Sindhis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the ethnic group. For their language, see Sindhi language. For information on the homeland of Sindhis, see Sindh. For other uses, see Sindhi (disambiguation).
"Sindhi people" redirects here. Not to be confused with
Sinti people
.
Sindhi
  • سنڌي‎
  • सिन्धी
Arabic as liturgical languages) and numerous other languages widely spoken within the Sindhi diaspora
Religion
Majority:
Islam
Minority:
  • Balochis

Sindhis (

ethnolinguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of Balochistan, the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region of Gujarat.[21][22] Having been isolated throughout history, unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its own uniqueness.[23][24]

After the

Jain minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.[26][27]

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Sindh portal

Etymology

See also: Jadgal people

The name Sindhi is derived from the Sanskrit Sindhu, which translates as "river" or "sea body"; the Greeks used the term "Indos"[28] to refer to the Indus River and the surrounding region, which is where Sindhi is spoken.[citation needed]

The historical spelling "Sind" (from the

Sindh Assembly, and is now spelt "Sindh." Hence, the term "Sindhi" was also introduced to replace "Sindi".[citation needed
]

In the

British for Sindhis in their census records.[29][30]

Global distribution of Sindhis population

Geographic distribution

geographical definition for Sindh referred to the south of Indus and its neighboring regions.[32]

Pakistan

See also:
Sindhudesh, and Insurgency in Sindh
Khairpur State

After the British conquest, Sindh was integrated into the Bombay province and the Khairpur state remained a British suzerain. Sindhis had almost no representation in the government of Bombay State, to the point that only after 1890 was Sindh represented for the first time with only four members representing Sindh. This token representation did not satisfy Sindhis and soon a movement began for a separate province that resulted in the formation of Sind province

in 1936.

This was also supported by Muslim League, which considered it necessary for the creation of Pakistan in future. Sindhis had contributed massively[33] to the Pakistan movement, especially by passing a Muslim state resolution in the Sindh assembly on 10 October 1938 under the condition for a self-government[34] under leaderships of GM Syed and Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah. Sindh thus became the first province of British India to openly support a Muslim state in India and later Pakistan and its creation. The movement faced fierce political resistance from Sindhi nationalists such as Allah Bux Soomro and the Indian National Congress, which were against Sindh joining Pakistan.[35]

After the breakup of Pakistan in 1971, G. M. Syed and other nationalists inspired by Bengali nationalism launched the Jeay Sindh Movement,[36] which aimed for autonomy initially but later on raised separatist demands.[37] This movement reached its peak following the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, starting from 2008 and lasting until 2012 and the death of Bashir Khan Qureshi.[38]

In Pakistan as per 2017 census,[39] Sindhis are the third largest ethnic group, after Punjabis and Pashtuns and followed by Saraikis. Sindhis account for 14% of Pakistan's population with an estimated 34,250,000 people. Sufism has been an important aspect in the spiritual life of Muslim Sindhis; as a result Sufism has become a marker of identity in Sindh.[40][41]

Sindhis in Pakistan have their own province, Sindh, It also has the largest population of Hindus in Pakistan, with 93% of Pakistani Hindus residing in Sindh.[42][43]

India

See also: Sindhis in India
Concentration of Sindhi speakers in Sindh and India

Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition,[44] but due to fear of persecution on the basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India,[45] they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time[46][47] in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to claim, they chose to live in states that had similarity with Sindhi culture.[48] Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities,[49][50] especially through business and trade.[51][52][53] Sindhis have disinguished themselves in India,[54] from famous actors such as Ranveer Singh to veteran politicians such as L. K. Advani, all of whom had families that came from Sindh.

In India as per 2011 census,[55] Sindhis have an estimated population of 2,770,000. Unlike Sindhis in Pakistan, Indian Sindhis are scattered throughout India in states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Population break up by states (Census of India 2011)
State Population (100 Thousands) % of Total
Gujarat 11.84 42.7%
Maharashtra 7.24 26.1%
Rajasthan 3.87 13.9%
Madhya Pradesh 2.45 8.8%
Chhattisgarh 0.93 3.4%
Delhi 0.31 1.1%
Uttar Pradesh 0.29 1.0%
Assam 0.20 0.7%
Karnataka 0.17 0.6%
Andhra Pradesh 0.11 0.4%

