone | UTC+05:00 (PKT) | |
ISO 3166 code | PK-SD | |
Languages | ||
Notable sports teams | Sindh cricket team Karachi Kings Karachi United Hyderabad Hawks Karachi Dolphins Karachi Zebras | |
HDI (2021) | 0.517
Union Councils 1108[6] | |
Website | sindh.gov.pk |
Part of a series on |
Sindhis |
---|
Sindh portal |
Sindh (
The
Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of
Etymology
The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BCE under the command of Alexander the Great referred to the Indus River as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind.[14][15] The word Sindh is a Persian derivative of the Sanskrit term Sindhu, meaning "river," a reference to the Indus River.[16]
Southworth suggests that the name Sindhu is in turn derived from Cintu, a Dravidian word for date palm, a tree commonly found in Sindh.[17][18]
The previous spelling Sind (from the Perso-Arabic سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the
History
Ancient era
Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the
During the Bronze Age, the territory of Sindh was known as Sindhu-Sauvīra, covering the lower Indus Valley,[25] with its southern border being the Indian Ocean and its northern border being the Pañjāb around Multān.[26] The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval Arohṛ and the modern-day Rohṛī.[26][27][28] The Achaemenids conquered the region and established the satrapy of Hindush. The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab regions of Pakistan).[29] Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab area.[30] These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.[31]
Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his general Peithon as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city of Patala in Sindh.[32][33] Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, Seleucus I Nicator, when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus River and offered a marriage, including a portion of Bactria, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.[34]
Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BCE, the region came under the Indo-Greeks, followed by the Indo Scythians, who ruled with their capital at Minnagara.[35] Later on, Sasanian rulers from the reign of Shapur I claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known as Hind.[36][37]
The local
Medieval era
After the death of the Islamic prophet
In 712,
The
The
Modern era
In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh.[74][75] Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[76][77][78]
The Talpurs succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.[79] One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch,[80] and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.[81][82]
They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the
British Raj
The
Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests.[85] Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.[86] A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following.[87] The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.[88] Sindh came to be at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement.[89]
Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified 'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay.[85] Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,[90] both the Muslim landed elite, waderas, and the Hindu commercial elements, banias, collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited.[91] Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.[88][92][93]
In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.[94] Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.[95] Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.[94] The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.[96] Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G.M. Syed left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.[86] Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.[97] The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families.[98] Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,[98] the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,[99] it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[100][101]
Partition (1947)
In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.[102]
Demographics
Demographic Indicators | |
---|---|
Urban population | 52.02% |
Rural population | 47.98% |
Population growth rate | 2.41% |
Gender ratio (male per 100 female) | 108.58 |
Economically active population | 22.75% (Old Data) |
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1891 | 2,875,100 | — |
1901 | 3,210,910 | +11.7% |
1911 | 3,513,435 | +9.4% |
1921 | 3,279,377 | −6.7% |
1931 | 3,887,070 | +18.5% |
1941 | 4,535,008 | +16.7% |
1951 | 6,047,748 | +33.4% |
1961 | 8,367,065 | +38.4% |
1972 | 14,155,909 | +69.2% |
1981 | 19,028,666 | +34.4% |
1998 | 29,991,161 | +57.6% |
2017 | 47,854,510 | +59.6% |
Source: Census of British Raj[103] : 7 |
Sindh has the second highest
The major ethnic group of the province is the
Religion
Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet
In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 4,535,008 out of which 3,208,325 (70.8%) were Muslims, 1,229,926 (27.1%) were Hindus and the remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.[103]: 28 [108]
Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of
Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.[115]
Religious group |
1941[103]: 28 | 1951[116]: 22–26 [c] | 1998[117] | 2017[118][109] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 3,208,325 | 70.75% | 5,535,645 | 91.53% | 27,796,814 | 91.32% | 43,234,107 | 90.34% |
Hinduism | 1,229,926 | 27.12% | 482,560 | 7.98% | 2,280,842 | 7.49% | 4,176,986 | 8.73% |
Tribal | 36,819 | 0.81% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Sikhism | 31,011 | 0.68% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Christianity | 20,209 | 0.45% | 22,601 | 0.37% | 294,885 | 0.97% | 408,301 | 0.85% |
Zoroastrianism | 3,838 | 0.08% | 5,046 | 0.08% | — | — | — | — |
Jainism | 3,687 | 0.08% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Judaism | 1,082 | 0.02% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism | 111 | 0% | 670 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — |
Ahmadiyya | — | — | — | — | 43,524 | 0.14% | 21,661 | 0.05% |
Others | 0 | 0% | 1,226 | 0.02% | 23,828 | 0.08% | 13,455 | 0.03% |
Total Population | 4,535,008 | 100% | 6,047,748 | 100% | 30,439,893 | 100% | 47,854,510 | 100% |
Languages
According to the 2017 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, the first language of 62% of the population. It is followed by Urdu (18%), Pashto (5.5%), Punjabi (5.3%), Saraiki (2.2%), Balochi (2%) and Hindko (1.6).[109][119]
Other minority languages include
Karachi city is Sindh's most multiethnic city. Urdu-speakers form a plurality, while Pashtuns are the second-largest group.[122] Sindhis themselves are 8 to 10% of the population in Karachi.[109][123]
Geography and nature
Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the
Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: Siro ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which is above
Flora
The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and
Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and
Fauna
Among the wild animals, the
Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.
