Sitakunda Upazila

Coordinates: 22°37′N 91°39.7′E / 22.617°N 91.6617°E / 22.617; 91.6617
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This article is about the Upazila. For town, see Sitakunda.

Sitakunda
সীতাকুণ্ড
Postal code
4310
WebsiteSitakund

Sitakunda (

wind energy and geothermal power
.

Sitakunda is one of the oldest sites of human habitation in Bangladesh. During much of its history, it was ruled alternatively by various Buddhist rulers of

Suba) of Bangala. European rule of Sitakunda was heralded by Portuguese privateers in 16th and 17th centuries, who ruled together with the pirates; and the British Raj in 18th and 19th centuries, who unified Sitakunda into the rest of the Chittagong District. Diderul Alam
is the Current Member of parliament of Sitakunda

Economic development in Sitakunda is largely driven by the

child labor. It has also been accused of harming the environment, particularly by causing soil contamination. Sitakunda's ecosystems are further threatened by deforestation, over-fishing, and groundwater contamination. The upazila is also susceptible to natural hazards such as earthquakes, cyclones, and storm surges
. It lies on one of the most active seismic faults in Bangladesh, the Sitakunda–Teknaf fault.

Sitakunda is renowned for its numerous

Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh since the early 2000s.[3][4]

History

Early 19th-century painting of pirate boats anchored near Chittagong coast
Sitakunda coast featured in a map from 1818

The legends of the area state the sage Bhargava created a pond (kunda) for Sita to bathe in when her husband Lord Ramchandra visited during his exile in the forests. Sitakunda derived its name from this incident.[5][6]

Sitakunda has been occupied by humans since the

mineralogist Dr. J. Coggin Brown uncovered more prehistoric celts.[10] Large quantities of pebbles have also been found, but archaeologists have not determined whether they were used in the construction of prehistoric tools.[8]

During the 6th and 7th centuries

Arakanese pirates. During those 128 years, the eastern coast of Bengal became a home to pirates of Portuguese and Arakanese origins.[13][15][16] For a brief period in 1550, it was taken over by Pagan invaders.[17] In 1666, Mughal commander Bujurg Umed Khan conquered the area.[11][13]

Along with the rest of

Bengali population since then resulted in an exodus of non-Bengali people from Sitakunda and its vicinity to the Chittagong Hill Tracts.[18][19] During the Ardhodaya Yog movement, a part of the Swadeshi Indian independence movement, the governance of Sitakunda was briefly in the hands of Indian nationalists when, in February 1908, they took over the central government in Kolkata.[20][21] In 1910, Indian Petroleum Prospecting Company drilled here for hydrocarbon exploration, the first such activity in East Bengal. In 1914, the first onshore wildcat well in Bangladesh was drilled at Sitakunda anticline to a depth of 762 metres (2,500 ft).[22] By 1914, however, all four of the wells drilled had proven to be failures.[23]

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British colonial government (British Raj) replaced the governance of the East India Company. When the British withdrew in 1947, after creating the independent states of India and Pakistan, Sitakunda became a part of East Pakistan. The potential for a ship breaking industry first appeared in 1964 when Chittagong Steel House started scrapping MD Alpince, a 20,000 metric tons (19,684 long tons) Greek ship that had been accidentally beached near Fouzdarhat by a tidal bore four years earlier.[24][25][26] On 15 February 1950, Hindu pilgrims form all over East Bengal, Tripura and Assam arriving for Maha Shivaratri were attacked by the Ansars and armed Muslim mobs and massacred at the Sitakunda railway station.[27][28]

During the

Sector 1, led by Ziaur Rahman and Major Rafiqul Islam of the Mukti Bahini, the forces fighting for the independence of Bangladesh. The ship breaking industry began in earnest in 1974 when Karnafully Metal Works started scrapping Al Abbas, a Pakistani ship damaged in 1971, and flourished in the 1980s.[24][29] As of 2007, Sitakunda had overtaken the ship breaking industries of India and Pakistan to become the largest in the world.[1][2]

In the early 2000s, Islamic militant organization

Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) leader Siddikul Islam (also known as Bangla Bhai) ran militant training centers in the upazila at which participants learned to make bombs and handle firearms.[4][30] One of his followers, Mahfuzul Huq, was captured on 21 February 2006.[3]