Diaspora

See also: Sindhi diaspora

Today many Sindhis live outside Pakistan and India, particularly in Afghanistan, where there are an estimated 25,000 of them, largely engaged in merchant trade.[56] In addition, during the crackdown on separatist groups by Pervez Musharraf an estimated 400-500 Sindhi separatists, along with Balochis, fled to Afghanistan.[57]

Another group of Sindhis migrated to the

Ceylon, which is the now modern day country of Sri Lanka, roughly two centuries ago to engage in business and trade.[58][59][60] They came via migration from Hyderabad city of Sindh.[61] However, after partition this trend increased as Sindhi Hindus left their home province.[62] Today they are mainly concentrated around Colombo.[63]

Rich Sindhi communities can also be found in both Hong Kong[64] and Singapore.[65]

History

See also:
vedic civilization, which lasted until 500 B.C.E. During this era, the Vedas
were composed.

In 518 B.C.E., the

Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians
ruled in Sindh.

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of

Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 C.E. Afterwards, Sindh was ruled by a series of dynasties including the Habbaris, Soomras, Sammas, Arghuns and Tarkhans
.

The

Mughal empire conquered Sindh in 1591 and organized it as Subah of Thatta, the first-level imperial division. Sindh again became independent under the Kalhora dynasty. The British conquered Sindh in 1843 after their victory in the Battle of Hyderabad over the Talpur dynasty. Sindh became a separate province in 1936, and after independence became part of Pakistan.

"The Priest King Wearing Sindhi Ajruk", c. 2500 BC, in the National Museum of Pakistan

Prehistoric period

Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants of ancient cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of

Caral-Supe
.

Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century B.C.E. as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.[67] The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.[68]

The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their

baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy.[b] Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,[70] and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence.[71] A gradual drying
of the region during the 3rd millennium B.C.E. may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.

Historical period

For several centuries in the first millennium B.C.E. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian,[72] Greek[73] and Kushan rule,[74] first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks[75] and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans,[76] before the Islamic conquest between the 7th and 10th centuries C.E. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 B.C.E. to 489 C.E.[77]

Depiction of two Sindhi infantry soldiers during medieval times

Medieval period

Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by

Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh
.

After the death of the Islamic prophet

Persia. An initial expedition in the region, launched because of the Sindhi pirate attacks on Arabs in 711–12, failed.[79][80]

In 712, when Mohammed Bin Qasim invaded Sindh with 8000 cavalry while also receiving reinforcements, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf instructed him not to spare anyone in Debal. According to the Chach Nama, after the Arabs scaled Debal's walls, the besieged denizens opened the gates and pleaded for mercy but Qasim stated he had no orders to spare anyone. The historian al-Baladhuri stated that after conquest of Debal, Qasim kept slaughtering its inhabitants for three days. The custodians of the Buddhist stupa were killed and the temple was destroyed; 700 women taking shelter there were enslaved. Qasim gave a quarter of the city to Muslims and built a mosque there.[81]

At

Brahamanabad has various accounts of 6,000 to 26,000 inhabitants slaughtered.[82]

Tomb of the Sindhi king, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh.[83][84] Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty, consolidating their rule until the mid-18th century, when the Persian sacking of the Mughal throne in Delhi allowed them to grab the rest of Sindh. It is during this the era that the famous Sindhi Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai composed his classic Sindhi text Shah Jo Risalo[85][86][87]

Sindhi helmet, 1700s, Kalhoro period

The Talpur dynasty (Sindhi: ٽالپردور‎‎) succeeded the Kalhoras in 1783 and four branches of the dynasty were established.[88] One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch,[89] and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.[90][91]

They ruled from 1783 until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the

Battle of Dubbo.[92] The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur,[89] whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan
in 1955.

Baloch migrations in the region between 14th and 18th centuries[clarification needed] and many Baloch dynasties saw a high Iranic mixture into Sindhis.[93][94][95]

Modern period

Shiite Muslim from Sindh

British rule

The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin),[96] which was later turned into a pun known as "Forgive me for I have Sindh".

The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to exploit Sindh's economic potential.[97][98]

The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the

Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.[97][99]

Post-colonial era

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. This was in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part because Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution,[100] rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.[101][102]

Demographics

Ethnicity and religion

Main article:
Demographics of Sindh
Sindhi-inhabited areas of Pakistan (yellow) in the early 1980s

The two main tribes of Sindh are the Soomro—descendants of the Soomra dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 C.E.—and the Samma—descendants of the Samma dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 C.E. These tribes belong to the same bloodline.

Among other Sindhi

Indus delta region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity and language.[104]

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas.

Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet

Makli Hill near Thatta.[105] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders)—Qadria and Naqshbandia—were introduced in Sindh.[106] Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.[107]

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of

Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.[112] Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.[113]

Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.[114]

Sindhi Hindus

Main articles:
Hinduism in Sindh Province, and Sindhis in India
Vintage group photo of Indian Hindu Sindhi people

Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.[115]

According to the

2017 Census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8.7% of the total population of Sindh province, roughly around 4.2 million people.[117][118][108][119] Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. Hyderabad is currently the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there.[117] The ratio of Hindus in Sindh was higher before the Partition of India in 1947.[120]

Prior to the Partition of India, around 73% of the population of Sindh was Muslim with almost 26% of the remaining being Hindu.[121][122]

Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the

1951 Census of Pakistan, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.[125]

Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. Thari (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.

Religion in Sindh according to

2017 census

  
Ahmaddiya
(0.05%)
Grand mausoleum of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, built by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on 1762

Sindhi Muslims

The connection between Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649 C.E. and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the Battle of the Camel alongside Sindhi Jats.[126] He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:[127]

Arabic:

ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة

ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم

وأن أشرف من اودي الزمان به

أهل العفاف و أهل الجود والكريم [128]

"Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are true of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".[129]

Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi[132]
in 660 C.E., near Damascus.

In 712 C.E., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the "Arabian gateway" into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam).

Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to

Zij al-Sindhind in astronomy.[134]

Interior of the Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta, built during the rule of the Mughal Empire

The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the

Ithna 'ashariyah. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines
which dot the landscape of Sindh.

Sindhi

Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast
.

Tribes

Main article: List of Sindhi tribes

Major tribes in Sindh include Soomros,[136] Sammas,[137][138] Kalhoras,[139] Bhuttos[140] and Rajper,[138] all of these tribes have significant influence in Sindh.

British India)[141]

  Lohana (53.9%)
  Dhed (10.3%)
  Bhil (6.9%)
  Kohli (5.5%)
  Rajput (2.7%)
  Brahmin (2.5%)
  Others (18.3%)
Religion Caste Surnames[142][143]
Muslim Rajput/ Jats/ Sammat
Hingorjo, Dayo, Halaypotro, Phulpotro, Pahore, Shoro, Arisar, Rahu, Rahujo, Katpar, Pechuho, Bhayo, Odho, Otho, Larak, Mangrio, Bhurt, Bughio, Chang, Chand, Chanar, Hakro, Khokhar
.
Hindu/Muslim Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana Aishani, Agahni, Aneja, Anandani, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani,
Setia, Sewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, Wassan, Vangani
, Varlani,Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
Sindhi Amil Lohana
Ramchandani,Raisinghani, Rijhsanghani, Sadarangani, Shahani, Shahukarani, Shivdasani, Sipahimalani (shortened to Sippy), Sitlani, Sarabhai, Singhania, Takthani, Thadani, Vaswani, Wadhwani
Uttamsinghani.
Muslim /Hindu Artisan

Castes

Kumbhar, Machhi, Mallah, Kori, Jogi, Drakhan, Mochi Labano/Chahwan, Patoli, Maganhar, Chaki.

Emigration

Main article: Sindhi diaspora

The Sindhi diaspora is significant. Emigration from the Sindh became mainstream after the 19th century with the British conquest of Sindh. A number of Sindhi traders emigrated to the Canary Islands[144] and Gibraltar in this period.[145]

After the Partition of India, many Sindhi Hindus emigrated to Europe, especially to the United Kingdom,[146] North America, and Middle Eastern states such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.[citation needed] Some settled in Hong Kong.[147][148]

Genetics

Sindhi Genetics

Sindhis exhibit high frequencies of allele-B cell, which shows similarities with those of Middle-East[149][150][151] having 87% Caucasoid admixture.[152] According to Lieutenant Burton an historical British Colonial officer, Sindhis were known for their strength and height as compared to other men in the region of Western India.[153]

Sindhi Genetics

Culture

"Natives of Sinde", in traditional Shalwar
Main article:
Indus Valley civilization.[95][154] Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region and the natural resources it had available. The Indus or Sindhu River that passes through the land, and the Arabian Sea (that defines its borders) also supported the seafaring
traditions among the local people.

The local climate also reflects why the Sindhis have the language,[155] folklore, traditions, customs and lifestyle that are so different from the neighbouring regions. The Sindhi culture is also strongly practiced[156] by the Sindhi diaspora.

