Six Acts
Following the
The setting, and the passing of the acts
Following the
The acts were aimed at gagging radical newspapers, preventing large meetings, and reducing what the government saw as the possibility of armed insurrection. During the Commons debates, each of the parties appealed to the example of the French Revolution to make their case. The Tories pointed to the weakness of the French forces of law and order; the Whigs, conversely, to the need for the safety valve of free speech and a free press.
Strengthened by their success at the 1818 elections, the Whigs were able to make three significant amendments to the bills as originally proposed: public meetings were to be allowed behind closed doors, and the ban on outside meetings was to be limited in time; transportation of Press offenders was made more difficult; and the curtailment of legal delays was extended to include prosecution as well as defendant.[5] Nevertheless, the Six Acts were eventually passed by prime minister Lord Liverpool and his colleagues, as part of their repressive approach focused on preventing a British revolution.
Details of the acts
| Unlawful Drilling Act 1819 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | ||
 Commencement 11 December 1819 | | |
| Other legislation | ||
| Amended by | ||
| Repealed by |
| |
Status: Partially repealed | ||
| Status | ||
| Northern Ireland | Current legislation | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | ||
| Seizure of Arms Act 1819 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 2 | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 18 December 1819 |
| Expired | 25 March 1822 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1873 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Misdemeanours Act 1819 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 4 | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 23 December 1819 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Seditious Meetings Act 1819 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 6 | |
| Introduced by | Lord Castlereagh (Lords) |
| Territorial extent | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 24 December 1819 |
| Expired | 6 July 1825 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1873 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Criminal Libel Act 1819 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 8 | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 30 December 1819 |
Status: Partially repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |
| Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act 1819 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 9 | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 30 December 1819 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Newspapers, Printers, and Reading Rooms Repeal Act 1869 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
The six acts were:
- The Training Prevention Act, now known as the municipalbodies and above.
- The Seizure of Arms Act (60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 2) gave local magistrates the powers, within the disturbed counties, to search any private property for weapons and seize them and arrest the owners.[6]
- The Misdemeanours Act (60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 4) attempted to increase the speed of the administration of justice by reducing the opportunities for bailand allowing for speedier court processing.
- The .
- The 60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 8),[7] toughened the existing laws to provide for more punitive sentences for the authors of such writings. The maximum sentence was increased to fourteen years' transportation.
- The Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act (60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4. c. 9) extended and increased taxes to cover those publications which had escaped duty by publishing opinion and not news. Publishers were also required to post a bondfor their behaviour.
Repeal of the acts, and their influence
Different time-scales applied to the different acts.
- The prohibition of drilling was maintained into the twentieth century,[8] and only repealed in 2008.[9]
- By contrast, the seizure of arms was set up to elapse after 27 months;[10] while the Seditious Meetings Prevention Act had a five-year time limit built in, and was repealed in 1824.
- G. M. Trevelyan considered that "The most lasting injury to the community was done by the Act imposing a four-penny stamp on all periodical publications"—a charge reduced (to a penny) in 1836, before such taxes on knowledge finally vanished mid-century.[11]
The Six Acts went down in folk history, alongside Peterloo, as symbols of the repressive nature of the
See also
- Cato Street Conspiracy
- Coercion Act
- Earl of Eldon
- Police state
- Radicalism (historical)
References
Footnotes
- ^ Halévy 1961, pp. 25, 61.
- ^ McCord & Purdue 2007, pp. 27–28.
- ^ loo_law_feature.shtml Peter loo
- ^ Halévy 1961, p. 67.
- ^ Halévy 1961, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Halévy 1961, pp. 67, 77.
- ^ "Criminal Libel Act 1819 (60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4 c. 8)", Statute Law Database (SLD), Accessed 11 May 09
- ^ Trevelyan 1922, p. 190.
- ^ History features (BBC)
- ^ Steinberg 1963, p. 335.
- ^ Trevelyan 1922, pp. 190–191.
- ^ Plowright 1996, p. 31.
Bibliography
- Halévy, Élie (1961). The Liberal Awakening. London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill (2007). British History, 1815–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Plowright, John (1996). Regency England: The Age of Lord Liverpool. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-13022-3.
- Steinberg, S. H. (1963). A New Dictionary of British History. London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Trevelyan, G. M. (1922). British History in the Nineteenth Century. London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Further reading
- ISBN 0-7100-7419-0