Skopje
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (October 2023) |
Skopje
| |
---|---|
City of Skopje | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal codes | МК-10 00 |
Area code | +389 2 |
ISO 3166 code | MK-85 |
Car plates | SK |
HDI (2021) | 0.802[4] very high · 1st of 8 |
Climate | BSk |
Website | www |
Skopje (
Scupi is attested for the first time in the second century CE as a city in Roman Dardania.[8][9] When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992.
From 1282, the town was part of the
Skopje is on the upper course of the Vardar River, and is on a major north–south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens. It is a centre for the chemical, timber, textile, leather, printing, and metal-processing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official census from 2021, Skopje had a population of 422,540 inhabitants in its urban area and 526,502 in ten municipalities that form the city and, beside Skopje, include many other less urbanized and rural settlements some of which are 20 km (12 mi) away from the city itself or even border the neighbouring Kosovo.[2][failed verification]
Name
The city is attested for the first name in
When
Geography
Topography
Skopje is in the north of the country, in the centre of the
Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km2.[22] The urbanized area only covers 337 km2, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare.[23] Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including Dračevo, Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci. According to the 2021 census, the City of Skopje itself comprised 422,540 inhabitants and 526,502 within administrative limits.[2][failed verification]
The City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the north-east. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the municipalities of Čučer-Sandevo, Lipkovo, Aračinovo, Ilinden, Studeničani, Sopište, Želino and Jegunovce.
-
The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red.
-
Location of Skopje in North Macedonia
-
Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci
Hydrography
The Vardar river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 km (37 mi) from its source near Gostivar. In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m3/s, with a wide amplitude depending on seasons, between 99.6 m3/s in May and 18.7 m3/s in July. The water temperature is comprised between 4.6 °C in January and 18.1 °C in July.[24]
Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries. The largest is the Treska, which is 130 km (81 mi) long. It crosses the Matka Canyon before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The Lepenac, coming from Kosovo, flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the 1960s, when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi.[25] Finally, the Markova Reka, which originates in Mount Vodno, meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 km (43 mi) long.[21]
The City of Skopje incorporates two artificial lakes, on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purpose in 1978.[21] Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci, on the northeastern edge of the urban area.
The river Vardar historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110 m3/s−1.[24] Several works have been carried since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero.[26]
The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl. The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rašče, west of the city.[23]
-
The Treska lake
-
The Vardar and the Stone Bridge, symbol of the city
-
The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950
-
The Serava north of the city
Geology
The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the
Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built.[27]
The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian
The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of Neogene and Quaternary deposits. The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone, marl and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt and gravel, carried by the Vardar river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep.[30]
In some areas, the subsoil is karstic. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the Matka Canyon, which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep.[31]
-
Mount Vodno in the background overlooking Skopje
-
The Matka Canyon on the western edge of the City of Skopje
-
A cave at the Matka Canyon
Climate
Skopje has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).[32][33] with a mean annual temperature of 13.5 °C (56 °F).[34] Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Accursed Mountains to the northwest, being significantly less than what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high is 31 °C (88 °F). On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 °C (95 °F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C (88 °F) and sometimes above 40 °C (104 °F). In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C (59 to 75 °F). In winter, the day temperatures are roughly in the range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but at nights they often fall below 0 °C (32 °F) and sometimes below −10 °C (14 °F). Typically, temperatures throughout one year range from −13 °C to 39 °C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June.
Climate data for Skopje International Airport (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
28.8 (83.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
41.1 (106.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.7 (110.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
33.9 (93.0) |
28.2 (82.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
43.7 (110.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
1.9 (35.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
6.7 (44.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −25.8 (−14.4) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−25.8 (−14.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) |
29 (1.1) |
38 (1.5) |
40 (1.6) |
43 (1.7) |
54 (2.1) |
38 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
34 (1.3) |
49 (1.9) |
45 (1.8) |
48 (1.9) |
483 (19.0) |
Average precipitation days | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 106 |
Average snowy days | 5 | 5 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 2 | 5 | 20 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83 | 75 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 61 | 56 | 56 | 63 | 74 | 82 | 85 | 70 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 86.9 | 112.5 | 161.1 | 198.4 | 245.2 | 276.3 | 323.0 | 305.4 | 247.5 | 188.2 | 114.8 | 79.6 | 2,339 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[35] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days)[36] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[37]
|
Environment
The City of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and the urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include the Matka Canyon.[23]
The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, in front of the Parliament; the university arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees.[38]
Skopje experiences many environmental issues which are often overshadowed by the economic poverty of the country. However, alignment of North Macedonian law on European law has brought progress in some fields, such as water and waste treatment, and industrial emissions.[39] Skopje remains one of the most polluted cities in the world, topping the ranks in December 2017.[40]
Steel processing, which a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for
Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar.[23] Waste is disposed of in the open-air municipal landfill site, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the city. Every day, it receives 1,500 m3 of domestic waste and 400 m3 of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of North Macedonia, and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents.[41]
Urbanism
Urban morphology
The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26 July 1963 earthquake, which destroyed 80% of the city, and by the reconstruction that followed.[28] For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes.[42]
Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf Ciborowski, who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II. Ciborowski divided the city in blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the Vardar river became natural areas and parks, areas between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping centres, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry.[43] Reconstruction had to be quick to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated.[44]
The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of
On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the Old Bazaar was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress. Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian academy, were also relocated on the north bank to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. Indeed, the north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank.[43]
The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman
Some areas of Skopje suffer from a certain anarchy because many houses and buildings were built without consent from the local authorities.[49]
-
Vapcarov Street, in the city centre
-
A street in the Old Bazaar
-
Highrise housing in Karpoš
-
"Macedonian Cross" and Cevahir Towers.
