Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
Regions with significant populations | |
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Florina, Edessa, Kastoria, Thessaloniki, Serres, Kilkis[1] | |
Greece | 50,000–250,000 (est.)[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] |
Bulgaria | descendants of the 92,000–120,000 (est.) refugees from Greece (1913–1950)[10][11][12] |
Australia | 81,745 (2006 census) – 90,000 (est.) descendants of migrants from the region of Macedonia[13][14] |
North Macedonia | 50,000 – 70,000 (est., incl. descendants)[15] |
Canada | 26,000 (est.)[16] |
United States | 30,000 (est.)[16][17] |
Serbia Vojvodina (Banat) | 7,500 (est.) [citation needed] |
Languages | |
Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek | |
Religion | |
Greek Orthodox Church, Islam |
Slavic speakers are a minority population in the
History
Middle Ages and Ottoman rule
The
During the Middle Ages Slavs in South Macedonia were mostly defined as Bulgarians,
Some Slavic speakers also converted to
The Macedonian Bulgarians took active part in the long struggle for independent
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French ethnographic map of the Balkans byAmi Boue, 1847.
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The nationalities of southeastern Europe according to Pallas Nagy Lexikona, 1897.
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The regions of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians in 1912, according to the Bulgarian point of view.
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Greek ethnographic map from 1918, showing the Macedonian Slavs as a separate people.
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Bulgarian Exarchate seal of the Voden (Edessa) municipality, 1870.
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Pupils of the Greek school of Zoupanishta, near Kastoria.
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Saints Cyril and Methodius Day, c. 1900.
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The title page of the Konikovo Gospel, printed in 1852.
From 1900 onwards, the danger of Bulgarian control had upset the Greeks. The Bishop of Kastoria, Germanos Karavangelis, realised that it was time to act in a more efficient way and started organising Greek opposition. Germanos animated the Greek population against the IMORO and formed committees to promote the Greek interests. Taking advantage of the internal political and personal disputes in IMORO, Karavangelis succeeded to organize guerrilla groups. Fierce conflicts between the Greeks and Bulgarians started in the area of Kastoria, in the Giannitsa Lake and elsewhere; both parties committed cruel crimes. Both guerrilla groups had also to confront the Turkish army. These conflicts ended after the revolution of "Young Turks" in 1908, as they promised to respect all ethnicities and religions and generally to provide a constitution.
Balkan Wars and World War I
During the Balkan Wars, many atrocities were committed by Turks, Bulgarians and Greeks in the war over Macedonia. After the
Bulgaria's entry into World War I on the side of the
There was agreement in 1919 between Bulgaria and Greece which provided opportunities to expatriate the Bulgarians from Greece.
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO)
During the Balkan Wars IMRO members joined the
The Bulgarian advance into Greek held Eastern Macedonia, precipitated internal Greek crisis. The government ordered its troops in the area not to resist, and most of the Corps was forced to surrender. However the post-war
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At the end of 1922, the Greek government started to expel large numbers of
Interwar period
The Tarlis and Petrich incidents triggered heavy protests in Bulgaria and international outcry against Greece. The Common Greco-Bulgarian committee for emigration investigated the incident and presented its conclusions to League of Nations in Geneva. As a result, a bilateral Bulgarian-Greek agreement was signed in Geneva on September 29, 1925, known as Politis-Kalfov protocol after the demand of the League of Nations, recognizing Greek Slavophones as Bulgarians and guaranteeing their protection. Next month a Slavic language primer textbook in Latin known as Abecedar published by the Greek ministry for education, was introduced to Greek schools of Aegean Macedonia. On February 2, 1925, the Greek parliament, under pressure from Serbia, rejected ratification of the 1913 Greek-Serbian Coalition Treaty. Agreement lasted 9 months until June 10, 1925, when League of Nations annulled it.