The roots of Sindhi culture go back to the distant past. Archaeological research during 19th and 20th centuries showed the roots of social life, religion and culture of the people of the Sindh:

Indus Valley Civilization of the third millennium BC.[158] Recent researches have traced the Indus valley civilization to even earlier ancestry.[159]

Language

See also:
Sindhi Language Bill, 1972
Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in Hatvanki Sindhi or Khudabadi script

Sindhi

scheduled language, without any state-level official status. Despite that there have been online methods for teaching Sindhi.[162]

The main writing system is the

Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari
are used. At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to extend and increase the status of Sindhi as the national language[163][164][165]

Sindhi is believed to be originated from an older Indo-Aryan dialect spoken in Indus valley,[166] Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century C.E. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 C.E.

A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.

Sindhi alphabet
ي
Extended Perso-Arabic script

During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ‎) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

جهہ‎ ڄ‎ ج‎ پ‎ ث‎ ٺ‎ ٽ‎ ٿ‎ ت‎ ڀ‎ ٻ‎ ب‎ ا‎
ɟʱ ʄ ɟ p s ʈʰ ʈ tʰ t bʱ ɓ b ɑː ʔ ∅
ڙ‎ ر‎ ذ‎ ڍ‎ ڊ‎ ڏ‎ ڌ‎ د‎ خ‎ ح‎ ڇ‎ چ‎ ڃ‎
ɽ r z ɖʱ ɖ ɗ dʱ d x h cʰ c ɲ
ڪ‎ ق‎ ڦ‎ ف‎ غ‎ ع‎ ظ‎ ط‎ ض‎ ص‎ ش‎ س‎ ز‎
k q pʰ f ɣ ɑː oː eː ʔ ∅ z t z s ʂ s z
ي‎ ء‎ ه‎ و‎ ڻ‎ ن‎ م‎ ل‎ ڱ‎ گهہ‎ ڳ‎ گ‎ ک‎
j iː ʔ ∅ h ʋ ʊ oː ɔː uː ɳ n m l ŋ ɡʱ ɠ ɡ kʰ
Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the

Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.[168]

In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan,[169] especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Hub, Kachhi, Sibi, Usta Muhammad, Jafarabad, Jhal Magsi, Nasirabad and Sohbatpur.

In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and Madhya Pradesh (244,000).[170][c]

Traditional dress

The traditional

Shalwar Qameez/Kurta and Ajrak or Lungi (shawls) with either Sindhi Patko or Sindhi topi.[171] Ajrak[172]
is added to dress for allure.

Literature

Caliphs in Baghdad. It is also recorded that treatises were written in Sindhi on astronomy, medicine and history during the 8th and 9th centuries.[177]

Sindhi literature is the composition of oral and written scripts and

Indus Valley
inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.

According to the historians,

Hindi language in pre-Islamic times. Nevertheless, after the advent of Islam in eighth century, Arabic language and Persian language influenced the inhabitants of the area and were the official language of the territory through different periods.[citation needed
]

Music

See also:
Sufi
music.

Music from Sindh is sung and is generally of five genres that originated in Sindh. The first one is the "Baits". The Baits style is vocal music in Sanhoon (low voice) or Graham (high voice).

Second is "Waee" instrumental music, which is performed in a variety of ways using a string instrument. Waee is also known as Kafi.

Other genres are Lada/Sehra/Geech, Dhammal, and Doheera.[179] The Sindhi folk musical instruments are Algozo, Tamburo, Chung, Yaktaro, Dholak, Khartal/Chapri/Dando, Sarangi, Surando, Benjo, Bansri, Borindo, Murli/Been, Gharo/Dilo, Tabla, Khamach/khamachi, Narr, Kanjhyun/Talyoon, Duhl Sharnai and Muto, Nagaro, Danburo, Ravanahatha.[180][181]

Dance

See also: Folk dances of Sindh
Sindhi Ho Jamalo dance performed in Sindh

Dances of Sindh include the famous Ho Jamalo and Dhammal.[182] Common dances include Jhumar/Jhumir (different from the Jhumar dance of South Punjab), Kafelo, and Jhamelo. However none of these have survived as much as Ho Jamalo.[183] In marriages and on other occasions, a special type of song is produced; these are known as Ladas/Sehra/Geech and are sung to celebrate the occasion of marriage, birth and on other special days. They are mostly performed by women.[182]

Some popular dances include:

  • Jamalo: The notable Sindhi dance which is celebrated by Sindhis across the world.
  • Jhumar/Jhumir: Performed on weddings and on special occasions.
  • Dhamaal: is a mystical dance performed by Dervish.
  • Chej,[184] Although Chej has seen decline in Sindh it remains popular among Sindhi Hindus and the diaspora.
  • Bhagat: is a dance performed by professionals to entertain visiting people.
  • Doka/Dandio: Dance performed using sticks.
  • Charuri: Performed in thar.
  • Muhana Dance: A dance performed by fishermen and fisherwomen of Sindh.
  • Rasudo: Dance of nangarparker.