-
The archeological museum, one of the elements of "Skopje 2014"
Urban sociology
Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious belonging.
The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for
The population density varies greatly from an area to the other. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41 m2 (208.93 sq ft) per person as of 2002[update], but at 24 m2 (258 sq ft) in
Localities and villages
Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as
Some localities outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in
Pollution
Air pollution is a serious problem in Skopje, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of particulate matter (PM2 and PM10) are regularly over twelve times the WHO recommended maximum levels. In winter, smoke regularly obscures vision and can lead to problems for drivers. Together with India and Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia is one of the most polluted places in the world.[55]
Skopje's high levels of pollution are caused by a combination of smoke from houses, emissions from the industry, from buses and other forms of public transport, as well as from cars, and a lack of interest in caring for the environment. Central heating is often not affordable, and so households often burn firewood, as well as used car tyres, various plastic garbage, petroleum and other possible flammable waste, which emits toxic chemicals harmful to the population, especially to children and the elderly.[56]
The city's smog has reduced its air quality and affected the health of many of its citizens, many of which have died from pollution-related illnesses.
An application called AirCare ('MojVozduh') has been launched by local eco activist Gorjan Jovanovski to help citizens track pollution levels. It uses a Traffic light system, with purple for heavily polluted air, red for high levels detected, amber for moderate levels detected, and green for when the air is safe to inhale.[57] The application relies on both government and volunteer sensors to track hourly air pollution. Unfortunately, government sensors are frequently inoperable and malfunctioning, causing the need for more low-cost, but less accurate, volunteer sensors to be put up by citizens. Faults on government sensors are especially frequent when the pollution is measured is extremely high, according to the AQILHC (Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern).[58]
In 2017, as part of the city’s efforts to reduce pollution, a CityTree was installed, and promoted by German ambassador Christine Althauser.[59]
On 29 November 2019, a march, organized by the Skopje Smog Alarm activist community,[60][61] attracted thousands of people who opposed the government's lack of action in dealing with the city's pollution, which has worsened since 2017, contributing to around 1300 deaths annually.[62][61]
History
Historical affiliations
Dardanian Kingdom, 230–28 BC
Roman Empire, 28 BC–395
Byzantine Empire, 395–836
First Bulgarian Empire, 836–1004
Byzantine Empire, 1004–1093
Grand Principality of Serbia, 1093–1097
Byzantine Empire, 1098–1203
Second Bulgarian Empire, 1203–1246
Empire of Nicaea, 1246–1255
Second Bulgarian Empire, 1255–1256
Empire of Nicaea, 1256–1261
Byzantine Empire, 1261–1282
Kingdom of Serbia, 1282–1346
Serbian Empire, 1346–1371
District of Branković, 1371–1392
Ottoman Empire, 1392–1912
Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915
Tsardom of Bulgaria 1915–1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[Note 1] 1918–1941
Tsardom of Bulgaria 1941–1944
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Democratic Federal Macedonia) 1944–1946
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Socialist Republic of Macedonia) 1946–1992
North Macedonia[Note 2] 1992–present
Origins
The rocky promontory on which Skopje Fortress stands was the first site to be settled in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the Chalcolithic (4th millennium BC).[63]
Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the
During the Iron Age, the area of Skopje was inhabited by the
Roman Scupi
Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the
The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy, while many veterans were from
An ancient funeral inscription of the Illyrian tribe Albanoi was found in Scupi.[75]
In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3.5 m (11 ft) wide wall.[76] It had many monuments, including four necropoles, a theatre, thermae,[71] and a large Christian basilica.[77]
Middle Ages
In 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake,
Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as the Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and
During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from
In 1282, Skopje was captured by Serbian king
In 1330, Serbian king Stefan Dečanski mentioned Albanians as being in the district of Skopje and regularly going to the Fair of Saint George which convened near the city.[99]
Ottoman period
The
In the cadastral register of 1451-52, the Skopje neighborhood Gjin-ko - (Gjinaj), is mentioned, being named after the medieval Albanian Gjini family. The neighbourhood displayed mixed Christian Albanian anthroponomy with cases of Slavicisation present (e.g Palić; Pal + Slavic suffix ić).[102] During this time period, a number of timariotes of the city are recorded as bearing the name Arnauti (Albanian) alongside a Muslim name, i.e Hamza Arnauti, Shahin Arnauti, Jusuf Arnauti. Another group bore Christian/Slavic names, while also carrying bearing the surname Arbanas/Arnaut, i.e Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut etc. These individuals are not noted as having the Slavic appellatives došlac, prišlac or uselica, which were given by Ottoman authorities to new settlers of a given region, likely indicating they were locals.[103] In the year 1451/53 a neighborhood was registered bearing an Aromanian name, Mahalle-i Todor Vlaja-Vlaha. Among the 45 family heads of this neighborhood , Christian-Slavic and Albanian anthroponyms were recorded (Gjon-çe, son of Noriç, Koljko Bibani, Tusho, son of Rada etc), while a sizeable number of individuals bearing mixed Slavic-Vlach anthroponyms are also registered, such as: Petko, son of Vllah (Iflak), Petru son of David, Andreja, kozhuhar, Nikul Çikun, etc.[104]
In the mahallah Ahrijan Hasan in the year 1451/53, a head of the family from noble Albanian Muzaka family, who had converted to Islam, was re-registered among the Muslim heads of the family. In the other register of 1467/68, now in the Christian mahallah named Svetko Samarxhi, among the 29 heads of families with Slavic Christian anthroponyms, a number also carry Albanian anthroponyms.[105] In the neighborhood of Jazixhi Shahin, among the residents with Muslim names, the head of the family was registered only with the surname Zenebishi, without mentioning his social position or his profession, indicating a higher social status. This may suggest a relation to Hasan Bey Zenebishi adescendant of the Zenebishi family and the Soubashi of the Nahiyah of Kalkandelen. Individuals bearing Albanian anthroponyms, be they in conjunction with Oriental/Islamic, Slavic or Christian ones, also appear in the neighbourhoods of Kasim Fakih, Dursun Saraç, Kujumxhi Mentesheli, Çerep, Jandro, Stanimir, Vllah Dançu and Rela.[104] A number of Sipahis were also of Albanian origin, with these individuals holding timars in areas which had a Christian Albanian symbiosis with Slavic anthroponyms in the vicinity of Skopje. The defters noted that these were old were old Sipahis, likely having been landowners. These individual Sipahis were closely related by descent and blood, and taking account kinship ties, even though they had heterogeneous, Christian, Slavic and Oriental names, they appear to have been Albanians. Some have names indicating their origin, such as Shimerd Vardarli from Skopje, making it likely these timariotes were locals.[106]
