Sino-Third World relations

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Main article: History of foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
China-Third World relations
Third World
China
Taiwanese-Third World relations
Third World
Taiwan

Sino-Third World relations refers to the general relationship between the two Chinese states across the Taiwan Strait (the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China) and the rest of the Third World, and its history from the Chinese perspective.[citation needed]

Next in importance to its relations with the superpowers—the Soviet Union and United States—during the

UN Security Council.[citation needed
]

History

China's relations with the Third World have developed through several phases: the Bandung Line of the mid-1950s (named for a 1955 conference of Asian and African nations held in Bandung, Indonesia), support for liberation and world revolution in the 1960s, the pronouncement of the Theory of the Three Worlds and support for a "new international economic order" in the 1970s, and a renewed emphasis on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the 1980s. Chinese government provides consistent political support to the Group of 77 and has made financial contributions to the Group since 1994.[1] As a result, official statements of the G77 are delivered in the name of The Group of 77 and China.[2] In addition, the foundation for China's 21st century engagement with Africa as the largest bloc of the Third World is the October 2000 Beijing ministerial conference for China-Africa dialogue (FOCAC) that set the basis for China's aspirations for a new world order, with elevated voice of the Third World.[3]

Early years of the People's Republic

In the first years after the founding of the People's Republic, Chinese statements echoed the Soviet view that the world was divided into two camps, the forces of socialism and those of imperialism, with "no third road" possible. By 1953 China began reasserting its belief that the newly independent developing countries could play an important intermediary role in world affairs. In 1954 Zhou Enlai and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India agreed on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as the underlying basis for conducting foreign relations. China's success in promoting these principles at the 1955 Bandung Conference helped China emerge from diplomatic isolation. By the end of the 1950s, however, China's foreign policy stance had become more militant. Statements promoting the Chinese revolution as a model and Beijing's actions in the Taiwan Strait (1958) (see Second Taiwan Strait Crisis) and in border conflicts with India (1962) (see Sino-Indian War) and Vietnam (1979) (see Sino-Vietnamese War), for example, alarmed many Third World nations.[citation needed]

1960s

During the 1960s China cultivated ties with Third World countries and

diplomatic relations. Although the Third World was not a primary focus of the Cultural Revolution, it was not immune to the chaos this period wrought upon Chinese foreign relations.[citation needed
]

1970s

In the 1970s, China began to redefine its foreign policy after the isolation and militancy of the late 1960s. China reestablished those of its diplomatic missions that had been recalled during the Cultural Revolution and began the process of

developed countries of Europe plus Japan, could either oppress the Third World or join in opposing the superpowers. By the second half of the 1970s, China perceived an increased threat from the Soviet Union, and the theory was modified to emphasize that the Soviet Union was the more dangerous of the two superpowers.[citation needed
]

The other primary component of China's Third World policy in the early 1970s was a call for radical change in the world

South-South Cooperation," in the 1980s.[citation needed
]

1980s

Also in the 1980s, China reasserted its Third World credentials and placed a renewed emphasis on its relations with Third World countries as part of its independent foreign policy. China stressed that it would develop friendly relations with other nations regardless of their social systems or ideologies and would conduct its relations on the basis of the

Islamic countries. Officially, China denied that it sought a leadership role in the Third World, although some foreign observers argued to the contrary. Beijing increasingly based its foreign economic relations with the Third World on equality and mutual benefit, expressed by a shift toward trade and joint ventures and away from grants and interest-free loans.[citation needed
]

By the second half of the 1980s, China's relations with Third World nations covered the spectrum from friendly to inimical.

Bilateral relations ranged from a formal alliance with North Korea, to a near-alliance with Pakistan, to hostile relations with Vietnam marked by sporadic border conflict. Many relationships have changed dramatically over time: for example, China previously had close relations with Vietnam; its ties with India were friendly during the 1950s but were strained thereafter by border tensions and Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. Particularly in Southeast Asia, a legacy of suspicion concerning China's ultimate intentions affected Chinese relations with many countries.[citation needed
]

Present

As of 2024, only a few countries in the world lacked diplomatic ties with Beijing; among them were

one in Africa had formal ties with Taipei instead (see Political status of Taiwan). China's growing interest in trade and technical exchanges, however, meant that in some cases substantial unofficial relations existed despite the absence of diplomatic recognition.[citation needed
]

The formation of BRICS alliance or BASIC countries, along with the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and Belt and Road Initiative was attempt by China to offer an alternative financial and economic services to third world countries.[citation needed]

Third World conflicts involving the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China