During the 1920s the Comintern developed a new policy for the Balkans, about collaboration between the communists and the Macedonian movement. The idea for a new unified organization was supported by the
The 1928 census recorded 81,844
The situation for Slavic speakers became unbearable when the Metaxas regime took power in 1936.[16] Metaxas was firmly opposed to the irredentist factions of the Slavophones of northern Greece mainly in Macedonia and Thrace, some of whom underwent political persecution due to advocacy of irredentism with regard to neighboring countries. Place names and surnames were officially Hellenized and the native Slavic dialects were banned even in personal use.[16] It was during this time that many Slavic speakers fled their homes and emigrated to the United States, Canada and Australia. The name changes took place according to the Greek language.
Ohrana and the Bulgarian annexation during WWII
Ohrana were armed detachments organized by the Bulgarian army, composed of pro-Bulgarian oriented part of the Slavic population in occupied Greek Macedonia during World War II, led by Bulgarian officers.[30] In 1941 Greek Macedonia was occupied by German, Italian and Bulgarian troops. The Bulgarian troops occupied the Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace. The Bulgarian policy was to win the loyalty of the Slav inhabitants and to instill them a Bulgarian national identity. Indeed, many of these people did greet the Bulgarians as liberators, particularly in eastern and central Macedonia, however, this campaign was less successful in German-occupied western Macedonia.[31] At the beginning of the occupation in Greece most of the Slavic speakers in the area felt themselves to be Bulgarians.[32] Only a small part espoused a pro-Hellenic feelings.
The Bulgarian occupying forces began a campaign of exterminating Greeks from Macedonia. The Bulgarians were supported in this ethnic cleansing by the Slavic minority in Macedonia. In the city of Drama in May 1941, over 15,000 Greeks were killed. By the end of 1941, over 100,000 Greeks were expelled from this region.[33]
Unlike Germany and Italy, Bulgaria officially annexed the occupied territories, which had long been a target of
In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the High command in organizing armed units among the Slavic-speaking population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the German forces in the Balkans sent a handful of officers from the
Further collaboration between the Bulgarian-controlled Ohrana and the EAM controlled SNOF followed when it was agreed that Greek Macedonia would be allowed to secede.[38][39] Finally it is estimated that entire Ohrana units had joined the SNOF which began to press the ELAS leadership to allow it autonomous action in Greek Macedonia.[40]
There had been also a larger flow of refugees into Bulgaria as the Bulgarian Army pulled out of the Drama-Serres region in late 1944. A large proportion of Bulgarians and Slavic speakers emigrated there. In 1944 the declarations of Bulgarian nationality were estimated by the Greek authorities, on the basis of monthly returns, to have reached 16,000 in the districts of German-occupied Greek Macedonia,[41] but according to British sources, declarations of Bulgarian nationality throughout Western Macedonia reached 23,000.[42] In the beginning of the Bulgarian occupation in 1941 there were 38,611 declarations of Bulgarian identity in Eastern Macedonia. Then the ethnic composition of the Serres region consisted of 67 963 Greeks, 11 000 Bulgarians and 1237 others; in Sidirokastro region- 22 295 Greeks, 10 820 Bulgarians and 685 others; Drama region- 11 068 Bulgarians, 117 395 Greeks and others; Nea Zichni region – 4710 Bulgarians, 28 724 Greeks and others; Kavala region – 59 433 Greeks, 1000 Bulgarians and 3986 others; Thasos- 21 270 and 3 Bulgarians; Eleftheroupoli region- 36 822 Greeks, 10 Bulgarians and 301 others.[43] At another census in 1943 the Bulgarian population had increased by less than 50,000 and not larger was the decrease of the Greek population.[44]
Greek Civil War
During the beginning of the Second World War, Greek Slavic-speaking citizens fought within the Greek army until the country was overrun in 1941. The Greek communists had already been influenced by the Comintern and it was the only political party in Greece to recognize Macedonian national identity.[45] As result many Slavic speakers joined the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and participated in partisan activities. The KKE expressed its intent to "fight for the national self-determination of the repressed Macedonians".[46]
In 1943, the
During this time, the ethnic Macedonians in Greece were permitted to publish newspapers in Macedonian and run schools.