Around 1529, the Christians of Skopje were mostly non-converted
In 1623-1624, the Catholic
Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000, and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future
After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new
Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from
In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Skopje was inhabited by 31900 people, of whom 15000 were Turks, 13000 Christian Bulgarians, 1920 Romani, 800 Jews, 450 Vlachs, 150 Christian Albanians, 50 Christian Greeks, 30 Circassians and 500 inhabitants of various other origins.[125] The Bulgarian researcher Vasil Kanchov wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Skopje, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization. Jordan Ivanov, professor at the University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, due to a lack of consolidated national consciousness and influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians were losing their mother tongue in Skopje. .[126] German linguist Gustav Weigand described that the Skopje Muslim population of "Turks" or Ottomans (Osmanli) during the late Ottoman period were mainly Albanians that spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home.[127] In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by Prizren with its 30,000 inhabitants.[17] At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on dyeing, weaving, tanning, ironworks and wine and flour processing.[17]
Skopje was one of the five main centres of the
Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Ottoman Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created.[16] However, some of the policies implemented by the Young Turks, such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August. On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later.[129]
-
Bulgarian manifestation in support of the Young Turk Revolution
-
The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century
-
Cutlers in the Old Bazaar around 1900
Balkan Wars to present day
Following an alliance contracted in 1912, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before.[16] During the conflict, Chetniks, a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and killed numerous Albanian inhabitants from the city.[130] The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.[107]
In 1915, during the
In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by
After
After the
Emblems
The Flag of Skopje[150] is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used.[151]
The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the
Administration
Status
Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all of the country's municipalities. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.[153]
The City of Skopje is part of the Skopje Statistical Region, which has no political or administrative power.[153]
City Council
The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the city and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development.
Following the 2017 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:[154]
Party / List | Seats | |
---|---|---|
SDSM | 21 | |
VMRO-DPMNE | 17 | |
DUI | 3 | |
BESA | 2 | |
AA | 1 | |
The Left | 1 | |
Total | 45 |
Mayor
The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years. The mayor represents the City of Skopje and can submit ideas to the council, manages the administrative bodies and their officials.[155]
Municipalities
Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five:
Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments (education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.[156]
|
|
Economy
Economic weight
Skopje is a medium city at European level. Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The Skopje Statistical Region, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45.5% of the Macedonian GDP.[157] In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to US$6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita.[158] This figure is, however, smaller than the one of neighboring Sofia (US$10,106),[159] Sarajevo (US$10,048)[160] or Belgrade (US$7,983),[161] but higher than the one of Tirana (US$4,126).[162]
Because there are no other large cities in the country, and because of political and economical centralization, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages
Firms and activities
In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small (13,625).[164] A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialized in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers.[165] Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.[54]
As the country's financial capital, Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock Exchange, of the National Bank and of most of the country's banking, insurance and telecommunication companies, such as Makedonski Telekom, Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP.[54]
Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the "Zelen Pazar" (green market) and the "Bit Pazar" (flea market). They are both considered as local institutions.[51] However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernized and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping centres. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a Carrefour hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.[168]
Employment
51% of the Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.[54]
The unemployment rate for the
The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at €400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of the national figure.[170] The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo (€522),[171] Sofia (€436),[172] and in Belgrade (€440).[173]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1921 | 41,000 | — |
1931 | 68,880 | +5.32% |
1948 | 88,355 | +1.48% |
1953 | 120,130 | +6.34% |
1961 | 166,870 | +4.19% |
1971 | 314,552 | +6.54% |
1981 | 448,200 | +3.60% |
1991 | 444,760 | −0.08% |
2002 | 506,926 | +1.20% |
2021 | 526,502 | +0.20% |
Source: [50][174][175] |
Population
According to the results of the 2002 census, the City of Skopje itself had 428,988 in its urban area and 506,926 inhabitants within administrative limits that encompass many villages and other settlements, including
Skopje contains roughly a quarter of North Macedonia's population. The second most populous municipality, Kumanovo, had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011,[177] and an urban unit of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002.[50]
Before the
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in the Greater Skopje include:
Ethnic group | 2002 | 2021 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Macedonians | 338,358 | 66.75 | 309,107 | 58.71 |
Albanians | 103,891 | 20.49 | 120,293 | 22.85 |
Turks | 8,595 | 1.70 | 8,524 | 1.62 |
Roma | 23,475 | 4.63 | 18,498 | 3.51 |
Vlachs | 2,557 | 0.50 | 2,778 | 0.53 |
Serbs | 14,298 | 2.82 | 9,478 | 1.80 |
Bosniaks | 7,585 | 1.50 | 7,365 | 1.50 |
Others | 8,167 | 1.61 | 6,284 | 1.19 |
Administrative sources | n/a | n/a | 44,175 | 8.39 |
Total | 506,926 | 100 | 526,502 | 100 |