One primary motivation for involvement in third world conflicts for PRC and ROC was to gain influence and legitimacy, claiming to be the only 'China' while undermining other side. This was part wider pattern in the

Sino-Soviet Split occurred, with the PRC completing against the Soviet Union for influence.[citation needed
]

Time Country/Region Conflict/Event Role of the People's Republic of China Role of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
10 January 2019 – present Venezuela
2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
 China has backed the Nicolás Maduro government in Venezuela through diplomatic and financial support. On 28 February 2019, China and Russia vetoed a Security Council resolution which would have recognized Juan Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela. The Republic of China (Taiwan) recognized the National Assembly.
23 May – 23 October 2017 Marawi, Lanao del Sur, Philippines
Battle of Marawi
 China donated 50 million renminbi worth of arms aid which comprises around 3,000 rifles and 6 million pieces of ammunition. Three types of rifles were given; sniper rifles, automatic rifles, and marksman rifles.[7]
July 1, 2016 – present Philippines
Philippine Drug War
 China has co-operated with the
Duterte
government by providing intelligence and financial support.

[8]

15 March 2011 – present Syria
Syrian Civil War
 China has supported Syria diplomatically at the
Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad.[9]
26 February 2003 – present Darfur, Sudan War in Darfur PRC has supplied weapons and aircraft to Sudan government.[10]
26 December 1991 – 8 February 2002 Algeria Algerian Civil War PRC has provide aid in the form of military funding, such as US$100 million in arms.
23 July 1983 – 18 May 2009 Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Civil War During the last years of the civil war, from 2007, China supplied the Sri Lankan Armed forces financial aid of nearly $1bn, tens of millions of dollars' worth of sophisticated weapons, and making a free gift of six F7 fighter jets. China also prevented the UN Security Council from putting Sri Lanka on its agenda. With these factors, the Sri Lankan Armed forces managed to defeat the
Tamil Tigers.[11]
22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988
Iraq
 Iran–Iraq War During the Iran–Iraq War, China, which had no direct stake in the victory of either side and whose interests in the war were entirely commercial, freely sold arms to both sides. Along with many other countries selling arms to either Iran or Iraq, this contributed to prolonging the war.
24 December 1979 – 15 February 1989 Afghanistan Soviet–Afghan War The People's Liberation Army trained and supported the Afghan mujahideen during the war, with training camps set up in Xinjiang, China. Anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers and machine guns, valued at hundreds of millions, were given to the mujahideen by the PRC. Chinese military advisers and troops were present with the Islamists during training.[12] All this was done to undermine the Soviet Union and to prevent the USSR from attempting to encircle China. China's support, along with that of other countries', helped the Taliban and Al-Qaeda rise in Afghanistan.
15 October 1979 – 16 January 1992 El Salvador Salvadoran Civil War The ROC sold weapons to the military-led regime of El Salvador to fight against several left-wing rebel groups.[13]
1978–1982 North Yemen NDF Rebellion, Yemenite War of 1979 80 ROC F-5E pilots plus ground crew were sent to North Yemen to boost its air defense, joining 400
US advisers. At least one squadron strength was kept throughout the period, flying North Yemen's F-5E fleet.[14]
13 July 1977 – 15 March 1978 Ogaden, Ethiopia Ogaden War Due to the
communist countries
supported Ethiopia.
30 April 1977 – 23 October 1991 Cambodia Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Vietnamese border raids in Thailand In the context of the Sino-soviet split, PRC saw
Kampuchean Revolutionary Army with a limited amount of arms and ammunition, but as relations with Vietnam worsened in 1978, Beijing established additional supply routes through Kampuchea and increased the volume of military hardware which traveled down each route. On the eve of the Vietnamese invasion, Kampuchea had an estimated 73,000 soldiers in the Eastern Military Zone bordering Vietnam.[15] At that time, all branches of the Kampuchean armed forces were significantly strengthened by large quantities of Chinese-made military equipment, which included fighter aircraft, patrol boats, heavy artillery, anti-aircraft guns, trucks and tanks. Additionally, there were between 10,000 and 20,000 Chinese advisers in both military and civilian capacities, providing their support to the Khmer Rouge regime.[16] Despite Chinese military support, the Khmer Rouge were overthrown by Vietnamese forces, however the genocidal Khmer Rouge continued to be recognized internationally until 1991 at the UN as the legitimate government of Cambodia, thanks to Chinese support.[17]
March 8 – 26 May 1977
Shaba Province, Zaire
 Shaba I In defiance of
Front for the National Liberation of the Congo
(FNLC) rebel organization.