Geography and climate

The Chittagong range
Road sign marking Sahasradhara spring and the eco-park
Sahasradhara spring in Mid 19th century
Sahasradhara spring in Early 21st century

Sitakunda Upazila occupies an area of 483.97 square kilometres (186.86 sq mi),

Sitakunda Town is the Labanakhya saltwater hot spring, which has been proposed as a source of geothermal energy.[35][36] There are two waterfalls in the hills: Sahasradhara (thousand streams) and Suptadhara (hidden stream).[37] Both have been identified as sites requiring special attention for protection and preservation by the National Heritage Foundation of Bangladesh.[38]

An area prone to

landfall.[40]
The intra-deltaic coastline is very close to the
tectonic interface of the Indian and Burmese plates, as well as the active Andaman–Nicobar fault system, and is often capable of generating tsunamis.[41][42] Cyclone preparedness measures are inadequate for the 200,000 residents of Sitakunda who were estimated to be living in high risk areas after the 1991 cyclone. For every 5,000 people, Sitakunda has only one cyclone shelter, each of which is capable of holding 50 to 60 people. Syedpur Union has eleven, Muradpur eight, Baraiyadhala seven, and Kumira five. Sitakunda municipality, Barabkunda, Bhatiary and Bansbaria have four shelters each. Salimpur has three and Sonaichhari Union has two shelters.[43]

The Chittagong Coastal Forest Department developed the river bars (char in Bengali) on the bank of the Sonaichhari channel adjacent to the Sitakunda coast into a kilometer-wide coastal mangrove plantation during 1989–90, to reduce the impact of cyclones.[44] Although the site was initially unstable, rapid sediment accretion stabilised the soil, providing the coast with some protection. The cyclone of 1990 smashed about 25% of a 2-kilometre (1 mi) sea-wall built using two-ton steel-reinforced concrete blocks, some of which were carried up to 100 metres (328 ft) inland. In contrast, a mangrove plantation just south of the sea-wall sustained damage to less than 1% of its trees, most of which recovered within six months.[45] The planted mangrove forest that helped Sitakunda to escape as one of the least damaged areas during the devastating 1991 Bangladesh cyclone is under threat from illegal tree-cutting by ship-breakers in the area.[44]

Annual average temperature is between 32.5 °C (91 °F) and 13.5 °C (56 °F), with an annual rainfall of 2,687 millimetres (106 in).

wind energy exploration project jointly run by the Local Government Engineering Department and the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies.[49] A small 300-watt wind turbine, built by the government, provides electricity to fish farms.[50]

Geology

Balanus balanoides

The

Khagrachari to the Bay of Bangal, and is one of the six tributaries of Karnafuli, the major river in the area.[52] Sandwip Channel represents the northern end of the western part of the Chittagong-Tripura Folded Belt.[53]

The structure contains a thick sedimentary sequence of sandstone, shale and siltstone. The exposed sedimentary rock sequences except limestone, 6,500 metres (21,325 ft) thick in an average, provide no difference in overall

folded flank of the Bengal Foredeep.[51]

Local experts consider the Sitakunda–Teknaf fault to be one of the two most active seismic faults in Bangladesh.[42] After the earthquake of 2 April 1762, which caused a permanent submergence of 155.4 square kilometres (60.0 sq mi) of land near Chittagong and the death of 500 people in Dhaka, two volcanoes are said to have opened in the Sitakunda hills.[55][56] During a seismic tremor on 7 November 2007, fire broke out at the Bakharabad Gas Systems Limited in the Faujderhat area of the upazila when a pipeline was fractured.[57] The Girujan Clay Formation runs through Sitakunda at a thickness of 168 metres (551 ft).[58][59][60] In the Sitakunda hills, the Boka Bil Shale Formation contains Ostrea digitalina, Ostrea gryphoides and numerous plates of Balanus (a type of barnacles), fragments of Arca, Pecten, Trochus, Oliva and corals.[58][61][62] Both formations were identified and named by early 20th-century British petroleum geologist P. Evans.[63]

Demography

Religions in Sitakunda upazila (2011)[64]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 86.13%
Hinduism
 