Skopje, just like North Macedonia as a whole, is characterized by a large ethnic diversity. The city is in a region where Macedonians and Albanians meet, and it welcomed Romani, Turks, Jews and Serbs throughout its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century, when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2021 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 309,107 inhabitants, or 58.71% of the population. Then came Albanians with 120,293 inhabitants (22.85%), Roma people with 18,498 (3.51%), Serbs (9,478 inhabitants), Turks (8,524), Bosniaks (7,365) and Aromanians (also known as "Vlachs", 2,778). 6,284 people did not belong to any of these groups.[50]
Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of
Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds.[182] Both Macedonians and Albanians view themselves each as the original population of Skopje and the other as newcomers.[183][145][147] The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.[52]
Religion
Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the
According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the
2002 | 2021 | |||
Number | % | Number | % | |
TOTAL | 506,926 | 100 | 526,502 | 100 |
Orthodox | 348,837 | 68.8 | 264,872 | 60.3 |
Christians | 216 | 0.49 | 50,624 | |
Catholics | 2,506 | 0.04 | 2,044 | |
Islam | 143,770 | 28.4 | 155,245 | 29.5 |
others | 11,597 | 1.81 | 9,542 | 1.81 |
Administrative sources | 44,175 | 8.39 |
Until
Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants (about 0.04% of the population).Because of its 520-year Ottoman past, and the fact that many of its inhabitants today are Muslims, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built.
Health
Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialized medical institutions, such as the Filip II Hospital, a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases.[189] In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje.[190] The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6‰ in Skopje and 9.3‰ on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8‰ in Skopje and 7.6‰ in North Macedonia.[190]
Education
Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. For one, 16% of Skopjans have graduated from university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje.[191]
Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools.[192] The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students.[193] After the country's declaration of independence in 1991, several private universities were brought to existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are European University Skopje with 7 departments[194] and FON University with 9 departments respectively.[195]
Media
Skopje is the largest media centre in North Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily
The city is home of the studios of
Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, as the Media Information Agency, and private, such as the Makfax.[196]
Sports
As the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 2,200 people and the court of Jane Sandanski has a 6,000 seat capacity.[200]
The largest stadium remains Toše Proeski Arena. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje[201] experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 33,460 seats,[202] and a health spa and fitness area. The Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country. It was opened in 2008 and named after former president Boris Trajkovski, who died in 2004. It includes rooms dedicated to handball, basketball and volleyball and host 6,250 seats, a bowling alley, a fitness area and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people.[203]
Transport
Main connections
Skopje is near three other capital cities,
Corridor X locally corresponds to the M-1 motorway (E75), which is the longest highway in North Macedonia. It also corresponds to the Tabanovce-Gevgelija railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the Kičevo-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is some 20 km (12 mi) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimized, especially with Albania. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have never been to Tirana, while only 6.7% have never been to Thessaloniki and 0% to Sofia. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje.[205]
The first highways were built during Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the Brotherhood and Unity Highway to, what was then, Yugoslav capital Belgrade to North, and Greek border to South.
Rail and coach stations
The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the
Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Ǵorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.[210]
Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day.[211] Coach connections reach more destinations than train connections, connecting Skopje to many domestic and foreign destinations including Istanbul, Sofia, Prague, Hamburg and Stockholm.[212]
Public transport
Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city.[213] Many of the JSP vehicles are red Yutong City Master double-decker buses built by Chinese bus manufacturer Yutong and designed to resemble the classic British AEC Routemaster.[214]
A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019.[215]
A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre.
Airport
The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier
Nowadays, Skopje International Airport is in Petrovec, some 20 km (12 mi) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish TAV Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year.[217] The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.[218]
Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including
Culture
Cultural institutions
Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid", the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Theatre, the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to contemporary art and young talents.[219]
Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a
The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats), the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333).[224] Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.[225][226]
Museums
The largest museum in Skopje is the
The
Architecture
Although Skopje has been destroyed many times through its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was also a ground for
Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Tumba Madžari Neolithic site.[233] On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi, with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica.[71] The Skopje Aqueduct, between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century.[234] It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry.[235]
Examples of
The oldest churches in the city centre, the Ascension and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques.[238] In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov.[239]
After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernized. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926
The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the "Skopje 2014" project in 2010.[241][242] It made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about €500 million.[243]
The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary
-
Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon
-
Interior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque
-
Daut Pasha Turkish bath
-
The historic clock tower
-
The Arab House
-
Porta Macedonia
Festivals
The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, acid jazz, Latin jazz, smooth jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Ray Charles, Tito Puente, Gotan Project, Al Di Meola, Youssou N'Dour, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July.[248] Past guests include Larry Coryell, Mick Taylor & the All-Stars Blues Band, Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff, João Bosco, the Temptations, Tolo Marton Trio, Blues Wire, and Phil Guy.