Although Sindh has a
Climate
Sindh lies in a
Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.
Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on
Major cities
List of major cities in Sindh | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | City | District(s) | Population | Image |
1 | Karachi | 21,910,352[126] | ||
2 | Hyderabad | Hyderabad |
1,732,693 | |
3 | Sukkur | Sukkur | 499,900 | |
4 | Larkana | Larkana | 490,508 | |
5 | Benazirabad[126] |
Shaheed Benazirabad | 279,689 | |
6 | Kotri | Jamshoro | 259,358 | |
7 | Mirpur Khas | Mirpur Khas | 233,916 | |
8 | Shikarpur | Shikarpur | 195,437 | |
9 | Jacobabad | Jacobabad | 191,076 | |
10 | Khairpur | Khairpur | 183,181 | |
Source: Pakistan Census 2017[127] | ||||
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations. |
Government
Sindh province
Provincial animal | Sindh ibex | |
---|---|---|
Provincial bird | Black partridge | |
Provincial tree | Neem Tree |
The
In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the
In metropolitan cities such as
Divisions
In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.[134] In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[135][136][137]
In July 2011, following excessive
Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts:
Districts
Sr. No. | District | Headquarters | Area (km2) |
Population (in 2017) |
Density (people/km2) |
Division |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Badin | Badin | 6,470 | 1,804,516 | 279 | Banbhore |
2 | Dadu | Dadu
|
8,034 | 1,550,266 | 193 | Hyderabad |
3 | Ghotki | Ghotki | 6,506 | 1,647,239 | 253 | Sukkur |
4 | Hyderabad
|
Hyderabad | 1,022 | 2,201,079 | 2,155 | Hyderabad |
5 | Jacobabad | Jacobabad | 2,771 | 1,006,297 | 363 | Larkana |
6 | Jamshoro | Jamshoro | 11,250 | 993,142 | 88 | Hyderabad |
7 | Karachi Central
|
Karachi | 62 | 2,972,639 | 48,336 | Karachi |
8 | Kashmore (formerly Kandhkot) | Kashmore | 2,551 | 1,089,169 | 427 | Larkana |
9 | Khairpur | Khairpur
|
15,925 | 2,405,523 | 151 | Sukkur |
10 | Larkana | Larkana | 1,906 | 1,524,391 | 800 | Larkana |
11 | Matiari | Matiari | 1,459 | 769,349 | 527 | Hyderabad |
12 | Mirpur Khas
|
Mirpur Khas | 3,319 | 1,505,876 | 454 | Mirpur Khas |
13 | Naushahro Feroze | Naushahro Feroze | 2,027 | 1,612,373 | 369 | Shaheed Benazir Abad |
14 | Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshah)
|
Nawabshah | 4,618 | 1,612,847 | 349 | Shaheed Benazir Abad |
15 | Qambar Shahdadkot
|
Qambar | 5,599 | 1,341,042 | 240 | Larkana |
16 | Sanghar | Sanghar | 10,259 | 2,057,057 | 200 | Shaheed Benazir Abad |
17 | Shikarpur | Shikarpur
|
2,577 | 1,231,481 | 478 | Larkana |
18 | Sukkur | Sukkur | 5,216 | 1,487,903 | 285 | Sukkur |
19 | Tando Allahyar | Tando Allahyar | 1,573 | 836,887 | 532 | Hyderabad |
20 | Tando Muhammad Khan | Tando Muhammad Khan | 1,814 | 677,228 | 373 | Hyderabad |
21 | Tharparkar
|
Mithi | 19,808 | 1,649,661 | 83 | Mirpur Khas |
22 | Thatta | Thatta | 7,705 | 979,817 | 127 | Banbhore |
23 | Umerkot | Umerkot | 5,503 | 1,073,146 | 195 | Mirpur Khas |
24 (22) | Sujawal | Sujawal | 8,699 | 781,967 | 90 | Banbhore |
25 (7) | Karachi East
|
Karachi | 165 | 2,909,921 | 17,625 | Karachi |
26 (7) | Karachi South
|
Karachi | 85 | 1,791,751 | 21,079 | Karachi |
27 (7) | Karachi West
|
Karachi | 630 | 3,914,757 | 6,212 | Karachi |
28 (7) | Korangi | Korangi Town | 95 | 2,457,019 | 25,918 | Karachi |
29 (7) | Malir | Malir Town | 2,635 | 2,008,901 | 762 | Karachi |
30 (7) | Kemari
|
Karachi | N/A | Karachi |
Lower-level subdivisions
In Sindh,
Towns and villages
Economy
The
Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
Agriculture plays an important role in Sindh with
Education
Year | Literacy rate |
---|---|
1972 | 60.77 |
1981 | 37.5% |
1998 | 45.29% |
2017 | 54.57%[148] |
The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:[149]
Qualification | Urban | Rural | Total | Enrollment ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
— | 14,839,862 | 15,600,031 | 30,439,893 | — |
