Slavs
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2022) |
Total population | |
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see Southeastern Europe (South Slavs) | |
Languages | |
Slavic languages | |
Religion | |
Majority: Christianity (Orthodoxy and Catholicism) Minority: | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other European peoples |
The Slavs or Slavic peoples are a group of peoples who speak Slavic languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of Eurasia; they predominantly inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeastern Europe, though there is a large Slavic minority scattered across the Baltic states, Northern Asia, and Central Asia,[1][2] and a substantial Slavic diaspora in the Americas, Western Europe, and Northern Europe.[3]
Beginning in the mid-19th century, a pan-Slavic movement has emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus of the movement was in the Balkans, whereas the Russian Empire was opposed to it.
The Slavic languages belong to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Present-day Slavs are classified into three groups:[4][5][6][7][8][9]
- the West Slavs (chiefly Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Slovaks, and Sorbs);
- the East Slavs (chiefly Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians);
- the South Slavs (chiefly Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Gorani, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, and Slovenes).
Though the majority of Slavs are Christians, some groups, such as the Bosniaks, mostly identify as Muslims. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse, both genetically and culturally, and relations between them may range from "ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility" — even within the individual groups.[10]
Ethnonym
The oldest mention of the Slavic
The reconstructed autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", meaning "people who understand one another", in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "
In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi.[13]
History
Origins
First mentions
Ancient Roman sources refer to the
Jordanes, in his work Getica (written in 551 AD),[17] describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land". He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century.
Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called
Jordanes described the Sclaveni having swamps and forests for their cities.[20] Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly-impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.[21]
Migrations
According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the
Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on
Pope Gregory I in 600 CE wrote to Maximus, the bishop of Salona (in Dalmatia), in which he expresses concern about the arrival of the Slavs:
Latin: "Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt."
English: "I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs, who are pressing hard on you. I am distressed because I sympathize with you; I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in Italy through the entry-point of Istria."[28]
Middle Ages
When Slav migrations ended, their first
The oldest of them was
both in the 9th century.The expansion of the
Modern era
Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. Austro-Hungary envisioned its own political concept of Austro-Slavism, in opposition of Pan-Slavism that was predominantly led by the Russian Empire. [30]
As of 1878, there were only three majority Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire,
One of
Former Soviet states in Central Asia such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have very large minority Slavic populations with most being Russians.[35] Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population.[36]
Languages
Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical
Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as
The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups. Orthodox Christians use the Cyrillic alphabet while Catholics use the Latin alphabet; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia. Additionally, some Eastern Catholics and Western Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet. Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called Łacinka and in Ukrainian, called Latynka.[citation needed]
Ethno-cultural subdivisions
East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finns, Balts[43][44] and with the remnants of the people of the Goths.[45] Their early Slavic component, Antes, mixed or absorbed Iranians, and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings.[46] The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus' and Rus' Khaganate, beginning in the 10th century. They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church.[citation needed]
Genetics
Consistent with the proximity of their languages, analyses of Y chromosomes, mDNA, and autosomal marker CCR5de132 shows that East Slavs and West Slavs are genetically very similar, but demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and North Caucasian peoples. Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual, given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations, especially Russians.[47][48] Together they form the basis of the "East European" gene cluster, which also includes non-Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians.[47][49]
Only
The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper".[52] According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59]
Religion
The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs, while Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the early Muslim conquests, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans.[citation needed]
Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic. The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the
Mainly Eastern Orthodoxy:[61][62] |
Mainly Catholicism:[citation needed ]
|
Mainly Islam:
|
Relations with non-Slavic people
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranian Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Northern Black Sea region, the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths.[69] In the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci and Serdi.[70] Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period.
A notable exception is Greece, where
The status of the Bulgars as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the Bulgarian country and people, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time.[73] Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.[74]
In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic
]
Population
Winkler Prins (2002) estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around c. 260 million at the time.[87][unreliable source?] Currently it is estimated that there are 300 million Slavic inhabitants in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.[88]
Ethnicity | Estimates and census data | |
---|---|---|
Belarusians |
| |
Bosniaks (previously called "Bosnian Muslims") |
| |
Bulgarians |
| |
Bunjevci (also a sub-ethnic category of Croats) |
| |
Croats |
| |
Czechs |
| |
Czechoslovaks (a supra-ethnic category of Czechs and Slovaks) | ||
Gorani | ||
Kashubians (also a sub-ethnic category of Poles) |
| |
Macedonians |
| |
Montenegrins | ||
Moravians (also a sub-ethnic category of Czechs)
|
||
Muslims (ethnic group) (a supra-ethnic category of Bosniaks, Gorani, Torbeši, Pomaks) | ||
Poles | ||
Russians |
| |
Rusyns (incl. Boykos, Lemkos, Hutsuls; also a sub-ethnic category of Ukrainians) |
||
Serbs |
| |
Silesians (also a sub-ethnic category of Poles) | ||
Slavs (in the United States and Canada) | ||
Slavs in Greece (also a sub-ethnic category of Macedonians and Bulgarians) | ||
Slovaks |
| |
Slovenes |
| |
Sorbs |
| |
Ukrainians |
| |
Yugoslavs (a supra-ethnic category of Bosniaks, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes) |
|
Historiography
See also
- Ethnic groups in Europe
- Gord (archaeology)
- Lech, Čech, and Rus
- List of modern ethnic groups
- List of Slavic tribes
- Outline of Slavic history and culture
- Panethnicity
- Pan-Slavic colors
- Slavic names
- Asia Minor Slavs
- Bulgarisation
- Russification
- Serbianisation
- Polonization
Notes
- ^ Originally Eastern Orthodox, with some groups adopting Byzantine-Rite Catholicism under Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule and reverting to Eastern Orthodoxy starting in the late 19th Century.[citation needed]
- ^ The 53,786 figure is the sum of 53,605 "Bosniaks" + 181 "Bosniaks-Muslims".[96][97]
- ^ Including 16,000 single ethnic identity, 216,000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland.[90]
- ^ The 280,873 figure is the sum of 278,865 "Montenegrins" + 1,833 "Montenegrins-Serbs" + 175 "Montenegrins-Muslims".[96][97]
- ^ The 20,977 figure is the sum of 20,537 "Muslims" + 183 "Muslims-Bosniaks" + 257 "Muslims-Montenegrins".[96][97]
- ^ The 180,213 figure is the sum of 178,110 "Serbs" + 2,103 "Serbs-Montenegrins".[96][95]
References
Citations
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- ^ Procopius, History of the Wars,\, VII. 14. 22–30, VIII.40.5
- ^ Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, V.33.