The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the
May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theatre festival that takes place each year at the end of month September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje.[249] More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International theatre festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM.[250] Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theatre association. The festival has an international character, always representing theatres from all over the world that present and enhance exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant-garde theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other.
The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from North Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world.
Nightlife
Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels, such as that of the Holiday Inn. Other casinos include Helios Metropol, Olympic, Bon Venon, and Sherry.
People from Skopje
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Skopje is
- Bradford, United Kingdom (since 1961)
- Dijon, France (since 1961)
- Dresden, Germany (since 1967)
- Tempe, United States (since 1971)
- Roubaix, France (since 1973)
- Waremme, Belgium (since 1974)
- Nuremberg, Germany (since 1982)
- Chlef, Algeria (since 1983)
- Nanchang, China (since 1985)
- Manisa, Turkey (since 1985)
- Suez, Egypt (since 1985)
- Pittsburgh, United States (since 2002)
- Istanbul, Turkey (since 2003)
- Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2007)
- Podgorica, Montenegro (since 2007)
- Zaragoza, Spain (since 2008)
- Zagreb, Croatia (since 2011)
- Tirana, Albania (since 2016)
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2017)
Partnerships
See also
- History of Skopje
- List of honorary citizens of Skopje
- List of people from Skopje
- Old Bazaar, Skopje
- Sports in Skopje
Notes
- ^ This name was also in use in English for a time.
- Alfons Mucha, 1926
- ^ Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929
- ^ See Macedonia naming dispute
Citations
- ^ Local Elections 2021 – Mayor of Skopje Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine. State Election Commission.
- ^ a b c d "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021". www.stat.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined". YourDictionary.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ "Skopje". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ "Skopje". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ISBN 9781405881180
- ISBN 9780859896320– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780710077141– via Google Books.
- ^ Ramet 2006, p. 40.
- ISBN 0874369355.
- ^ Duridanov 1975, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 45. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
Again the evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in Macedonian territories relies on the phonological development of particular locations. In Macedonia the names of Ohrid (Alb Ohër) < Lychnidus, Skopje (Mk Skopje, Sr Skoplje, Alb Shkup) < Skupi, and Štip < Astibos are best explained by the phonological developments of Albanian (Stanišić 1995: 10–11 and references therein).
- ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the originalon 20 November 2020.
The place-name Shkup is evidenced as Scupi- in ancient records, as for ex. in Itineraria Romana 1916 (of the III-IV centuries A.D.)77. ln the Balkan Slavic languages this place-name sounds with initial /Sko-/: Skopie, whereas in Albanian the initial /Shku-/ in Shkup-i is a direct reflection of the ancient /Scu-/, and this excludes a Slavic intermediation. The regular evolution of Scupi > Shkup has also been admitted by Barić ( 1955, p. 49) and Skok78 (before him).
- ^ Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "History". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811.
USKÜB, Uscup, or Skopia (anc. Scupi, Turk. Üshküb, Slav. Skoplye), the capital of the vilayet of Kossovo
- ^ "The War of Numbers and its First Victim: The Aromanians in Macedonia (End of 19th – Beginning of 20th century)" (PDF).
- ^ "Nature of the region of Skopje". Tourist office of Macedonia. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "Traffic and transport projects". City of Skopje. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Figures". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Drisla Landfill Feasibility Study, Volume 1 of 2 – Main Findings – Final Report" (PDF). Mott MacDonald Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "The Study on Wastewater Management in Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia". Tokyo Engineering Consultants. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant Project, Skopje, Environmental Assessment Report". TE-TO AD SKOPJE. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Risto Ḱorstošev (2001). "Одмаздата на Серава". Vest. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Jasen (2010). "Lake Kozjak". Government of the Republic of Macedonia. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "GUP Transport". Build.mk. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Jakim T. Petrovski. "Damaging Effects of July 26, 1963 Skopje Earthquake" (PDF). Meseisforum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Annual and sesonnal variations of indoor radon concentration in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Zdenka Stojanovska, Faculty of Electronic Engeeniring, Nis, Serbia, 2012". Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ^ "Macedonian Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, OHIS Site Remediation Project Conceptual Design, 2010" (PDF). ozoneunit.gov.mk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014.
- ^ "Matka Canyon". macedonia.co.uk.
- ISBN 978-9400711457.
- ^ Klement Bergant: "Climate Change Scenario for Macedonia: Summary Archived 17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine". University of Nova Gorca, Centre for Atmospheric Research. September 2006.
- ^ Град Скопје. "Official web-site of Skopje". Skopje.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- ^ "Skopje Climate". pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Skopje". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Skopje, Macedonia". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ "Градско Зеленило". Паркови и Зеленило. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ a b Sinisa Jakov Marusic (13 December 2011). "Pollution Alert in Smog-Bound Skopje". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- .
- ^ "National Report on Human Development" (PDF). UNDR. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d Vladimir B. Ladinski. "Post 1963 earthquake reconstruction: Long term effects" (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y Desastres Guatemala.[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e Robert Homes. "Rebuilding Skopje" (PDF). Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge and Chelmsford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ Zoran Milutinovic (2007). "Urbanistic aspects of post earthquake reconstruction and renewal – experiences of Skopje following earthquake of July 26, 1963" (PDF). International Earthquake Symposium Kocaeli 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Launey, Guy De (30 August 2014). "The makeover that's divided a nation". BBC News. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ "Philip of Macedon Statute 'Planned' for Skopje Downtown". BalkanInsight. 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Skopje: Controversy Over Albanian Monuments Continues". BalkanInsight. 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Поставен камен-темелник на плоштадот Скендер-бег во Скопје". Dnevnik. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.