 13.36%
Other or not stated
 
 0.51%

As of the

2011 Bangladesh census, Sitakunda upazila had 77,279 households and a population of 387,832. 78,302 (20.19%) were under 10 years of age. Sitakunda had an average literacy rate of 59.20%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 919 females per 1000 males. 45,147 (11.64%) of the population lived in urban areas.[64][65]

According to the census of 2001, Sitakunda had a population of 298,528 distributed to 55,837 units of households (average household size 5.3), including 163,561 men and 134,967 women, or a gender ratio of 121:100. The average population of component administrative units of the upazila are 4,072 for wards, 1,666 for

unions, 5,060 for mouzas (revenue villages) and 5,060 for villages reported by the census.[32] Out of the 69 mauzas here, 8 have less than 50 households, while 27 have more than 600 households.[32] Of the villages, 8 have a population of less than 250, while 29 have more than 2,500.[32] As of 2001, the population density of Sitakunda was 692 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,792/sq mi).[31]

Apart from the

Buddhist 2.01% and Christian 0.12%, with 0.19% following other religions. In 1981, it was Muslim 82.79%, Hindu 14.6%, Buddhist 2.23% and Christian 0.21%, with 0.19% following other religions.[68] Chittagonian, a derivative of Bengali spoken by 14 million people mainly in the Chittagong district,[69]
is the dominant language.

Administration

Sitakunda as a

Boalkhali, Sitakunda Town was developed as a satellite town to relieve the increasing population pressure on Chittagong, with Bhatiari and Sadar unions selected as zones for industrialization, like South Halishahar and Kalurghat.[73] In the 2009 Upazila elections, Abdullah Al Baker Bhuiyan was elected the Upazila Chairman, while Advocate MN Mustafa Nur and Nazmun Nahar were elected vice chairmen.[74]

Sitakunda Upazila makes the 281st

Awami League Party served as member of parliament from 2014 to 2024. M Akteruzzaman is the Upazila Nirbahi Officer, the chief executive of the upazila.[75] The upazila is served by a court presided over by a first-class magistrate.[76] The Power Development Board is responsible for supplying electricity to the upazila, but due to power outages the industries in the area are strictly constrained.[77] Anwarul Kabir Talukder, the State Minister for Power, lost his job on 29 September 2006 after hundreds of demonstrators in Sitakunda blocked the Dhaka–Chittagong highway in protest at the lack of electricity; violence also erupted elsewhere in Bangladesh.[78][79] In case of fire, the services are brought in from the neighboring city of Chittagong.[80] A proposed Kumira–Sitakunda Hill Water Reservoir Project to supply safe drinking water is to be undertaken by the government.[81]

Economy

Ship breaking in Sitakunda
Fishing boat in the Bay of Bengal

The ship breaking industry in Sitakunda has surpassed similar industries in India and Pakistan to become the largest in the world.[1][2] As of August 2007, over 1,500,000 metric tons (1,476,310 long tons) of iron had been produced from the scrapping of about 20 ships in the 19 functional ship yards scattered over 8 square kilometres (3 sq mi) along the coast of Sitakunda 8–10 kilometres (5–6 mi) from Chittagong, near Fouzderhat. Local re-rolling mills, as well as similar mills, process the scrap iron.[29][82][83] Bangladesh, with no local metal ore mining industry of its own, is dependent on ship-breaking for its domestic steel requirements; the re-rolling mills alone substitute for import of about 1,200,000 metric tons (1,181,048 long tons) of billets and other raw materials.[29] There are 70 companies registered as ship breakers in Chittagong, employing 2,000 regular and 25,000 semi-skilled and unskilled workers.[83] Organized under the Bangladesh Ship Breakers Association, (BSBA),[25] these include companies within large local conglomerates that sought ISO certificates.[84]

The industry has come under threat, both from a decline in the number of ships scrapped annually – down from 70–80 to about 20