By 1945 World War II had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 20,000 people fled from Greece to Bulgaria. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or
National Liberation Front
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The National Liberation Front (NOF) was organized by the political and military groups of the Slavic minority in Greece, active from 1945 to 1949. The
Following World War II, the population of Yugoslav Macedonia did begin to feel themselves to be Macedonian, assisted and pushed by a government policy.
At first, the NOF organized meetings, street and factory protests and published illegal underground newspapers. Soon after its founding, members began forming armed partisan detachments. In 1945, 12 such groups were formed in Kastoria, 7 in Florina, and 11 in
Owing to the KKE's equal treatment of ethnic Macedonians and Greeks, many ethnic Macedonians enlisted as volunteers in the DSE (60% of the DSE was composed of Slavic Macedonians).[57][page needed] It was during this time that books written in the Macedonian dialect (the official language was in process of codifying) were published and Macedonians cultural organizations theatres were opened.[58]
According to information announced by Paskal Mitrovski on the I plenum of NOF in August 1948, about 85% of the Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia had an ethnic Macedonian self-identity. It has been estimated that out of DSE's 20,000 fighters, 14,000 were Slavic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia.[58][59][page needed] Given their important role in the battle,[60] the KKE changed its policy towards them. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on January 31, 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slavic Macedonians would find their national restoration as they wish.[61]
Refugee children
The DSE was slowly driven back and eventually defeated. Thousands of Slavic speakers were expelled and fled to the newly established Socialist Republic of Macedonia, while thousands more children took refuge in other Eastern Bloc countries.[58] They are known as Децата бегалци/Decata begalci. Many of them made their way to the US, Canada and Australia. Other estimates claim that 5,000 were sent to Romania, 3,000 to Czechoslovakia, 2,500 to Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary and a further 700 to East Germany.[citation needed] There are also estimations that 52,000 – 72,000 people in total (incl. Greeks) were evacuated from Greece.[58] However a 1951 document from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia states the total number of ethnic Macedonian and Greeks arriving from Greece between the years 1941–1951 is 28,595.
From 1941 until 1944 500 found refuge in the
This data is confirmed by the KKE, which claims that the total number of political refugees from Greece (incl. Greeks) was 55,881.[63]
Post-war period
Since the end of the Greek Civil War many ethnic Macedonians have attempted to return to their homes in Greece.[citation needed] A 1982 amnesty law which stated "all Greek by descent who during the civil war of 1946–1949 and because of it have fled abroad as political refugees[64] had the right to return", thus excluding all those who did not identify as ethnic Greeks.[23]
This was brought to a forefront shortly after the independence of the
Despite the removal of official recognition to those identifying as ethnic Macedonians after the end of the Greek Civil War, a 1954 letter from the Prefect of Florina, K. Tousildis, reported that people were still affirming that the language they spoke was Macedonian in forms relating to personal documents, birth and marriage registries, etc.[65]
Recent history
Since the late 1980s there has been a Macedonian ethnic revival in much of Northern Greece,
According to a study by anthropologist Ricki van Boeschoten, 64% of the inhabitants of 43 villages in the Florina area were Macedonian-language speakers.
In January 1994, Rainbow (Macedonian: Виножито, romanized: Vinožito, Greek: Ουράνιο Τόξο, romanized: Ouránio Tóxo) was founded as the political party to represent the ethnic Macedonian minority. At the 1994 European Parliament election the party received 7,263 votes and polled 5.7% in the Florina district. The party opened its offices in Florina on September 6, 1995. The opening of the office faced strong hostility and that night the offices were ransacked.[77] In 1997 the "Zora" (Macedonian: Зора, lit. Dawn) newspaper first began to published and the following year,[78] the Second All-Macedonian congress was held in Florina. Soon after the "Makedoniko" magazine also began to be published.