- ^ "Local Economic Development Strategy of the City of Skopje, period 2006–2009" (PDF). City of Skopje. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2002, Book XIII:Total population, households and dwellings, According to the territorial organization of The Republic of Macedonia, 2004, 2002" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ ISBN 9781551117195.
- ^ a b c d Jasna Stefanovska. "Revisiting Topaana: touring a neighborhood where the other 1% lives" (PDF). Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Investment Potentials of Skopje Region" (PDF). Skopje Region. 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Smith, Oliver (5 November 2019). "Delhi the most polluted city in the world". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ Lee and Mickute, Joi and Viktorija (19 March 2019). "Inside Skopje, Europe's most polluted capital city". Al Jazeera.
- ^ ITU (5 June 2019). "How Skopje is using innovative tech to clean up air pollution". ITU News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- ^ "Centar, Skopje, Macedonia Air Pollution: Real time Air Quality Index (AQI)". AQICN. 2 December 2019.
- ^ "City Tree billboard installed in downtown Skopje". Zaman Macedonia. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ "Skopje Smog Alarm". Facebook. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- ^ a b "Skopje Smog Alarm asks for 1% of the GDP of 2018 for the protection of the environment". META Mk. 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023.
- ^ J., D. (7 February 2017). "Beijing is nothing compared to Skopje – Air pollution is too high, four men die each day". Telegraf.
- ^ "Prehistoric Kale". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ "Kale in the antiquity". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ ISBN 9780859896320.
- ^ Duridanov 1975, p. 17.
- ^ "Vladimir P. Petrović, Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania Historical and Geographical Considerations, Balcanica XXXVII, p 10" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011.
- ^ Todorovska, Marina Ončevska (2011). "The Status of Venus from Skupi" (PDF). Folia Archaeologica Balkanica. II: 355.
- ISBN 9780521264303– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780631198079– via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d Matthew Brunwasser (2012). "Burial Customs, Death on the Roman Empire's eastern frontier". Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ISBN 1-84162-297-4, p. 117.
- ^ Papazoglu 1978, p. 242.
- ISBN 9780710077141.
- ^ Dragojević-Josifovska 1982 Archived 11 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, p. 32
- ^ Mimoza Petrevska Georgieva. "Жителите на Скупи уживале во спа-центри". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Vesna Ivanovsa (30 July 2008). "Откриена ранохристијанска базилика во Скупи". Dnevnik. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ "49 Years after the Disastrous Skopje Earthquake". Kurir. 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ISBN 9781845111670.
- ISBN 9780710077141.
- ISBN 9781845111670.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.
- ^ Ivan Mikulčiḱ, Medieval towns and castles in the Republic of Macedonia, Book 5 of Makroproekt "Istorija na kulturata na Makedonija", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1996, p. 27.
- ISBN 978-1-60520-421-5.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1930). History of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: LG. Bell & Sons. p. 87. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Medieval Kale". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ (Skylitzes-Cedr. II, 455, 13)
- ISBN 9004252495
- ISBN 9780521616379.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.
- ^ Serge Jodra (2006). "Bohémond (Marc)". Imago Mundi. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ISBN 9781409410980.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
- ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ISBN 978-0810833364.
- ISBN 978-0631204718.
- ISBN 978-3039113200.
- ^ Popovski, Jovan (1969). Macedonia. Turistička štampa. p. 66.
- ^ a b Zoran Pavlov M.A. & Radmila Petkova (2008). "Macedonian Cultural Heritage – Ottoman Monuments" (PDF). Unesco Venice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari,vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë),dhe Todori,i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza , e vejë.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas,Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.
- ^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b c d e f Mehmet İnbaşi. "The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century" (PDF). International Balkan University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2020.
- ^ "Mustafa Pasha Mosque". HAEMUS : Center for scientific research and promotion of culture. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- .
- ISBN 978-619-176-046-6.
- ^ Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve p. 488-489
- ^ Dokumente për historinë e Shqipërisë (1623-1653) - Documenti per la storia dell'Albania (1623-1653). Injac Zamputti. Parafjala Albert Ramaj
- ^ Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve p. 489
- ^ Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians "Some elements of a conversionist approach can also be found in the text of the Cuneus prophetarum. At one point, for example, Bogdani declares: ‘It is better to be a Christian, the son of a Muslim, than to be a Muslim, the son of a Christian:”” (As always in Christian writings of this period, the word “Turk here is used to mean ‘Muslim:) " p. 116
- ISBN 9780521774017.
- ^ "Kale in the Turkish period". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Ognen Čančareviḱ et Goce Trpkovski. "Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1851098736.
- ISBN 978-0-300-15826-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.
- ^ Hildo Bos; Jim Forest, eds. (1999). For the Peace from Above: an Orthodox Resource Book on War, Peace and Nationalism. Syndesmos. pp. 52–53.
- ^ Църква и църковен живот в Македония, Петър Петров, Христо Темелски, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2003 г., стр. 105.
- ^ Vasil Kanchov (1900). Macedonia: Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia. p. 252.
- ^ Salajdin SALIHI. "DISA SHËNIME PËR SHQIPTARËT ORTODOKSË TË REKËS SË EPËRME". FILOLOGJIA - International Journal of Human Sciences 19:85-90.
- JSTOR 647505"Aarbakke notes that Weigand says of Skopje that the "Turks" are mostly Albanians who speak Turkish in public and Albanian at home, "but should be regarded as Osmanli" (Aarbakke 1992:10)."