Chittagong University in 2007 revealed that the soil of the locality is polluted by heavy metals including mercury (0.5 to 2.7 ppm), lead (0.5 to 21.8 ppm), chromium (220 ppm), cadmium (0.3 to 2.9 ppm), iron (2.6 to 5.6 ppm), calcium (5.2 to 23.2 ppm) and magnesium (6.5 to 10.57 ppm).[29][87] Safety standards in the industry are low; between 1995 and 2005, 150 workers were killed and 576 were maimed or injured.[88] The main causes of death were fire or explosion, suffocation and inhaling CO2. These old ships also contain hazardous substances like asbestos, lead paint, heavy metals and PCBs.[89] The workers are paid US$1.75 a day and have little access to medical treatment.[90] Among the workers, 41% of are aged between 18 and 22 years,[91] and many are reported to be as young as 10 years of age.[92] There have also been allegations of large quantities of steel and non-ferrous items, such as bronze, aluminum, copper, and bronze-amalgam recovered from ship breaking being smuggled out of Bangladesh.[93] There also are reports of pirates targeting tugboats pulling ships in.[94]

Employment of local people is low in the industrial facilities.

gill nets, there was a rise in fish catches between the 1970s and 1990s, especially in the major fishing season (mid-July to mid-November).[96] Over-fishing, however, has depleted the fish population and some fish species are facing extinction in the area, leading to seasonal food insecurity (February to April).[96] According to a 2001 survey, 4,000 people in Sitakunda were engaged in wild shrimp fry collection, harvesting an average of five-and-a-half million fries a year.[97]

Sitakunda has a cement factory, 12

BRAC and ASA.[33][104]

Transport and communication

Dhaka–Chittagong Highway

The

Dhaka–Chittagong Highway runs through Sitakunda, connecting the two largest cities in Bangladesh. A workshop conducted by Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimated that improving the highway would increase Bangladesh's GDP by 1% and its foreign trade by 20%.[105] This roadlink between the two cities existed in the pre-railway days[106] and has been identified as a part of the medieval southern Silk Road.[107] In 2006, ADB and the World Bank announced a plan to help Bangladesh build a second highway between Dhaka and Chittagong,[108] which would be a part of the Asian Highway Network.[109]

Historically, the rail transportation system drove developments in Chittagong and the surrounding areas, including Sitakunda.

Goalanda and Kolkata.[106] Approximately 37 kilometres (23 mi) of railroads stop at six rail stations.[33] Currently, there is no express train service between Sitakunda and Chittagong, though intercity expresses (Sylhet–Chittagong, Chandpur–Chittagong, and Dhaka–Chittagong) stop at Sitakunda station and carry a small share of the commuter traffic load.[73] By 2003, there were a total of 112 kilometres (70 mi) of paved roads in the upazila, along with 256 kilometres (159 mi) of mud roads, as well as five ferry-gauts or river docks for the use of barge-type ferryboats. The traditional bullock carts are now rarely seen in the upazila.[33]

Sitakunda was to be the landing station for a

BTTB and RanksTel run telephone services in the upazila. The telephone area code for Sitakunda is 3028, which has to be added to Bangladesh area code +880 when making overseas calls, and the subscriber numbers consist of four digits locally.[114]

Pilgrimage sites

Entrance to Chandranath Temple

Sitakunda is a major site for pilgrimage in Bangladesh, as it features 280 mosques (including the Shah Mosque) 8 mazars (including Baro Awlias Mazar, Kalu Shah Mazar, Fakir Hat Mazar, Shahjahani Shah Mazar), 49 Hindu temples (including Labanakhya Mandir, Chandranath Mandir, Shambunath Mandir), 3 ashrams (including Sitakunda Shankar Math), and 3 Buddhist temples.[33] The Hammadyar Mosque, located at the village of Masjidda on the banks of a tank[115] known as the Hammadyar Dighi, was built during the reign of Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, the last Husain Shahi sultan of Bengal, as recorded by the inscription above the central entrance.[116] The Sudarshan Vihara at village Mayani here, as well as the Vidarshanaram Vihara at village Mayani in Patiya were both established in 1922 by Prajnalok Mahasthavir (1879–1971), an eminent Bangladeshi Buddhist preacher.[117]

According to legend,

Shakti Peetha.[118] The legend goes that Sati's right arm fell near a now-extinct hot spring at the Chandranth peak in Sitakunda. The site is marked by the temple of Sambhunath just below the Chandranath temple on top of the peak, and it is a major tirtha for Hindus in Bangladesh.[119][120]

