Donets

Coordinates: 47°36′1″N 40°53′48″E / 47.60028°N 40.89667°E / 47.60028; 40.89667
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Siversky Donets
)

Donets
Holy Mountains.
Map of the Donets basin
Location
CountryRussia, Ukraine
CitiesBelgorod, Lysychansk, Sievierodonetsk
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationProkhorovsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia
 • coordinates50°57′52″N 36°54′9″E / 50.96444°N 36.90250°E / 50.96444; 36.90250
 • elevation200 m (660 ft)
MouthDon
 • location
Rostov Oblast, Russia
 • coordinates
47°36′1″N 40°53′48″E / 47.60028°N 40.89667°E / 47.60028; 40.89667
 • elevation
5.5 m (18 ft)
Length1,053 km (654 mi)
Basin size98,900 km2 (38,200 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average159 m3/s (5,600 cu ft/s)
Basin features
ProgressionDonSea of Azov

The Seversky Donets (

fourth-longest river in Ukraine, and the largest in eastern Ukraine, where it is an important source of fresh water. It gives its name to the Donets Basin, known commonly as the Donbas, an important coal-mining and industrial
region in Ukraine.

Etymology

The names Don and its diminutive Donets are derived from

Sarmatian Dānu "the river".[1][2] Scytho-Sarmatians inhabited the areas to the north of the Black Sea
from 1100 BC into the early medieval times.

In the 2nd century CE Ptolemy knew the river Don, into which the Donets flows, as Tanais,[3] and Western Europeans recognized that the Don had a significant tributary which they called either the small Tanais or Donetz.[4] The Slavic name of Seversky Donets derived from the fact that the river originates from the land of Severians. As the Italian-Polish chronicler Alexander Guagnini (1538–1614) wrote: "There is also another, small Tanais, which originates in the Seversky Principality (for this reason it is called Donets Seversky) and flows into the large Tanais above Azov".[5]

Geography and hydrology

Seversky Donets and Don rivers

The Donets is the largest river in eastern Ukraine and the largest

basin area is 98,900 km2 (38,200 sq mi).[6] Most of the river's length 950 km (590 mi) stretches across Ukraine.[7] The average annual flow is 25 m3/s (880 cu ft/s) near the source and 200 m3/s (7,100 cu ft/s) at the confluence to the Don.[8][9][10]

The Donets originates on the Central Russian Upland, near Podolkhi village, Prokhorovka area, north of Belgorod,[11] at an elevation of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. Its basin contains over 3000 rivers, of which 425 are longer than 10 km (6.2 mi) and 11 are longer than 100 km (62 mi); 1011 of those rivers directly flow into the Donets.[12][13][14] These rivers are mostly fed by melting snow, and thus the water supply is uneven during the year. The spring flood lasts about two months, from February to April[15] – during this period the water level rises by 3 to 8 m (9.8 to 26.2 ft). Excessive flooding is rare due to numerous artificial water reservoirs constructed along the river.[14][16]

Near Shypylivka

The width of the river mostly ranges between 30 and 70 m (98 and 230 ft),[10] sometimes reaching 100–200 m (330–660 ft) and even 4 km (2.5 mi) in the reservoir area. The river bottom is sandy and uneven, with the depth varying between 0.3 and 10 m (1 ft 0 in and 32 ft 10 in) and the average value of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in).[10] The river freezes from around mid-December until late March[15] and is covered by 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) thick ice. It flows into the Don 218 km (135 mi) from the latter's mouth, at an elevation of 5.5 m (18 ft) above sea level; thus the fall of the river is 195 m (640 ft) with the average gradient of 0.18 m/km.[14]

Tributaries and reservoirs

Current

Satellite view of the Pechenizke Reservoir

The flow is slow, between 0.15 m/s (0.49 ft/s) at

Oskil
tributary.

Upstream, above Belgorod, the river contains several

Donetsk (Rostov oblast), the river crosses the Donets Ridge and flows in a narrow valley with steep and rocky slopes. In the lower part of the Donets lowland,[18] the flow is interrupted by sluices and is slow. At the delta, it splits into three distributaries.[15]

Navigation

At present, the Donets is navigable up to the Russian city of

Donetsk (Rostov Oblast), 222 km from the mouth.[15] Navigation on the last section is supported by six dams, built from 1911 to 1914.[19] Each consists of a 100–150-meter (330–490 ft) long concrete dam and a single-chamber sluice, 100 m (330 ft) long, 17 m (56 ft) wide and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) deep. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, a number of attempts were made to revive shipping, in particular, for the sake of the possibility of water transportation of minerals in the Donbass. One of the enthusiasts of the project was D. I. Mendeleev, who wrote about the need to “arrange the Donets […] for our Russian needs […] because the Donets, due to the importance of the interests involved in it, is most necessary”[39]. The developer of the project was the Russian hydraulic engineer Nestor Platonovich Puzyrevsky, known for his contribution to the Volga-Don Canal project. In 1903-1904, he conducted a detailed study of the channel of the Seversky Donets and proposed a project to restore the navigation of the Seversky Donets to the city of Belgorod, which involves the construction of a large number of locks[20][21] were interrupted by World War I, Russian Civil War
and lack of funds. The design of the dams and their old age slowed the navigation of the river, which is currently rather limited.