Below Primary | 1,984,089 | 3,332,166 | 5,316,255 | 100.00 |
Primary | 3,503,691 | 5,687,771 | 9,191,462 | 82.53 |
Middle | 3,073,335 | 2,369,644 | 5,442,979 | 52.33 |
Matriculation | 2,847,769 | 2,227,684 | 5,075,453 | 34.45 |
Intermediate | 1,473,598 | 1,018,682 | 2,492,280 | 17.78 |
Diploma, Certificate... | 1,320,747 | 552,241 | 1,872,988 | 9.59 |
BA, BSc... degrees | 440,743 | 280,800 | 721,543 | 9.07 |
MA, MSc... degrees | 106,847 | 53,040 | 159,887 | 2.91 |
Other qualifications | 89,043 | 78,003 | 167,046 | 0.54 |
Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:
- Adamjee Government Science College
- Aga Khan University
- APIIT
- Applied Economics Research Centre
- Bahria University
- Baqai Medical University
- Chandka Medical College Larkana
- Cadet College Petaro
- College of Digital Sciences
- College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
- COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
- D. J. Science College
- Dawood University of Engineering & Technology
- Defence Authority Degree College for Men
- Dow International Medical College
- Dow University of Health Sciences
- Fatima Jinnah Dental College
- Federal Urdu University
- GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad
- Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur
- Government College for Men Nazimabad
- Government College Hyderabad
- Government College of Commerce & Economics
- Government College of Technology, Karachi
- Government Degree College Matiari
- Government High School Ranipur
- Government Islamia Science College Sukkur
- Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad
- Government National College (Karachi)
- Greenwich University (Karachi)
- Hamdard University
- Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
- Imperial Science College Nawabshah
- Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
- Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
- Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar
- Institute of Business Management
- Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
- Institute of Sindhology
- Iqra University
- Islamia Science College (Karachi)
- Isra University Hyderabad
- Jinnah Medical & Dental College
- Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
- Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
- Jinnah University for Women
- KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
- Karachi School of Business and Leadership
- Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
- Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
- National Academy of Performing Arts
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
- National University of Modern Languages
- National University of Sciences and Technology
- NED University of Engineering and Technology
- Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
- PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
- TES Public School, Daur
- Pakistan Navy Engineering College
- Pakistan Shipowners' College
- Pakistan Steel Cadet College
- Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah
- PIA Training Centre Karachi
- Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
- Public School Hyderabad
- Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah
- Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
- Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
- Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
- Sindh Agriculture University
- Sindh Medical College
- Superior College of Science Hyderabad
- Sindh Muslim Law College
- Sir Syed Government Girls College
- Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
- St. Joseph's College
- Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology
- Textile Institute of Pakistan
- University of Karachi
- University of Sindh
- Usman Institute of Technology
- Ziauddin Medical University
Culture
The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[150]
Cultural heritage
The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[152]
Tourism
Sindh is a province in Pakistan.
