Sivatherium

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Sivatherium
Temporal range: Late
Ma
Skeleton of S. giganteum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Giraffidae
Subfamily: †Sivatheriinae
Genus: †Sivatherium
Cautley, 1836[1][2]
Type species
†Sivatherium giganteum
Falconer & Cautley, 1836
Species
  • †S. giganteum
  • †?S. hendeyi Harris, 1976
  • †S. maurusium
Synonyms

†Libytherium

Sivatherium ("Shiva's beast", from Shiva and therium, Latinized form of Ancient Greek θηρίον - thēríon) is an extinct genus of giraffids that ranged throughout Africa to the Indian subcontinent. The species Sivatherium giganteum is, by weight, one of the largest giraffids known, and also one of the largest ruminants of all time.[3]

Sivatherium originated during the Late

rock paintings in the Sahara[5] and Central West India.[6] However, these claims are not substantiated by fossil evidence, and the depictions likely represent other animals.[7]

Description

Modern, giraffe-like restoration in the MEPAN
Outdated moose-like restoration
Museum reconstruction

Sivatherium resembled the modern okapi, but was far larger, and more heavily built, being about 2.2 m (7.2 ft) tall at the shoulder, 3 m (9.8 ft) in total height with a weight up to 400–500 kg (880–1,100 lb).[8] A newer estimate has come up with an estimated body mass of about 1,250 kg (2,760 lb)[3] or 1,360 kg (3,000 lb).[9] This would make Sivatherium one of the largest known ruminants, rivalling the modern giraffe and the largest bovines. This weight estimate is thought to be an underestimate, as it does not take into account the large horns possessed by males of the species. Sivatherium had a wide, antler-like pair of ossicones on its head, and a second pair of ossicones above its eyes. Its shoulders were very powerful to support the neck muscles required to lift the heavy skull. Sivatherium was initially misidentified as an archaic link between modern ruminants and the now obsolete, polyphyletic "pachyderms" (elephants, rhinoceroses, horses and tapirs). The confusion arose in part due to its graviportal (robust) morphology, which was unlike anything else studied at that time.[5]

Diet

A dental wear analysis of S. hendeyi from the Early Pliocene of South Africa found that the teeth were brachyodont, but had a higher hypsodonty than a giraffe, and that it was best classified as a mixed feeder, being able to both graze and browse.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sivatherium in the Paleobiology Database
  2. ^ Falconer, Hugh; Cautley, P. T. (1836). "Sivatherium giganteum, a new fossil ruminant genus, from the valley of the Markanda, in the Sivalik branch of the Sub-Himalayan Mountains". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 38–50.
  3. ^
    PMID 26763212
    .
  4. ^ "Fossilworks: Sivatherium". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1
    .
  6. ^ "Rock paintings show species that roamed India". www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 2016-09-14.[dead link]
  7. ^ Naish, Darren (April 25, 2011). "What happened with that Sumerian 'sivathere' figurine after Colbert's paper of 1936? Well, a lot". Tetrapod Zoology.
  8. ^ http://www.geocities.ws/rsn_biodata/Data/Sivatherium_giganteum.html (in Portuguese)
  9. ^ Black, Riley (February 10, 2016). "The Biggest Giraffe of All Time". National Geographic. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  10. OCLC 631971239.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sivatherium.
Wikispecies has information related to Sivatherium.
  • Barry Cox, Colin Harrison, R.J.G. Savage, and Brian Gardiner. (1999): The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life. Simon & Schuster.
  • David Norman. (2001): The Big Book Of Dinosaurs. pg. 228, Walcome books.
  • After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals (Life of the Past) by Donald R. Prothero
  • The Evolution of Artiodactyls by Donald R. Prothero and Scott E. Foss
  • Vertebrate Palaeontology by Michael J. Benton and John Sibbick
  • Evolving Eden: An Illustrated Guide to the Evolution of the African Large Mammal Fauna by Alan Turner and Mauricio Anton
  • Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell \
  • The Book of Life: An Illustrated History of the Evolution of Life on Earth, Second Edition by Stephen Jay Gould
  • World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures: The Ultimate Visual Reference To 1000 Dinosaurs And Prehistoric Creatures Of Land, Air And Sea ... And Cretaceous Eras (World Encyclopedia) by Dougal Dixon
  • Eyewitness: Prehistoric Life by William Lindsay
  • Walker's Mammals of the World (2-Volume Set) (Walker's Mammals of the World) by Ronald M. Nowak
  • Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals by Donald R. Prothero and Robert M. Schoch
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