Major features on the Donets (from
mouth)[15]
Country Oblast Dist. from the mouth, km Dist. from the source, km Name Type Note
 Russia Belgorod 1053 0 Source Near Podolkhi village, Prokhorovka area
 Russia Belgorod 990 63 Belgorod City
 Russia Belgorod 990 63 Belgorod Reservoir
 Ukraine Kharkiv 940 113 Pechenizke Reservoir [uk]
 Ukraine Kharkiv 874 179 Pechenihy Urban-type settlement Annual consumption of 24.5 m3/s[22]
 Ukraine Kharkiv 837 216 Chuhuiv City Annual consumption of 20.5 m3/s[22]
 Ukraine Kharkiv 634 419 Bereka River and Dnieper – Donbas channel Right tributary Length 102 km; 2,680 km2 basin
 Ukraine Kharkiv 600 453 Izium City Annual consumption 52 m3/s[14]
 Ukraine Kharkiv 580 473
Oskil
Left tributary Length 436 km; 14,680 km2 basin
 Ukraine Donetsk 518 535 Raihorodok Urban-type settlement Start of Donets-Donbas channel[15]
 Ukraine Donetsk 516 537 Kazennyi Torets Tributary Length 129 km; 5410 km2 basin
 Ukraine Luhansk 482 571 Rubizhne City
 Ukraine Luhansk 432 621 Lysychansk City Annual consumption 106 m3/s[22]
 Ukraine Luhansk 430 623 Sievierodonetsk City
 Ukraine Luhansk 306 747 Luhansk City
 Russia Rostov 222 831
Donetsk, Russia
City Start of the ship navigation zone
 Russia Rostov 197 856 Kamensk-Shakhtinsky City Annual consumption 159 m3/s
 Russia Rostov 0 1053 Mouth 218 km from the confluence of the
Azov Sea

History

Drawing of a Stone Age tool found near the village of Krasny Yar, Luhansk Oblast.[23]

Pre-industrial era

The river played a crucial role for its ancient settlers as a source of water and food, means of transportation and trade route. The first archaeological evidence of settlers relates to Cheulean[

Kipchak people, Golden Horde and later of Cossacks. The river flows through the historic lands of Sloboda Ukraine as well as the lands of Don River Host. The many Cossacks became later assimilated into the strengthening Russian Empire, which had rebuilt and reinforced the fortress of Belgorod and cities of Kyiv, Izium, Luhansk, Chuhuiv and others in order keep defensive lines against the raids of nomads from the south-east. Later, the protective role of the river basin gave way to economic needs. In the 18th–19th centuries, the river was extensively used for watermills, which numbered by hundreds by the end of the 18th century, and the mill dams interrupted navigation on the river.[25]

Industrial era

Industrialization in the 20th century shifted interests to mineral exploitation in Donbas, with water-hungry plants concentrated mostly in Kyiv, Luhansk and Donetsk.[26] Already by the 1930s, Kharkiv, Donetsk and Luhansk were lacking water forcing the authorities to gradually create a network of canals and reservoirs. In 1936, the Kochetok Reservoir was created and coupled to the water system of Kharkiv.[14] By the 1950s, this measure proved insufficient, and in the 1960s, Pechenizke Reservoir was constructed in place of the Kochetok Reservoir. It has with the capacity of 400 million m3 and provides about 75% of water consumed by Kharkiv. To supply water to southern Donbas and Donetsk, the 130-km long Donets-Donbas channel was built around 1958 starting near Raigorodok city,[15] and in compensation, the Dnieper-Donbas channel was created to supply water from Dnieper River to the upstream of the Donets via the Bereka River.[27] As a result of the industrial activity, the wild nature of Donets Basin transformed into an industrial settlement.[28][29]
After the breakup of the USSR, most of the basin territory became part of Ukraine.