- ^ Curta 2001, pp. 41–42, 50, 55, 60, 69, 75, 88.
- ^ Balabanov, Kosta (2011). Vinica Fortress: mythology, religion and history written with clay. Skopje: Matica. pp. 273–309.
- ^ Coon, Carleton S. (1939) The Peoples of Europe. Chapter VI, Sec. 7 New York: Macmillan Publishers.
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- ^ Curta 2001: 38. Dzino 2010: 95.
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- ^ Tachiaos, Anthony-Emil N. 2001. Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
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However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine... The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine.
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R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.
- ^ O.M. Utevska (2017). Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі [The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe] (PhD) (in Ukrainian). National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 219–226, 302.
- PMID 31719606.
Hg I2a1a2b-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups.
- ISBN 978-963-263-855-3.
Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.
- ,
Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).
- , retrieved 10 December 2020,
The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups (R1a-Z282, I2a-P37) overlap with the area occupied by the present-day Slavs to a great extent, and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic-specic patrilineal lineages
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- ^ This number is derived from the 2022 total population estimate of 3,816,459, multiplied by 0.501 based on the 2013 50.1% Bosniak share estimate. It is not certain that the Bosniak share was still 50.1% in 2022. The Factbook notes: "Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results." "Bosnia and Herzegovina - the World Factbook". 18 August 2022.
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- )
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It is estimated that 4.5 million Croatians live outside Croatia ...
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- ^ An estimated 57.3% ethnic Czechs (2021) on an estimated 10,705,384 total population (2022) makes about 6.1 million. However, 31.6% was unspecified, so this may be far off the real figure. "Czech Republic". CIA - The World Factbook. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů" [Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012.
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Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju, 24.03.1999.godine, u Gori je živelo oko 18.000 Goranaca. U Srbiji i bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40.000 Goranaca, a značajan broj Goranaca živi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama. Po našim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca, u Gori u Srbiji i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60.000.
- ISBN 978-83-89079-78-7. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ a b ["Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben" (PDF). Länder-Analysen (in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011. http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf]
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- ^ "Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca". RTCG - Radio Televizija Crne Gore - Nacionalni javni servis. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ethnicity/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue (Popis 2013 BiH)". www.popis.gov.ba. 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Including 36,522,000 single declared ethnic identity, 871,000 multiple declared ethnic identities (Polish and another ethnic identity, especially 431,000 Polish and Silesian, 216,000 Polish and Kashubian and 224,000 Polish and another identity)."Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011" (PDF). stat.gov.pl. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
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- ^ Świat Polonii, witryna Stowarzyszenia Wspólnota Polska: "Polacy za granicą" Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Polish people abroad as per summary by Świat Polonii, internet portal of the association Wspólnota Polska)
- ^ "Russische Federatie – feiten en cijfers". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
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- ^ a b c Theodore E. Baird and Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels (May 2014). "Svaki drugi Srbin živi izvan Srbije" (PDF). Novosti. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
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As often occurs with Yugoslav sources, there appears to be confusion about the numbers as there is about the numbers of Macedonians in Greek Macedonia at present: some Yugoslav sources put the latter figure at 350,000 but more sober estimates put it at 150–200,000.
- ^ a b "National Conflict in a Transnational World: Greeks and Macedonians at the CSCE". Gate.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "Greece". State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "Základné údaje zo sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2011" [Basic data from the 2011 Census of Population, Houses and Apartments] (PDF). statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Chambers, Madeline (26 November 2007). "Germany's Sorb minority struggles for survival". Reuters. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
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- ^ "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation". data.unhcr.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ "2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American Community Survey 2021. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ "Fact sheets: Ancestry – Serbian". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ "Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini - Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik" [Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ethnic/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue] (PDF). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. p. 27.
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Further reading
- "Linguistic Marginalia on Slavic Ethnogensis" (PDF). Sorin Palgia, University of Bucharest.
External links
- Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, B. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M. Derenko, M. Perkova, T. Vanecek, J. Lazur, P. Gomolcaknd I. Tsybovsky, Oxford Journals (archived 14 June 2010)
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Slavs". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
- "Slavs". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- Leopold Lénard (1913). "The Slavs". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.