- ^ Karloukovski, Vassil. "Илинденско-Преображенското въстание 1903–1968 – 6". promacedonia.org.
- ISBN 978-1850655343.
- ISBN 9781785337758.
- ^ "L'Armée d'Orient et la Macédoine" (PDF). Basse-Normandie Macédoine, la coopération au service de la gouvernance locale. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4881-8
- ISBN 9789757622369– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780521597333– via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e f "eahn Newsletter, number 4/10" (PDF). European Architectural History Network. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2014.
- ^ Ivan Tomovski (1978). Skopje between the past and the future. Macedonian Review Editions. p. 17.
- ^ Ramet 2006, p. 139.
- ISBN 9780521616379.
- ISBN 9781561710812.
- ^ "Stone & Stone: War Diary for 13 November 1944". stonebooks.com.
- ISBN 9789545287527– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780752439389– via Google Books.
- ^ Daskalov, Georgi (1 January 1989). "Bŭlgaro-I͡U︡goslavski politicheski otnoshenii͡a︡, 1944–1945". Universitetsko izd-vo "Kliment Okhridski" – via Google Books.
- ISBN 9789971504359.
- ^ a b c Ragaru 2008, p. 535.
- ISBN 978-2910878245.
- ^ S2CID 165104213.
- .
- ^ Brown, Keith S. (2001). "Beyond ethnicity: The politics of urban nostalgia in modern Macedonia". Journal of Mediterranean Studies. 11 (2): 417–442.
- ^ Град Скопје. "City symbols". skopje.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ Flagspot. "Skopje (Capital city, Macedonia)". flagspot.net. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ "City of Skopje". Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Open Society Institute, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, Budapest. Retrieved 13 October 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c "Совет на Град Скопје, Мандат 2013–2017". City of Skopje. 2013. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Competencies of the mayor". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Administration". Centar Municipality. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Gross domestic product and gross fixed capital formation, by regions, 2009" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Gross domestic product and gross fixed capital formation, by regions" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "Bulgaria – Regional Differences". LM Legal Services. 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "Resouyrce data" (PDF). siteresources.worldbank.org. 21 May 2010.
- ISBN 9781780641454.
- ^ "Albanian economy concentrated in Tirana". Top Channel. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ William Bartlett; Hristina Cipusheva; Marjan Nikolov; Miroljub Shukarov (2010). "The Quality of Life and Regional Development in FYR Macedonia". Hrčak, Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Firms by size and municipality". State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "Firms by activity sector". State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. Retrieved 4 March 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "За Гаѕи Баба". Gazi Baba municipality. 2010. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "TIDZ Skopje 1". Directorate for Technological Industrial Development Zones. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "Macedonian shoppers set for retail revolution with EBRD support". The Financial. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ William Bartlett; Hristina Cipusheva; Marjan Nikolov; Miroljub Shukarov (2010). The Quality of Life and Regional Development in FYR Macedonia. Croatian Economic Survey. pp. 121–162.
- ^ "Скопска просечна бруто плата 593 евра, 20 отсто над државниот просек". MKD.mk. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "MJESEČNI STATISTIČKI PREGLED FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE PO KANTONIMA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ "Sofia in figures – 2010". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Plata 353 evra, u Beogradu 440 evra". B92. 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ a b Jasna Stefanovska et Janez Koželj (2012). Urban planning and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, Macedonia. Urbani izziv. p. 94.
- ^ "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци" (PDF). stat.gov.mk. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ "Improving Energy Sufficiency in Skopje, TRACE Study" (PDF). World Bank. 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "Estimations of the Population by Sex and Age, by Municipalities and by Statistical Regions, 30.06. 2011 and 31.12. 2011, 2011" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ Ragaru 2008, p. 536.
- ^ a b Ragaru 2008, pp. 536–537.
- ^ Ragaru, Nadege (2008). "The Political Uses and Social Lives of "National Heroes": Controversies over Skanderbeg's Statue in Skopje". Südosteuropa. 56 (4): 535–537. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ Svetomir Skaric. "Ohrid Agreement and Minority Communities in Macedonia" (PDF). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Macedonia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- S2CID 157988163.
- ISBN 978-1850655343.
