Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
Sixto-Clementine Vulgate | |
---|---|
Other names | Clementine Vulgate Latin: Vulgata Clementina |
Language | Late Latin |
Complete Bible published | 1592 |
Online as | Sixto-Clementine Vulgate at Wikisource |
Textual basis | Vulgate |
Religious affiliation | Catholic Church |
In principio creavit Deus cælum et terram. Terra autem erat inanis et vacua, et tenebræ erant super faciem abyssi : et spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas. Dixitque Deus : Fiat lux. Et facta est lux.
Sic enim Deus dilexit mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum daret : ut omnis qui credit in eum, non pereat, sed habeat vitam æternam. |
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The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate or Clementine Vulgate (
The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate is a revision of the Sixtine Vulgate; the latter had been published two years earlier under
History
Sixtine Vulgate
The Sixtine Vulgate prepared under Pope Sixtus V was published in 1590;[1] it was "accompanied by a Bull [Aeternus Ille], in which [...] Sixtus V declared it was to be considered the authentic edition recommended by the Council of Trent, that it should be taken as the standard of all future reprints, and that all copies should be corrected by it".[2] The College of Cardinals was dissatisfied with the Sixtine Vulgate; on 5 September 1590, nine days after Pope Sixtus V's death, they ordered the suspension of its sales,[1][3] withdrew as many copies as possible,[4] and shortly afterwards ordered the destruction of the printed copies.[5]
Gregory XIV's two pontifical commissions
An official version of the Vulgate was still needed. Therefore,
The fourth commission worked slightly more than one month; during this time the revision of the Book of Genesis was completed and on 18 March the revision of Exodus began. However, the commission was progressing slowly, and the revision was expected to take a year. Due to this slowness, the size of the commission was reduced, its mode of operation changed, and its workplace moved to the villa of M. A. Colonna in Zagarolo.[9][11] Two people were members of this commission: M. A. Colonna, its president,[8][12] and William Allen. This commission also comprised eight other people as advisors: Bartholomew Miranda, Andrea Salvener, Antonius Agellius, Robert Bellarmine, Bartholomew Valverde, Lelio Landi, Petrus Morinus, and Angelo Rocca.[12]
Supposedly, the work of revision was finished in nineteen days thanks to the guidance of the Codex Carafianus—the codex which contained the propositions made to Sixtus V by the commission presided over by Cardinal Carafa, which is a 1583 edition of the Leuven Vulgate that had been emended by the third commission under Carafa[13][14][15]—and the experience of four members of the commission who had previously taken part in the work to produce the Sixtine edition (Landi, Valverde, Agellius, and Rocca).[16] The work was completed either after 19 days on 23 June,[17] or on 5 July or before,[18] or in early October, 1591.[8] Brooke Foss Westcott notes that "even if it can be shown that the work extended over six months, it is obvious that there was no time for the examination of new authorities, but only for making a rapid revision with the help of the materials already collected".[9] The basis of the commission's work was the Codex Carafianus.[14]
Francis J. Thomson considers that the work of revision was rather entrusted to the
Gregory XIV died on 15 October 1591; his direct successor, Innocent IX, died on 30 December the same year, less than two months after his election. In January 1592, Clement VIII became pope. Clement VIII resumed work on the revision to produce a final edition;[18] he appointed Francisco de Toledo, Agostino Valier and Federico Borromeo as editors, with Robert Bellarmine, Antonius Agellius, Petrus Morinus and two others to assist them.[19] "Under Clement VIII's leadership, the commission's work was continued and drastically revised, with the Jesuist scholar Cardinal Robert Bellarmine (1542–1624) bringing to the task his lifelong research on the Vulgate text".[20]
Clement VIII's recall of the Sixtine Vulgate
In January 1592, Clement VIII became pope and immediately recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate[21][2] as one of his first acts.[22] The reason stated for the recall was printing errors, although the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of those.[23][21]
According to
According to Jaroslav Pelikan, the Sixtine Vulgate "proved to be so defective that it was withdrawn".[20]
Publication
The Clementine Vulgate was printed on 9 November 1592,[29] in folio format,[30] with an anonymous preface written by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine.[c][29][19] It was issued containing the Papal bull Cum Sacrorum of 9 November 1592,[32] which asserted that every subsequent edition must be assimilated to this one, that no word of the text may be changed and that variant readings may not be printed in the margin.[33] Most of the misprints of this edition were removed in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition.[29]
The 1593 and 1598 editions were in