The province includes a number of important historical sites. The-
Gorakh Hill Station, Dadu
-
Khairpur
-
Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world Thana Bula Khan, Jamshoro
-
Chaukhandi tombs, Karachi
-
Remains ofNagarparkar
-
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro
-
Karachi Beach
-
Qasim fort, Manora Island Karachi
-
Kot Diji, Khairpur
-
Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur
-
National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi
-
Kirthar National Park, Thano Bula Khan, Jamshoro
-
Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Matiari
-
Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro
-
Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad, Benazirabad
See also
- Arab Sind
- Bagh Prints
- Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
- Debal
- Institute of Sindhology
- List of cities in Sindh by population
- List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh
- List of medical schools in Sindh
- List of districts of Pakistan
- List of Sindhi people
- List of Sindhi tribes
- Mansura, Sindh
- Mohenjo-daro
- Provincial Highways of Sindh
- Sind Division
- Sindh cricket team
- Sindhi clothing
- Sindhu Kingdom
- Sufism in Sindh
- Tomb paintings of Sindh
Notes
- ^ a b Sindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion (nominal) in 2022.[2][3]
- ^ Brooke (2014), p. 296. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BCE. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):
(a) Giosan et al. (2012);
(b) Ponton et al. (2012);
(c) Rashid et al. (2011);
(d) Madella & Fuller (2006);
Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl (2002), pp. 237–245
(f) Staubwasser et al. (2003) - ^ Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
References
- ^ "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ "GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS" (PDF). kpbos.gov.pk.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". Globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ "Welcome to the Website of Provincial Assembly of Sindh". www.pas.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- ^ "LgdSindh - News Blog". LgdSindh. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
- ^ Staff reporter (9 March 2014). "Sindh must exploit potential for fruit production". The Nation, 2014. The Nation. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ Markhand, Ghulam Sarwar; Saud, Adila A. "Dates in Sindh". Proceedings of the International Dates Seminar. SALU Press. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ Editorial (3 September 2007). "How to grow Bananas". Dawn News, 2007. Dawn News. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ISBN 978-969-407-131-2.
- ^ JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1992.
- ISBN 978-90-272-2430-9.
- ^ "Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)". UNESCO. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?".
- ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ Phiroze Vasunia 2013, p. 6.
- ^ Southworth, Franklin. The Reconstruction of Prehistoric South Asian Language Contact (1990) p. 228
- ^ Burrow, T. Dravidian Etymology Dictionary Archived 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine p. 227
- ^ "Sindh, not Sind". The Express Tribune. Web Desk. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- OCLC 855957425.
- ^ "Archaeological Ruins at Moanjodaro". The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) website. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ "Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis".
- ^ "Mohenjo Daro: Could this ancient city be lost forever?". BBC News. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. pp. 159–60.
- ^ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1953). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty. University of Calcutta. p. 197.
- ^ a b Jain 1974, p. 209-210.
- ^ Sikdar 1964, p. 501-502.
- ISBN 978-1-4400-5272-9.
- ISBN 978-9004091726
- ISBN 9780521228046.
- ISBN 0875868592
- ^ Dani 1981, p. 37.
- ^ Eggermont 1975, p. 13.
- ^ Thorpe 2009, p. 33.
- ISBN 978-81-206-1549-6.
- ISBN 9780857716668.
- ISBN 9781785702105.
- ^ a b Wink 1996, pp. 133, 152–153.
- ^ Asif 2016, pp. 65, 81–82, 131–134.
- ^ Wink 1996, p. 151.
- ^ P. 505 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
- ^ Nicholas F. Gier, FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES, presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006 [1]. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
- ISBN 978-81-7835-792-8.
- ^ P. 164 Notes on the religious, moral, and political state of India before the Mahomedan invasion, chiefly founded on the travels of the Chinese Buddhist priest Fai Han in India, A.D. 399, and on the commentaries of Messrs. Remusat, Klaproth and Burnouf, Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Sykes by Sykes, Colonel;
- ^ Wink 1991, pp. 152–153.
- ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2
- ^ ISBN 90-04-08551-3
- ^ S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).
- ^ S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).
- ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2
- Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1976), Readings in political history of India, ancient, mediaeval, and modern, B.R. Pub. Corp., on behalf of Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, p. 216
- ^ Tripathi 1967, p. 337.
- ^ Asif 2016, p. 35.
- ISBN 978-81-261-0436-9pg 43-45.
- ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0pg 140-143.
- ^ Abdulla, Ahmed (1987). An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan. Tanzeem Publishers.
- ISBN 978-81-317-2791-1.
- ^ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025–1351 CE)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
- ^ "The Arab Conquest". International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 36 (1): 91. 2007.