- ^ "Census" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2002. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- ^ "Jewish Community in Macedonia". European Jewish Fund. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
- ^ Sanja Jancevska (26 September 2012). "Во Скопје има 27 џамии и 15 цркви". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- ^ "Address Book of the Religious Communities" (PDF). Macedonian Centre for International Cooperation. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- ^ "Здрабјето и здравствената заштита на населенето во Република Македонија" (PDF). Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Health Map of the Republic of Macedonia, Part I" (PDF). Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ "Strategy for Local Economic Development of the City of Skopje for the period 2006 – 2009" (PDF). City of Skopje. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
- ^ "Средни училишта". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ "Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje". Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ "Faculties". European University. 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ "FON University". FON University. 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ a b Christopher D. Karadjov. "Macedonia Press, Media, TV, Radios, Newspapers". Press Reference. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Macedonia Newspapers and Magazines Online". World Press.org. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Macedonia Newspapers and News Media Guide". ABYZ News Links. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Macedonia country profile". BBC News. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Stadiums in the FYR Macedonia". World Stadiums. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Избрани имиња на спортските објекти". Večer. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Ексклузивно: Надворешниот изглед на "Филип Втори"". Kurir.mk. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Boris Trajkovski Sports Hall". European Handball Federation. 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Women's Euro 2008". European Handball Federation. 2008. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Comparative Swot Analysis of the Four Metropolitan Regions, Transportation, Interaction, Relations and Networks among Skopje, Sofia, Tirana, and Thessaloniki" (PDF). University of Thessaly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Возен ред 2011–2012" (PDF). Makedonski Železnici. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ "Проекти предвидени за реализација во 2012 г". Makedonski Železnici. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski kicks off reconstruction work on railway Corridor 8". Western Balkans Investment Framework. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^ Petrushevska, Dragana (20 October 2021). "Bulgaria, Albania, N. Macedonia pledge to finish Corridor VIII by 2030". SeeNews. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ "Macedonian Rails – a potential that must be seized" (PDF). Bankwatch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "SAS историјат". Skopje Bus Station. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "Возен ред". Skopje Bus Station. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "City Implementation report" (PDF). Transpower. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic (2011). "Skopje prepares for Double-Decker Buses". BalkanInsight. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic (2012). "Macedonia Capital Readies for Long-Awaited Trams". BalkanInsight. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Drustvo za Vazdusni Saobracaj A D – Aeroput (1927–1948) Archived 23 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine at europeanairlines.no
- ^ "TAV Airports puts the New Skopje Airport into service". TAV Airports. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "FYR Macedonian airports anticipate busy 2015". Balkans.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^ "Културни институции". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- ^ "Goethe Institut Skopje". Goethe Institut. 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Locations". British Council. Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "États généraux d'Europe". Alliance française. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "American Corner Skopje". Embassy of the United States in Macedonia. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
- ^ "Саеми". SEEbiz. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- ^ Vesna Damcevska (2012). "Македонската филхармонија конечно доби сала, ама сувенир!". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- ^ Vesna Damcevska (2011). "Новиот турски театар во август, на спорно земјиште". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- ^ "Introduction". Museum of Macedonia. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Home". Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Skopje City Museum". Travel 2 Macedonia. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Introduction". Memorial House of Mother Teresa. 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "Macedonian Museum of Natural History". The Second International Congress on "Biodiversity, Ecological Aspects and Conservation of the Balkan Fauna". 1998. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Skopje Zoo". Skopje Zoo. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ "Neolithic Settlement Tumba Madzhari in Skopje". Tumba Madžari. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- ISBN 9782051001632.
- ^ Thérese Steenberghen (2011). "Strategic Plan for the Preservation and Rehabilitation of the Skopje Aqueduct and Environment" (PDF). Skopje Aqueduct. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- ISBN 9780131828957.
- ^ "Monuments". OldSkopje. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Црква Св. Спас". Old Skopje. 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ "Renaissance Architect Andreja Damjanov- New Ray of Light on a Valuable Work". Utrinski Vesnik. 2001. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ "Macedonian Cities – Skopje Churches". macedonia.co.uk.
- ^ PM Gruevski: Yes, Skopje 2014 was my Idea Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Macedonian International News Agency, Saturday, 7 January 2012
- ^ Skopje 2014: The new face of Macedonia Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BalkanInsight
- ^ Macedonian Arch May Be Wedding Scene Archived 25 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BalkanInsight
- ^ a b Balkan Insight (24 June 2010). "Critics Lash 'Dated' Aesthetics of Skopje 2014". balkaninsight.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- ^ Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park? Archived 18 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN International, 10 October 2011
- ^ Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse? Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 14 August 2011
- ^ Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010, p. 43.
- ^ Barikada – World of Music – Svastara – 2007. "Barikada – World of Music". Barikada.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "41. MOT – international theatre festival". mot.com.mk.
- ^ "IETM". ietm.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ a b c Trip Advisor. "Skopje: Nightlife". tripadvisor.com. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Top Skopje Nightclubs: 9 Best Local Nightclubs in Skopje". likealocalguide.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ Nova Makedonija Online. ""Колосеум" меѓу најдобрите пет клуба во Југоисточна Европа". daily.mk. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ "Top Skopje Bars: 18 Best Local Bars in Skopje". www.likealocalguide.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ Vest Online. "Нов живот на старата скопска чаршија". vest.com.mk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ "Збратимени градови". starportal.skopje.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Skopje. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ "Sister Cities of Ankara". ankara.bel.tr. Ankara. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ "Belgrade has five twin cities in the world". ekapija.com. Belgrade. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
General sources
- ISBN 9780253346568.
- Duridanov, Ivan (1975). Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle (PDF). ISBN 3412839736.
- ISBN 9789025607937.
- Herold, Stephanie; Langer, Benjamin & Lechler, Julia (2010). Reading the city: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje. Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Berlin. ISBN 9783798321298.
Further reading
- Ilká Thiessen (2007). Waiting for Macedonia: Identity in a Changing World. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781551117195.
- Ivan Tomovski (1978). Skopje between the past and the future. Macedonian Review Editions.
- Jovan Šćekić (1963). This Was Skopje. Yugoslav Federal Secretariat for Information.
- M. Tokarev (2006). 100 години модерна архитектура. Pridonesot na Makedonija i Jugoslavija.
- Danilo Kocevski (2008). Чај од јужните мориња. Маgor. ISBN 9789989183447.
- D. Gjorgiev (1997). Скопје од турското освојување до крајот на XVIII vek. Institut za nacionalna istorija.
- L. Kumbaracı-Bogoyeviç (2008). Üsküp'te osmanlı mimarî eserleri. ENKA.
External links
- Discover Skopje (archived 24 May 2013)
- City of Skopje Official Portal
- Skopje at night, picture gallery (archived 26 April 2011)