This new official version of the Vulgate, known as the Clementine Vulgate,[29][35] or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate,[35][14] became the official Bible of the Catholic Church.[29][36]
Textual characteristics
The Appendix to the Clementine Vulgate contained additional apocryphal books:
The text of the Clementine Vulgate was close to the
Title
Scrivener notes that to avoid the appearance of a conflict between the two popes, the Clementine Bible was published under the name of Sixtus, with a preface by Bellarmine. This preface asserted that Sixtus had intended to publish a new edition due to errors that had occurred in the printing of the first, but had been prevented from doing this by his death, and that now, in accordance with his desire, the work was completed by his successor.[2]
The full name of the Clementine Vulgate was Biblia sacra Vulgatae Editionis, Sixti Quinti Pont. Max. iussu recognita atque edita[46][23][42] (translation: The Holy Bible of the Common/Vulgate Edition identified and published by the order of Pope Sixtus V[42]). Because the Clementine edition retained the name of Sixtus on its title page, the Clementine Vulgate is sometimes known as the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.[42]
E. Nestle notes that "the first edition to contain the names of both the Popes [Sixtus V and Clement VIII] upon the title page is that of 1604. The title runs: 'Sixti V. Pont. Max. iussu recognita et Clementis VIII. auctoritate edita.'"[47] An analysis also shared by Scrivener[33] and Hastings. Hastings adds that "[t]he regular form of title in a modern Vulgate Bible—'Biblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis Sixti V. Pont. Max. jussu recognita et Clementis VIII. auctoritate edita'" cannot be traced earlier than 1604. Up until that time Sixtus seems to have been alone on the title-page; after this date, "Clement occasionally figures by himself".[21] This addition of Clement VIII on the title page in 1604 is due to the printing press of Guillaume Rouillé.[48][33]
Differences from the Sixtine Vulgate
The Clementine edition of the Vulgate differs from the Sixtine edition in about 3,000 places according to
Some examples of text changes include, for example in Exodus 2, where the text of the Sixtine Vulgate "constituit te" (2:14), "venerant" (2:16), "et eripuit" (2:22), and "liberavit" (2:25) is replaced in the Clementine Vulgate respectively by "te constituit", "venerunt", "eripuit", and "cognovit".[16]
Criticism
Research later made after the printing of the Clementine Vulgate "has shown that the Clementine edition departs at many points from Jerome's text [the Vulgate]".[50]
Contemporary critiques
The differences between the Sixtine and Clementine editions of the Vulgate have been criticised by Protestants; Thomas James in his Bellum Papale sive Concordia discors (London, 1600) "upbraids the two Popes on their high pretensions and the palpable failure of at least one, possibly both of them".[53] He gave a long list of about 2,000 differences between these two editions.[54] In the preface to the first edition of the King James Version (1611), translators accused the pope of perversion of the Holy Scripture.[55]
Modern critiques
James Hastings said he "willingly admit[s]" that "on the whole [...] the Clementine text is critically an improvement upon the Sixtine".[21] According to Frederic G. Kenyon, "[i]t cannot be pretended that the Clementine text is satisfactory from the point of view of history or scholarship"; he also said the changes that differentiate the Clementine edition from the Sixtine edition "except where they simply remove an obvious blunder, are, for the most part, no improvement".[49] Henri Quentin wrote: "Overall, the Clementine edition is a little better than the Sixtine, but it does not mark considerable progress".[18]
Later printings
In the early 20th century, more people became aware of the inadequacies of the Clementine Vulgate, and in 1906 a new edition of the Clementine Vulgate edited by Michael Hetzenauer was published (Biblia sacra vulgatae editionis: ex ipsis exemplaribus vaticanis inter se atque cum indice errorum corrigendorum collatis critice[59]); his edition was based on the 1592, 1593, and 1598 printings of the Clementine Vulgate, and includes authorised corrections. The 1946 edition by Alberto Colunga Cueto and Turrado is the current standard reference edition of the Clementine Vulgate, and a version of it is available online.[d][42]
In critical editions of the Bible text
The 1592 edition of the Clementine Vulgate is cited in the
Nova Vulgata
The Clementine Vulgate remained the standard Bible of the
See also
- Bible translations into Latin
- Douay–Rheims Bible
- Latin Psalters
- Vulgate
- Sixtine Vulgate
- Nova Vulgata
Notes
- Sixtus V. See Sixtine Vulgate#Three pontifical commissions.
- Controversiae on the Index of Prohibited Books while Bellarmine was in France on a diplomatic mission. However, the Congregation of the Index and, later, the Society of Jesus resisted this. In 1590 Sixtus died, and with him the project of the Sistine Index also died."[25]
- ^ See also Bellarmine's testimony in his autobiography:
In 1591,
Clement VIII edited this revised Bible, under the name of Sixtus (V), with the Preface of which I am the author.[31](in original Latin: Vita ven. Roberti cardinalis Bellarmini, pp. 30–31); (in French here, pp. 106–107)
- ^ Here (reference given in the source by Houghton).