In 2001 the first
Another ethnic Macedonian organisation, the Educational and Cultural Movement of Edessa (
In early 2010 several Macedonian-language newspapers were put into print for the first time. In early 2010 the Zadruga (Macedonian: Задруга, Greek: Koinotita) newspaper was first published,[88] This was shortly followed by the publication of the "Nova Zora" newspaper in May 2010. The estimated readership of Nova Zora is 20,000, whilst that of Zadrgua is considerably smaller.[88] The "Krste Petkov Misirkov Foundation" was established in 2009, which aims to establish a museum dedicated to ethnic Macedonians of Greece, whilst also cooperating with other Macedonian minorities in neighbouring countries. The foundations aims at cataloguing ethnic Macedonian culture in Greece along with promoting the Macedonian language.[89][90]
In 2010 another group of ethnic Macedonians were elected to office, including the outspoken local chairman of
The Church of Saint Zlata of Meglen in Aridaia is the only Macedonian Orthodox Church in Greek Macedonia, operating under archimandrite Nikodim Tsarknias.[93]
Ethnic and linguistic affiliations
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
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Members of this group have had a number of conflicting ethnic identifications. Predominantly identified as
The second group in today's Greece is made up of those who seem to reject any
A crucial element of that controversy is the very name Macedonian, as it is also used by a much more numerous group of people with a Greek national identity to indicate their regional identity. The term
Some Slavic speakers in Greek Macedonia will also use the term "Macedonians" or "Slavomacedonians", though in a regional rather than an ethnic sense.[citation needed] People of Greek persuasion are sometimes called by the pejorative term "Grecomans" by the other side. Greek sources, which usually avoid the identification of the group with the nation of North Macedonia, and also reject the use of the name "Macedonian" for the latter, will most often refer only to so-called "Slavophones" or "Slavophone Greeks".
"Slavic speakers" or "Slavophones" is also used as a cover term for people across the different ethnic orientations. The exact number of this minority remaining in Greece today, together with its members' choice of ethnic identification, is difficult to ascertain; most maximum estimates range around 180,000–200,000 with those of an ethnic Macedonian national consciousness numbering possibly 10,000 to 30,000.[104] However, as per leading experts on this issue, the number of this people has decreased in the last decades, because of intermarriage and urbanization; they now number between 50,000 and 70,000 people with around 10,000 of them identifying as ethnic Macedonians.[105][106][107][108][109]
Past discrimination
After the conclusion of the
Under the regime of Ioannis Metaxas the situation for Slavic speakers became intolerable, causing many to emigrate. A law was passed banning the Bulgarian language (local Macedonian dialects).[114][115] Many people who broke the rule were deported to the islands of Thasos and Cephalonia.[116] Others were arrested, fined, beaten and forced to drink castor oil,[110] or even deported to the border regions in Yugoslavia[58] following a staunch government policy of chastising minorities.[117]
During the Greek Civil War, areas under Communist control freely taught the newly codified Macedonian language. Throughout this period it is claimed that the ethnic Macedonian culture and language flourished.[118] Over 10,000 children went to 87 schools, Macedonian-language newspapers were printed and theatres opened. As the National forces approached, these facilities were either shut down or destroyed. People feared oppression and the loss of their rights under the rule of the National government, which in turn caused many people to flee from Greece.[16][119] However, the Greek Communists were defeated in the civil war, their Provisional Government was exiled, and tens of thousands of Slavic speakers were expelled from Greece.[120][121] Many fled in order to avoid persecution from the ensuing National army.[122][123] Those who fled during the Greek Civil War were stripped of their Greek Citizenship and property.[124] Although these refugees have been classed as political refugees, there have been claims that they were also targeted due to their ethnic and cultural identities.[citation needed]