The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).
- ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0.
But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
- ISBN 978-1-00-000729-9.
- ^ "Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta".
- ^ Census Organization (Pakistan); Abdul Latif (1976). Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana. Manager of Publications.
- ^ Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry (1965). The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig. Chand. p. 518.
- ^ U. M. Chokshi; M. R. Trivedi (1989). Gujarat State Gazetteer. Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 274.
It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.
- ^ a b "Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M. H. Panhwar". Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Archnet.org: Thattah Archived 2012-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Census Organization (Pakistan); Abdul Latif (1976). Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana. Manager of Publications.
- ^ Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Jacobabad
- ^ The Travels of Marco Polo - Complete (Mobi Classics) By Marco Polo, Rustichello of Pisa, Henry Yule (Translator)
- ^ Bosworth, "New Islamic Dynasties," p. 329
- ISBN 9780521663700.
- ^ "Hispania [Publicaciones periódicas]. Volume 74, Number 3, September 1991". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ Brohī, ʻAlī Aḥmad (1998). The Temple of Sun God: Relics of the Past. Sangam Publications. p. 175.
Kalhoras a local Sindhi tribe of Channa origin...
- ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1851). Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus. W. H. Allen. p. 410.
Kalhoras...were originally Channa Sindhis, and therefore converted Hindoos.
- ISBN 978-0-69111-709-6.
The area of the Hindu-built mansion Pakka Qila was built in 1768 by the Kalhora kings, a local dynasty of Arab origin that ruled Sindh independently from the decaying Moghul Empire beginning in the mid-eighteenth century.
- ^ "History of Khairpur and the royal Talpurs of Sindh". Daily Times. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4.
- ISBN 9783515049993.
- ISBN 9780674248816.
- ^ "The Royal Talpurs of Sindh - Historical Background". www.talpur.org. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ General Napier apocryphally reported his conquest of the province to his superiors with the one-word message peccavi, a schoolgirl's pun recorded in Punch (magazine) relying on the Latin word's meaning, "I have sinned", homophonous to "I have Sindh". Eugene Ehrlich, Nil Desperandum: A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Useful Phrases [Original title: Amo, Amas, Amat and More], BCA 1992 [1985], p. 175.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4
- ^ ISBN 978-0-230-37539-0
- ISBN 978-0-231-05072-2
- ^ a b Ansari 1992, p. 77.
- ^ Pakistan Historical Society (2007), Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Pakistan Historical Society., p. 245
- ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0.
- ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4.
- ^ Pakistan Historical Society (2007). Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 245.
- ^ a b Jalal 2002, p. 415
- ISBN 978-1-4985-3105-4
- ISBN 978-93-86057-62-4
- ISBN 978-0-7619-9683-5
- ^ a b Ansari 1992, p. 115.
- ^ Ansari 1992, p. 122.
- ISBN 978-0-230-37539-0.
- ISBN 978-0-7619-9683-5.
- ^ Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 39:4, 776-777, DOI: 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752
- ^ a b c "Census of India, 1941 Volume XII SIND" (PDF). Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Social Policy and Development Centre |" (PDF). www.spdc.org.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009.
- ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Pearls from Indus Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board (1986). See pp. 150.
- ^ "History of Sufism in Sindh discussed". DAWN.COM. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ "Can Sufism save Sindh?". DAWN.COM. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janet ul Sindh; 3rd edition, 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board, Jamshoro; page no: 2.
- ^ a b c d "SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ "Religion in Pakistan (2017 Census)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Scheduled castes have a separate box for them, but only if anybody knew". Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Hindu Population (PK)". Pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ "Hindu's converge at Ramapir Mela near Karachi seeking divine help for their security". The Times of India. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ Shahid Jatoi (8 June 2017). "Sindh Hindu Marriage Act—relief or restraint?". Express Tribune. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Tunio, Hafeez (31 May 2020). "Shikarpur's Sikhs serve humanity beyond religion". The Express Tribune. Pakistan. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ "CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 POPULATION ACCORDING TO RELIGION TABLE 6" (PDF). Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ^ "Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ^ "TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ^ "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". dawn.com. dawn. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). "With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi". The News International. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Pakistan - Languages". Ethnologue (22nd ed.).
- ^ "Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent". Merinews.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ISBN 9781443889346.