According to

Dashanami Sampradaya.[5][121] An International Vedic Conference was held from 15 to 17 February 2007 at Sitakunda Shrine (Tirtha) Estate in Sitakunda Chandranath Dham, on the occasion of the great Shiva Chaturdarshi (a Hindu festival in worship of Lord Shiva).[5][121] These temples have been subject to repeated attack and violation by Muslims,[122] and Bangladesh Hindu Bouddha Christian Oikya Parishad has asked for the pilgrims to be protected.[123]

Flora and fauna

Kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum) in Sitakunda
Sitakunda eco-park

While returning to

Trigonometrical Survey Office and Minerva Library of Famous Books; Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co., 1891).[124]

The forests of the region are known to be evergreen type with a preponderance of deciduous species with a levelled distribution.

Vetiveria zizanoides).[124] Several species of Bamboo are cultivated that are common in Bangladesh including Bambusa balcooa (which is also common in Assam), B. vulgaris, B. longispiculata, B. tulda and B. nutans; the latter two also being common in the hills of the region.[125]

A number of fish species have become endangered in the area due to

Etroplus suratensis) and Kawoon (Anabas testudineus), as well as crustaceans like tiger shrimps.[126]

The first eco-park in Bangladesh,

Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco Park, was established in 2001 along with a botanical garden, under a five-year (2000–2004) development project at a cost of Tk 35.7 million on 808 hectares (1,997 acres) of the Chandranath Hills in Sitakunda.[127] The eco-park was established to facilitate biodiversity conservation, natural regeneration, new plantations and infrastructure development, as well as to promote nature-based tourism to generate income. The park, 405 hectares (1,001 acres), and the garden, 403 hectares (996 acres), under the Bariadhala Range of Chittagong Forest Division, are rich with natural Gymnosperm tree species including Podocarpus neriifolius and species of Gnetum and Cycas.[37] The park is reported to be able to receive 25,000 visitors in a single weekend.[128] With the botanical garden included, the number of visitors can reach up to 50,000.[129] According to the International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, however, "ignoring the dependence of local people on park resources created conflicts between local communities and the park authority" and "prohibition on the extraction of forest products from the park... make the livelihoods of surrounding villagers vulnerable".[130]

Society

Faujdarhat Cadet College

The educational institutions of the upazila include

linguist, served as the headmaster of the Government High School from 1914 to 1915.[132] On 24 July 1996, members of Bangladesh Chhatra League and Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS) in Sitakunda Degree College fought with guns and firecrackers over a minor dispute.[133] On 29 July 1996, two ICS members of the college were abducted and one of them was killed.[133][134] Bangladesh Military Academy is also situated in this upazila. As of 2001, average literacy of Sitakunda Upazila for people of 7 years of age or more is 54.6%,[31] while the average literacy of Sitakunda Pourashabha is 53.9%.[71] There has been an overall growth of 32.9% between 1991 and 2001, which for men was 20.5% and for women 59.2%.[32] 70,315 people of the Upazila between the ages of 5 and 24 years attend schools, an overall increase of 35.6% between 1991 and 2001, which for men was 28.1% and for women 45.4%.[32] The highest school attendance rate is observed in age group 10–14 years.[32]

The health service centers in the upazila include a health complex, an infectious diseases hospital, a railway

dengue and other fevers, hepatitis, as well as respiratory infections including tuberculosis are some of the major health threats.[24] The percentage of disabled in Sitakunda is reported to be the highest in Bangladesh, at 17% compared to the national average of 13%.[95]

Banshbaria Union has been declared as 100% sanitized, as all households in the union adopted sanitary latrines,[136] while the upazila has only 16% sanitation coverage.[137] A survey published in 2006 by the Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project found that of the 18,843 tube wells surveyed, 24.7% were found to be contaminated. Visible signs of arsenic poisoning were found in 47 people.[138]

National newspapers published in Dhaka including

NTV, as well as terrestrial television channel Bangladesh Television.[139]

The festivals of Shiva Chaturdashi in middle of the month of Falgun (end of February) and Chaitra Sankranti at end of the month of Chaitra (mid April) are observed with much fanfare, featuring the largest Hindu fair of the district.[33][142] The Sitakunda Upazila Krira Sangstha (Sports Club) is noted for its participation in soccer.[143] There are 151 clubs, a public library and two cinema halls in the upazila.[33]

See also

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External links

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