Folk tales

See also: Sindhi folklore
A Sindhi Ajrak, which is a traditional and ancient shawl of Sindh

Sindhi folklore

Sassui
, who pines for her lover Punhu, is known and sung in every Sindhi settlement. Examples of the folklore of Sindh include the stories of Umar Marui and Suhuni Mehar.

Sindhi folk singers and women play a vital role in transmitting Sindhi folklore. They sang the folktales of Sindh in songs with passion in every village of Sindh.

Sindhi folklore has been compiled in a series of forty volumes under

Nabi Bux Khan Baloch. Folk tales such as Dodo Chanesar,[187] Sassi Punnu,[186] Moomal Rano,[186][188] and Umar Marvi[186]
are examples of Sindhi folk tales.

The most famous Sindhi folk tales are known as the Seven Heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Some notable tales include:

Festivals

See also:
Sindhi Festivals and Sindhi Cultural Day
Sindhi culture

Sindhis are very festive and like to organize festivals to commemorate their culture and heritage. Most Sindhi celebrate Sindhi Culture day, which is celebrated regardless of religion to express their love for their culture.[189][190] It is observed with great zeal.[191][192]

Muslims

Sindhi

Muslims celebrate Islamic festivals such as Eid-ul-Adha and Eid al-Fitr, which are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm.[193] A festival known as Jashn-e-Larkana is also celebrated by Sindhi Muslims.[193]

Hindus

Compared to their Muslim counterparts,

Hindu festivals are numerous and largely dependent on respective caste. Many Hindus have festivals based on a certain deity; common festivals include Cheti Chand (Sindhi new-year) Teejri, Thadri, Utraan.[194][195]

Cuisine

Main article: Sindhi cuisine
Beeh-ji-Bhaji, which is a lotus root dish

Sindhi cuisine has been influenced by Central Asian, Iranian, and Mughal food traditions.

mani/roti) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry with curd, papad or pickle. Freshwater fish and a wide variety of vegetables are usually used in Sindhi cuisine.[198]

Restaurants specializing in Sindhi cuisine are rare, although it is found at truck stops in rural areas of Sindh province, and in a few restaurants in urban Sindh.[199]

The arrival of

vegetables and traditional fruit and dairy. Hindu Sindhi cuisine is almost identical with the difference that beef is omitted. The influence of Central Asian, South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine in Sindhi food is ubiquitous. Sindhi cuisine was also found in India, where many Sindhi Hindus migrated following the Partition of India in 1947. Before Independence, the State of Sindh was under the Bombay Presidency
.

Culture Day

Sindhri, famous mango variety from Pakistan and among the Best Tasted Mangoes of the World

Sindhi Cultural Day (Sindhi: سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو) is a popular Sindhi cultural festival. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday.[200][201][202] It is widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world.[203][204] Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.[205]

On this holiday people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. They engage in literary (poetic) gatherings, mach katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies.

Sindhi songs
. The musical performances of the artists inspire the participants to dance to Sindhi tunes and the national song ‘Jeay Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean’.

All political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh Culture Department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize a variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programs, drama and theatric performances, tableaus and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity.[207] Sindhi culture, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.[208]

Sindhi literature festival in Islamabad

Poetry

See also:
Sindhi poetry

Prominent in

Indus Valley
, having a particular literary colour both in poetry and prose. Sindhi poetry is very rich in thought as well as containing a variety of genres like other developed languages.

The poetry of

Tanka
. At present, these forms continue to co-exist, albeit in a varying degree, with Azad Nazm having an edge over them all.

Notable people

Main article: List of Sindhi people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Includes those who speak the Sindhi language and includes the 1 million Kutchi Speakers to. Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.
  2. ^ These covered carnelian products, seal carving, work in copper, bronze, lead, and tin.[69]
  3. ^ This is the number of people who identified their language as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links
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