Russo-Ukrainian War

During the

War in Donbas, Luhansk Oblast was roughly split along the river between the Luhansk People's Republic
, which controlled most of the portion of the oblast south of the Donets, and the Ukrainian government, which controlled most of the territory north of the Donets.

In May 2022, Russian attempts to cross the Donets above Lysychansk were stopped in the operationally decisive Battle of the Siverskyi Donets.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Donets in Luhansk Oblast, near Shypylivka.

Environment

Being one of the largest rivers in Ukraine, the Donets is very intensively used in farming and industry. Ukraine alone uses more than 2 km3 (0.48 cu mi) of river waters per year, half of which is returned as polluted discharges; this consumption effectively reduces river runoff by 32 m3/s (1,100 cu ft/s).[17]

Donets suffered greatly even back in the 18th century, when old oaks were cut down along its banks.[40] The industrial development of the 19th century reduced the groundwater levels of the basin. This resulted in shallowing of the river and slowed navigation. Until the mid-19th century, the river was rich in fish which population rapidly declined since then.[14] The water quality is graded as level IV (polluted) to V (dirty). The main pollutants are fertilizers, petroleum, phenols, zinc, chromium and copper.[41][42] In Kharkiv Oblast, water is contaminated by industrial and communal wastes of Belgorod, Izium and Shebekino cities, but the water is partially purified through the Pechenizke Reservoir. The density of plants and thus the contamination increase downstream in Donetsk and Luhansk areas, especially around Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk, about 400 km from the mouth. Some tributaries of the Donets, such as Kozenyi Butt, Bakhmut and Lugan are so polluted that consuming fish caught there is dangerous.[17] The purest segment of Donets is between the source and Belgorod, and between the Pechenizke Reservoir and Chuhuiv. Average water salinity is 650–750 mg/L, and it increases in winter to 1000 mg/L mostly due to industrial wastewater.[43]

Carp

Flora and fauna

Fish

The Donets hosts 44 species of fish, predominantly small fishes such as

carp has successfully operated since 1967.[45]

Amphibians and reptiles

Grass snake

On the banks of the river, in the floodplain wetlands, there are abundant

European pond terrapin.[28]

Mammals

Human activities, mainly cultivation of the steppes, resulted in the disappearance of animals formerly common in the basin, such as

.

Russian desman Marmot European otter Least weasel

Birds

The number of bird species of the river basin reduced sharply over the past 100–150 years. The disappeared species include

European magpie and shrikes.[45] From the traditional bird types, still common are several species of ducks, crows, Charadriiformes, Podiceps, great reed warbler and much less common are herons and storks. Only 12 individuals of demoiselle cranes remain in the area, near Sviatohirsk city. During the migratory season, the region is visited by greylag and black geese.[28]

Demoiselle crane Great reed warbler Skylark White-tailed eagle
Downy birch

Flora

Banks of the river used to contain

Peter I.[40] By the 20th century, most meadows along the river banks were converted into farmers' fields. Only a small part of the old groves remains, mainly in the Kharkiv Oblast. North of Izium, there are still broadleaf forests, and pine forests are found near Chuhuiv. Many species of wild plants survive near floodplain wetlands. These include willow, downy birch, alder and krushinnik. Along the river banks, there are cane, swamp horsetail, carex, kizlyak, swamp sabelnik and other types of grass.[28]

Tourism

Downstream of Zmiiv.

The Donets is regarded as one of the most scenic rivers of East European Plain and contains many hiking and biking routes along its banks. Canoe rafting is rather popular, especially between Zmiiv and Sviatohirsk. Rafting is of the first (lowest) degree of difficulty. The busiest tourism months are from May to September.[47] The most picturesque part is probably near the town of Izium, which hosts a National Park of Holy Mountains.[28] Down to Lysychansk, the water is clean for swimming, and there are many sandy beaches on the shores. Near Pechenizke Reservoir, there are several health resorts.

Gallery

  • Spring flood
    Spring flood
  • Spring
    Spring
  • Summer
    Summer
  • Winter
    Winter
  • Seversky Donets River near the village of Yaremovka
    Seversky Donets River near the village of Yaremovka