- ^ Haig, Malcolm Robert (1894). The Indus Delta Country: A Memoir, Chiefly on Its Ancient Geography and History. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 1. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ Menon, Sunita. "Queen of Mangoes: Sindhri from Pakistan now in UAE". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ a b Khan, Mohammad Hussain (20 December 2021). "The tale of Benazirabad". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ "Pakistan Bureau of Statistics – 6th Population and Housing Census". www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Ilyas, Faiza (10 July 2012). "Provincial mammal, bird notified". Dawn. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "Govt declares Neem 'provincial tree'". Dawn. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ Amar Guriro (14 December 2011). "Our Sindhi symbols – ibex, black partridge". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ a b c Sheikh, Yasir (5 November 2012). "Areas of political influence in Pakistan: right-wing vs left-wing". Karachi, Sindh: Rug Pandits, Yasir. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ Rehman, Zia ur (26 May 2015). "PML-N braving silent rebellion in Sindh and Karachi leaderships". News International. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ Sodhar, Muhammad Qasim. "Turn Right: Sindhi Nationalism and Electoral Politics". Tanqeed, Sodhar. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Commissionerate system restored". Archived from the original on 9 January 2010.
- ^ "502 Bad Gateway". www.emoiz.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ^ "Commissioner system to be restored soon: Durrani". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012.
- ^ "Sindh: Commissioner system may be revived today". Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ^ Chandio, Ramzan (12 July 2011). "Commissioners, DCs posted in Sindh". The Nation. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011.
- ^ "Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years". Pakistan Today.
- ^ ABDULLAH ZAFAR (21 August 2020). "Sindh Cabinet approves division of Karachi into seven districts". nation.com.pk. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Sindh govt to divide Tharparkar in two districts". Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ Khan, Tariq Shafiq (2009). Pakistan 2008 Mouza Statistics (PDF). Government of Pakistan: Statistics Division - Agricultural Census Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973-2000" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf
- ^ Gazetteer of the Province of Sind …. government at the "Mercantile" steam Press. 1907.
- ^ "About Sindh". Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Karachi. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Pakistan: Mining, Minerals and Fuel Resources". AZoMining.com. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ "Salient Features of Final Results Census-2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "Population by Level of Education and Rural/Urban". Statistics Division: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Spotlighting: Sindh Exhibit provides peek into province's rich culture – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ "Cultural Heritage". wishwebdesign.com =. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ "Sindh celebrates first ever 'Sindhi Topi Day'". Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Tourism in Sindh - The Express Tribune". 22 November 2013.
- ISSN 0966-9582.
Bibliography
- Ansari, Sarah F.D. (1992). Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947. Vol. 50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511563201.
- ISBN 978-0-674-66011-3
- Brooke, John L. (2014). Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8.
- Dani, A.H. (1981). "Sindhu – Sauvira : A glimpse into the early history of Sind". In Khuhro, Hamida (ed.). Sind through the centuries : proceedings of an international seminar held in Karachi in Spring 1975. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–42. ISBN 978-0-19-577250-0.
- Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2.
- Giosan L, Clift PD, Macklin MG, Fuller DQ, et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (26): E1688–E1694. PMID 22645375.
- Jain, Kailash Chand (1974). Lord Mahāvīra and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-0-8426-0738-4.
- ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0
- Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (11–12): 1283–1301. ISSN 0277-3791.
- Malkani, Kewal Ram (1984). The Sindh Story. Allied Publishers.
- Phiroze Vasunia (16 May 2013). The Classics and Colonial India. ISBN 978-01-9920-323-9.
- Ponton, Camilo; Giosan, Liviu; Eglinton, Tim I.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; et al. (2012). "Holocene aridification of India" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (3). L03704. ISSN 0094-8276.
- ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.
- Rashid, Harunur; England, Emily; Thompson, Lonnie; Polyak, Leonid (2011). "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal" (PDF). Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. 22 (2): 215–228. ISSN 1017-0839.
- Sikdar, Jogendra Chandra (1964). Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra. Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India: Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa. pp. 388–464.
- Staubwasser, M.; Sirocko, F.; Grootes, P. M.; Segl, M. (2003). "Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability". Geophysical Research Letters. 30 (8): 1425. S2CID 129178112.
- Thorpe, Showick Thorpe Edgar (2009), The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e, Pearson Education India, ISBN 978-81-317-2133-9
- Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1967), History of Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0018-2
- Wink, André (1991). Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2. BRILL. ISBN 9004095098.
- Wink, Andre (1996). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09249-8.
External links
- Sindh Transport Department official website
- Government of Sindh Archived 31 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- Guide of Sindh Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Map of the districts of Sindh
- Sindh at Curlie