3 December 1975 – 1990 Laos Insurgency in Laos In response to Laos' staunch alignment with and unequivocal support for Vietnam, during its conflict over Cambodia, China supported Royalist-in-exile insurgency and Right-wing insurgency against the Pathet Lao. China later ceased support in 1988.[18]
11 November 1975 – 4 April 2002 Angola Angolan Civil War In order to counter to
capitalistic view due to the influence of the United States), against the Marxism–Leninism MPLA
.
26 March 1971 – 16 December 1971 East Pakistan
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
 China supported
prisoners of war and civilians had been fulfilled.[19]
29 March 1969 – present Philippines
Communist insurgency in Philippines
 The PRC provided support to the Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing to New People's Army from 1969–1976 to help overthrow the Philippines government.[20] However relations between the PRC and CCP have been served since the 1980s.[21]
17 June 1968 – 2 December 1989 Peninsular Malaysia
Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)
 PRC provided assistance to
Malaysian Government, however military assistance ceased in 1974, and last financial assistance package occurring in the early 1980s.[22]
1968–1982 Jordan, Lebanon, Israel Black September, Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon PRC provided aid to
PLO, especially to its left-wing communist fractions of Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in its fight for the liberation of Palestine. However, aid was significantly reduced when Deng Xiaoping
came to power.
29 July – 1 August 1967 Laos 1967 Opium War Abandoned
Indochina engaged in the drug trade to survive. A battle between a Burmese drug cartel, Khun Sa's forces, KMT forces and the Royal Lao Army occurred, resulting increase publicity of the drug trafficking in the region
26–29 June 1967 Burma 1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma The PRC radicalized the
Rangoon were restricted as well as the activities of Chinese entities. The Burmese ambassador to China was recalled and China's economic assistance program and its trade agreements with Burma were cancelled.[23]
18 May 1967–present India, Red corridor Naxalite–Maoist insurgency According to Indian sources, the People's Republic of China has been supporting the
Burma acting as middle-men when receiving support.[24][25] China denies this. However, according to the CIA sources, China did support the Maoists/communists in the beginning, but support dwindled due to the Sino-Soviet Split and death of Mao Zedong.[26]
May–December 1967 British Hong Kong
Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots
 The PRC sponsored and supported leftists organisations in British Hong Kong such as the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions to cause unrest in Hong Kong, in the form of strikes, protests, riots, terrorist attacks (bomb attacks and assassinations). Their aim was to overthrow the colonial government and reunify Hong Kong back to China.
11 March 1967 – 17 April 1975 Cambodia Cambodian Civil War The PRC sponsored and supported leftists/communist organisations in Cambodian Civil War.
November 1966 – January 1967 Portuguese Macau 12-3 incident The PRC sponsored and encouraged leftists in Macau to riot in an attempt to overthrow the colonial government. The rioters began destroying statues, ripping out portraits of former governors from government buildings, as well as taking books and city records into the street to burn them. The aftermath of the riots lead to a greater influence of PRC-camp in Macau [27] The aftermath of the riots lead to decrease of
ROC influence in Macau, with many of their activities being banned.[28]
26 August 1966 – 21 March 1990 Namibia, Angola, Zambia South African Border War PRC provided material assistance to the
Namibian independence
.
1965–1983 Thailand Communist insurgency in Thailand PRC provided support to the
Thai government
.
military of Thailand
to combat local Communist insurgents through counter-insurgency operations, until 1967. Li Mi's former troops then came under the command of the Thai army, with the unit renamed the "Chinese Irregular Forces" (CIF).
25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 Mozambique Mozambican War of Independence PRC provided military weapons to the FRELIMO guerrilla forces to achieve Mozambique's Independence from the Portuguese Empire.
20 September 1964 – October 1992 Vietnam, Cambodia
FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
 Taking advantage of Vietnam's mistreatment of its ethnic minorities, the PRC provided support to the
Sino-Soviet Split
.
4 July 1964 – 12 December 1979 Rhodesia Rhodesian Bush War During its War of Independence, China provided support and aid to the
ZANLA
.
January – November 1964 Democratic Republic of the Congo Simba rebellion The PRC supported the Simba rebels.[29]
April 1963 – 11 March 1976 Oman
Dhofar Rebellion
 PRC provided support to the
PFLOAG from 1968 to 1974, hoping to overthrow the Omani government.[30]
23 January 1963 – 10 September 1974 Guinea-Bissau, Guinea Guinea-Bissau War of Independence China provided material assistance to African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) to fight against the Colonial Portuguese Armed Forces.[31]