References
- ^ a b Metzger (1977), p. 348.
- ^ a b c d e f Scrivener (1894), p. 64.
- ^ Quentin (1922), p. 190.
- ^ a b Thomson, Francis J. (2005). "The Legacy of SS Cyril and Methodius in the Counter Reformation" (PDF). In Konstantinou, Evangelos (ed.). Methodios und Kyrillos in ihrer europäischen Dimension. Peter Lang. p. 86.
- ^ Gerace 2016, p. 225: "a week [sic, 9 days] after the death of Pope Sixtus V (27 August 1590) they ordered, first, the suspension of the selling of this edition and the destruction of the printed copies shortly thereafter"
- ^ Gerace (2016), pp. 210, 225.
- ^ a b Quentin (1922), pp. 192-193.
- ^ a b c Vacant, Alfred; Mangenot, Eugene; Amann, Emile (1908). "Bellarmin". Dictionnaire de théologie catholique : contenant l'exposé des doctrines de la théologie catholique, leurs preuves et leur histoire (in French). Vol. 2. University of Ottawa (2nd ed.). Paris: Letouzey et Ané. p. 564.
- ^ a b c "B.F. Westcott on the Old Latin and Vulgate". bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ Quentin (1922), pp. 193-194.
- ^ Quentin (1922), p. 194.
- ^ a b Quentin (1922), pp. 170, 194-195—p. 170 for the identity of "Doctor Valverdes"
- The Clarendon Press. p. xxviii.
- ^ a b c Gerace (2016), p. 225.
- ^ Quentin (1922), pp. 8, 171.
- ^ a b Quentin (1922), p. 195.
- ^ a b c Steinmeuller, John E. (December 1938). "The History of the Latin Vulgate". Homiletic & Pastoral Review. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.: 252–257. Retrieved 18 September 2019 – via CatholicCulture.
- ^ a b c Quentin (1922), p. 197.
- ^ a b Townley, James (1821). "Chapter III. Sixteenth century.". Illustrations of Biblical literature: exhibiting the history and fate of the sacred writings, from the earliest period to the present century; including biographical notices of translators and other eminent Biblical scholars. Vol. 2. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp. 493.
- ^ ISBN 9780300066678.
- ^ ISBN 9781410217295.
- ^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1903). Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations. University of Chicago (4th ed.). London, New York [etc.]: Eyre and Spottiswoode. pp. 187.
- ^ a b c "Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1903). Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations. University of Chicago (4th ed.). London, New York [etc.]: Eyre and Spottiswoode. pp. 187–188.
- ^ a b Bellarmine, Robert (2012). Tutino, Stefania (ed.). "On Temporal and Spiritual Authority". Online Library of Liberty. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ Metzger (1977), pp. 348–349.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Sixtus V". newadvent.org. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Metzger (1977), p. 349.
- ^ Steinmeuller, John E. (December 1938). "The History of the Latin Vulgate". CatholicCulture. Homiletic & Pastoral Review. pp. 252–257. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ISBN 88-372-1732-3.
- ^ "Vulgata Clementina". vulsearch.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ a b c d Scrivener (1894), p. 65.
- doi:10.1086/478784– via JSTOR.
- ^ ISBN 9780300066678.
- ^ a b Houghton (2016), pp. 132–133.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
- ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- ^ Weber, Robert; Gryson, Roger, eds. (2007). Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 1724.
- ^ Metzger (1977), p. 351.
- ^ Weber, Robert; Gryson, Roger, eds. (2007). Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 1878.
- ^ a b c d e f Houghton (2016), p. 132.
- ^ Quentin (1922), p. 170, 197.
- ^ Quentin (1922), pp. 196–197.
- ^ Quentin (1922), p. 199.
- ^ a b Aland, Kurt; Nestle, Eberhard, eds. (2012). Novum Testamentum Graece. Chapters: "III. Der kritische Apparat", section 'Die lateinischen Übersetzungen'; & "III. The Critical Apparatus", section 'Latin Versions' (28th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 25, 69.
- ^ a b Nestle, Eberhard (1901). "Chapter II.". In Menzies, Allan (ed.). Introduction to the textual criticism of the Greek New Testament. Translated by Edie, William. University of California Libraries (2nd ed.). London [etc.] Williams and Norgate; New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 128.
- ^ Steinmeuller, John E. (December 1938). "The History of the Latin Vulgate". Homiletic & Pastoral Review. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.: 252–257. Retrieved 18 September 2019 – via CatholicCulture.
In the year 1604 the name of Clement VIII was added by Robillius [sic, Rovillius] of Lyons to that of Sixtus V, and thus our Vulgate in time came to be called the Sistine-Clementine edition.