References

  1. ^ Mallory, J.P. and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson, 2000. p. 106
  2. ^ Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (Ossetian language and folklore). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. P. 236
  3. .
  4. ^ Rennell, James (1830). The geography system of Herodotus examined and explained, by a comparison with those of other ancient authors, and with modern geography. C.J.G. & F. Rivington. p. 76.
  5. ^ Guagnini, Alexander Description of Muscovy. 1997 reprint (in Russian): Есть также другой, малый Танаис, который берёт своё начало в Северском княжестве (поэтому он называется Донец Северский) и выше Азова впадает в большой Танаис.
  6. ^ «Река Северский Донец (Северный Донец)», Russian State Water Registry
  7. ^ "Donets River". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  8. ^ Bliznyakov E., Ovchinnikov KM, Bykov, VD Hydrography of the rivers of USSR, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1945.
  9. ^ Kimstach, p. 376
  10. ^ .
  11. ^ Antimonov NA Nature of the Belgorod Oblast, Belgorod Publishing House, 1959
  12. ^ Shandikov, G. O.; Goncharov, G. L. (2008). "Редкие виды рыб бассейна Северского Донца Северо-восточной Украины" [Rare fish types of the Donets basin in the north-eastern Ukraine)] (PDF) (in Russian). Kharkiv University; hosted at gov.ua.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Demchenko MA Hydrography of Kharkiv Oblast Proceedings of the Geographical Society of Kharkiv. Volume VIII. Kharkiv Oblast. Nature and economy, Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, 1971
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Северский Донец (Seversky Donets) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 (in Russian)
  15. ^ Kimstach, p. 409
  16. ^ a b c Wisniewski В.І. Гідрологічні characteristics річок Ukraine, Ніка-Center, Kyiv, 2003 (in Ukrainian)
  17. ^ a b c "Horyzont" [Horizon]. narod.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  18. ^ "Саркел.ру -Варианты соединения Волги и Дона" [Sarkel.ru - Options for connecting the Volga and the Don]. sarkel.ru. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  19. ^ Mendeleev D.I. Future force resting on the banks of the Donets. "Northern Herald", No. 8 – 12, 1888
  20. ^ Puzyrevskyi N.P. Prospecting on Sev. Donets River in 1903 and 1904 and the project of the waterway from Kharkiv and Belgorod to the confluence of river Donets, St. Petersburg, 1910
  21. ^ a b c State Water Cadastre. Annual data on mode and surface water resources. Parts 1 and 2, Volume II, Issue 3. RIHMI-WDC, Obninsk, 1989
  22. ^ Shramko BA History of Seversky Donets Kharkiv University, 1962
  23. ^ Boriskovsky PI Paleolithic Ukraine, Materials and Research on the Archaeology of the USSR (MIA), v. 40, Moscow, Leningrad, 1953
  24. ^ "Описания Харьковского наместничества конца XVIII века". Original publication year 1788. Kiev, Наукова думка, 1991, p. 39 (in Russian)
  25. ^ Zhuk G. P. Seversky Donets – Donbas, Acad. "Donbas", Donetsk, 1982
  26. ^ Kimstach, p. 381
  27. ^ a b c d e f Gorelova, LN, Dogadina T., Krivitsky IA Enchanted Valley. Travel Seversky Donets, "Prapor", Kharkiv, 1990
  28. ^ Dotsenko AP Why does Seversky Donets become shallow and loses fish, "Priroda" No. 4, 1958
  29. ^ "Ukraine repels Russia's attempt to cross Donbas river, and drives invaders away from Kharkiv". the Guardian. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  30. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  31. ^ "Ukrainian forces prevented attempted Russian river crossing in the Donbas, Britain says". Reuters. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Russian army 'lose entire battalion' trying to cross Ukraine bridge". The Independent. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  33. ^ Keyton, David; Stashevskyi, Oleksandr. "Ukraine inflicts huge losses on Russians during failed river crossing, officials say". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  34. ^ Axe, David. "The Russians Lost An Entire Battalion Trying To Cross A River In Eastern Ukraine". Forbes. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  35. ^ "Ukraine river ambush shows again Russian military is 'not up to scratch'". France 24. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  36. ^ "Bloody river battle was third in three days - Ukraine official". BBC News. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  37. ^ "Russian troops suffer epic fail while attempting to cross river at Bilohorivka". euromaidanpress.com. 15 May 2022.
  38. ^ "Russian War Report: Drone footage confirms failed Russian military pontoon crossing". Atlantic Council. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  39. ^ a b Morozov YI Гидрографичекій очеркъ Сѣвернаго Донца, University of Harkov, 1874
  40. ^ Kimstach, pp. 192, 214, 258, 388–394
  41. .
  42. ^ Agroclimaticale directory of Kharkiv area, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1957
  43. .
  44. ^ a b c d Lisiecki A. Fauna of the Kharkiv Oblast Proceedings of the Geographical Society of Kharkiv in Ukraine. Volume VIII. Kharkiv Oblast. Nature and economy, Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, 1971
  45. .
  46. ^ Gorbunova NN Boat Tours in Ukraine, Physical Education and Sports, Moscow, 1969

Bibliography

External links

Google Maps satellite pictures