20 January 1963 – 11 August 1966 Malay Peninsula, Borneo Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation PRC supported
leftist organisations involved in the confrontation.[32]
December 1962 – November 1990 Sarawak, Malaysia Communist insurgency in Sarawak The PRC provided support to the
Malaysian government.[33]
1 September 1961 – 4 June 1991 Eritrea & Ethiopia Eritrean War of Independence, Ethiopian Civil War The PRC provided support to the Eritrean People's Liberation Front to undermine the Soviet-backed Ethiopia and achieve its independence.
4 February 1961 – 25 April 1974 Angola Angolan War of Independence During its war of Independence, China provided military assistance to
FNLA and UNITA in varying degrees to help achieve Angola's Independence from Portugal.[34]
13 November 1960 – 29 December 1996 Guatemala Guatemalan Civil War On 10 January 1997, PRC vetoed a UN resolution supporting the
government of Guatemala recognizing ROC over PRC. This caused a minor delay in the peace process.[35]
 ROC provided logistic support to the right-wing military regime of Guatemala during the civil war to fight against various leftist rebel groups.[13]
1957—1961
East Indonesia
 Permesta ROC sent troops as mercenaries as part of
CIA support to the Permesta rebels, as part of United States's goal to undermine Indonesia who at that time was drifting towards the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.[36]
10 October 1956 British Hong Kong
Hong Kong 1956 riots
 PRC organisations in Hong Kong participated in the riots
ROC organisations
in Hong Kong participated in the riots
1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975 North Vietnam Vietnam War PRC support for the Vietnamese communists included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles. PRC sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $180 million.[37]
Main article: Republic of China in the Vietnam War
1 November 1954 – 19 March 1962 Algeria Algerian War Between 1958 and 1962, China provided assistance to the
Armée de Libération Nationale – the armed wing of the Front de Libération Nation
(FLN) – in the form of funds, arms and training for Algerian officers.
9 November 1953 – 2 December 1975 Laos Laotian Civil War PRC provided support for the Laotian communists, Pathet Lao. ROC provided logistic support for
US armed forces
.
17 December 1950 – 27 April 1994 South Africa Internal resistance to apartheid PRC opposed
Maoist Pan Africanist Congress of Azania and its armed wing, Azanian People's Liberation Army in its anti-apartheid struggle.[38]
25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 Korea Korean War In October 1950, the PVA or People's Volunteer Army intervened in the Korean War on the side of the North Korea's forces as United Nations-backed South Korea's forces under General Douglas MacArthur approached the Yalu River. Under the weight of this offensive, Chinese forces captured Seoul, but were subsequently pushed back to a line roughly straddling the 38th Parallel. The war ended with an Armistice Agreement in 1953. ROC secret agents were present during interrogation of PVA prisoners of wars (POWs). At the end of the war, a total of 14,235 out of 21,800 Chinese POWs decided to go to Taiwan thus defecting from the PRC.
16 June 1948 – 12 July 1960 Southeast Asia Malayan Emergency PRC supported the Malayan Communist Party at the conflict to fight against the Malayan Government. Malayan Government and its successors have considered the Malayan Communist Party as an illegal, terrorist organization.[39]
2 April 1948 – present Myanmar
Internal conflict in Myanmar
 Since 1988, China supported the insurgency groups such as the
Myanmar-China border.[40] Recent reports have indicated that China appeared to play both sides against each other (the Myanmar government and the insurgency groups) for its own strategic interests [41]
2 April 1948 – 21 September 1988 Myanmar
Communist insurgency in Myanmar
 During the insurgency, PRC maintained contacts with the Communist Party (Burma), but never provided material nor military support, only financial, psychological, strategic advice and military training.[42]
September 13, 1945 – August 1, 1954 French Indochina
War in Vietnam (1945–46), First Indochina War
 From 1949, the People's Republic of China supported the Vietnamese communists against the
Việt Minh guerrillas. China supplied the Viet Minh guerrillas with food, money, medics, arms, ammunition, artillery and other military equipment, along with 2,000 Chinese and Soviet Union
military advisors trained the Viet Minh guerrilla force to turn it into a well-professional army. 		The Republic of China provided sanctuary and voiced support to Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng forces.

See also

References

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  3. ^ Kipchumba, Paul, Africa in China's 21st Century: In Search of a Strategy, Nairobi: Kipchumba Foundation
  4. ^ "From "brothers" to "partners": China, Africa building strategic ties". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
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Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. [1]

External links

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