- ^ Kenyon, F. G. (1903). Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations (4th ed.). London, New York [etc.]: Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. 188. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- ^ )
- ISBN 9780195161229.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
[...] neither the edition of 1590 nor that of 1592 (which introduced roughly five thousand changes in the text despite the fact that changes in the 1590 text were expressly forbidden on pain of excommunication) succeeded in representing either Jerome's original text (see below) or its Greek base with any accuracy.
- ^ Scrivener (1894), pp. 64–65.
- ^ James (1843), p. 170.
- ^ "Bible (King James)/Preface - Wikisource, the free online library".
- ^ "A return to church tradition on women deacons". CatholicNetwork.US. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
- ^ Van Liere, Frans (2012). The Latin Bible, c 900 to the Council of Trent 1546. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Hetzenauer, P. Michael (1906). Biblia Sacra Vulgatae editionis: ex ipsis exemplaribus Vaticanis inter se atque cum indice errorum corrigendorum collatis. Oeniponte: Sumptibus Librariae Academicae Wagnerianae.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
The various editions of the Vulgate are indicated by the following abbreviations when information about their text is necessary or informative: vgs for the Sixtine edition (Rome: 1590); vgcl for the Clementine edition (Rome: 1592) (vgs is not indicated independently when its text agrees with vgcl).
- The Clarendon Press. p. xxix.
- ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
Vulgate is the name given the form of the Latin text which has been widely circulated (vulgata) in the Latin church since the seventh century, enjoying recognition as the officially authoritative text, first in the edition of Pope Sixtus V (Rome, 1590), and then of Pope Clement VIII (Rome, 1592), until the Neo-Vulgate.
- ^ "Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II". Vatican: The Holy See. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
Works cited
- James, Thomas (1843) [1612]. Edmund Cox, John (ed.). A Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture, Councils, and Fathers, by the Prelates, Pastors, and pillars of the Church of Rome for the maintenance of Popery. New York Public Library (3rd ed.). J. W. Parker.
- Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1894). "Chapter III. Latin versions". In Miller, Edward (ed.). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
- Quentin, Henri (1922). Mémoire sur l'établissement du texte de la Vulgate (in French). Kelly - University of Toronto. Rome: Desclée. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). "VII The Latin Versions". The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Steinmeuller, John E. (December 1938). "The History of the Latin Vulgate". Homiletic & Pastoral Review. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.: 252–257. Retrieved 18 September 2019 – via CatholicCulture.
- Gerace, Antonio (2016). "Francis Lucas 'of Bruges' and Textual Criticism of the Vulgate before and after the Sixto-Clementine (1592)". Journal of Early Modern Christianity. 3 (2): 201–237. KULeuven.[permanent dead link]
- Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). "Editions and Resources". The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198744733.
Further reading
- Vercellone, Carlo (1860). Variae lectiones Vulgatae Latinae Bibliorum editionis (in Latin). Harvard University. Rome: I. Spithöver. ISBN 9780790583181.
- "Histoire de la correction de la Vulgate d'après le P. Ungarelli, Barnabite". Analecta juris pontificii. 1 (in French). Kelly - University of Toronto. Rome. 1855. pp. 1321–1341.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - New International Encyclopedia(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- Gordon, Bruce; McLean, Matthew, eds. (2012). Shaping the Bible in the Reformation: Books, Scholars and Their Readers in the Sixteenth Century. Boston: ISBN 9789004229501.
External links
Original editions
- Scan of the 1592 edition Archived 27 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine and text of the 1592 edition Archived 27 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine by the Instituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento (click on "metadati" if the image does not load)
- 1592 edition on Google books
- Scan of the 1598 edition
Editions
- van Ess, Leander, ed. (1822–1824). Biblia Sacra, Vulgatæ Editionis, Sixti V et Clementis VIII, 1590, 1592, 1593, 1598. (edition of the 1592 version of the Vulgate with variations from the two other subsequent editions (1593 and 1598) as well as of the 1590 Sixtine Vulgate)
- Vercellone, Carolus, ed. (1861). "Biblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis Sixti V. et Clementis VIII. Pontt. Maxx. Jussu Recognita Atque Edita". sacredbible.org. Typis S. Congregationis De Propaganda Fide. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- Hetzenauer, P. Michael, ed. (1914). "Biblia Sacra Vulgatæ Editionis Sixti V Pont. Max. Iussu Recognita et Clementis VIII Auctoritate Edita". sacredbible.org. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- Vulgata Clementina – VulSearch & the Clementine Vulgate project
- The Clementine Vulgate, fully searchable, with the ability to compare with both the Douay Rheims and Knox Bibles side by side.
Translations
- Catholic Public Domain Version, 2009 (open source translation of the Clementine Vulgate into English)
Miscellaneous
- Notice of the 1593 edition on the website of the Morgan Library and Museum: here