During the Cold War cases of discrimination against people who identified themselves as ethnic Macedonians, and against the Macedonian language, had been reported by Human Rights Watch/Helsinki.[23] In 1959 it was reported that the inhabitants of three villages adopted a 'language oath', renouncing their Slavic dialect.[23] According to Riki Van Boeschoten, this "peculiar ritual" took place "probably on the initiative of local government officials."[125]
According to a 1994 report by the
The Greek state requires radio stations to broadcast in Greek, therefore excluding the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia (who are considered
Culture
Regardless of political orientation, Macedonian speakers in Greece share a common culture with
Greece has blocked attempts by ethnic Macedonians to establish a Home of Macedonian Culture despite being convicted for a violation of freedom of association by the European Court of Human Rights.[131]
Traditions
Winter traditions that are characteristic to Slavic speakers in Greece, Bulgaria and North Macedonia include Babaria (Greek: Μπαμπάρια; Macedonian: Бабари; Bulgarian: Бабугери) in the Florina area, Ezarki (Greek: Εζζκάρι; Macedonian: Ежкари; Bulgarian: Ешкари) in the Ptolemaida area, Rogochari (Greek: Ρογκοτσσάρι; Macedonian: Рогочари; Bulgarian: Рогочари) in the Kastoria area, and Dzamalari (Greek: Τζζαμαλάρι; Macedonian: Џамалари; Bulgarian: Джамалари/Джамали) in the Edessa area.[132][133]
Music
Many regional folk songs are performed in both the local
Many songs originating Greek Macedonia such as "Filka Moma" (Macedonian: Филка Мома, lit. Filka Girl) have become popular in North Macedonia. Whilst likewise many songs composed by artists from North Macedonia such as "Egejska Maka" by Suzana Spasovska, "Makedonsko devojče" by Jonče Hristovski,[136] and "Kade ste Makedončinja?" are also widely sung in Greece.[137] In recent years many ethnic Macedonian performers including Elena Velevska, Suzana Spasovska, Ferus Mustafov, Group Synthesis and Vaska Ilieva, have all been invited to perform in amongst ethnic Macedonians in Greece.[138][139] Likewise ethnic Macedonian performers from Greece such as Kostas Novakis also perform in North Macedonia.[140] Many performers who live in the diaspora often return to Greece to perform Macedonian songs, including Marija Dimkova.[141]
Dances
The Lerinsko oro/lerin dance, with origins in the region of Florina, is also popular amongst Slavic speakers. Other dances popularized by the Boys from Buf include the Bufsko Pušteno and Armensko Oro.
Media
The first Macedonian-language media in Greece emerged in the 1940s. The "Crvena Zvezda" newspaper, first published in 1942 in the local
After the Greek Civil War a ban was placed on public use of Macedonian, and this was reflect in the decline of all Macedonian-language media. The 1990s saw a resurgence of Macedonian-language print including the publication of the "Ta Moglena", Loza, Zora (Macedonian: Зора) and Makedoniko newspapers. This was followed with the publication of the Zadruga magazine (Macedonian: Задруга) in early 2010.[144] Soon afterwards in May 2010 the monthly newspaper Nova Zora (Macedonian: Нова Зора)[145] went to print. Both Zadruga and Nova Zora are published in both Macedonian and Greek.
Several Macedonian-language radio stations have recently been set up in Greek Macedonia to cater for the Macedonian speaking population.[146] These stations however, like other Macedonian-language institutions in Greece have faced fierce opposition from the authorities, with one of these radio stations, "Macedonian Voice" (Macedonian: Македонски Глас), being shut down by authorities.[79]
Education and language
The Slavic dialects spoken across Northern Greece belong to the
Speakers employ various terms to refer to the language which they speak. These terms include Makedonski (Macedonian: Македонски), Slavomakedonika (Greek: Σλαβομακεδονικά, "Slavomacedonian"), Entopia (Greek: Εντόπια, "local" language), Naše (Macedonian: Наше, "our own" language), Starski (Macedonian: Старски, "the old" language) or Slavika (Greek: Σλαβικά, "Slavic"). Historically, the terms Balgàrtzki, Bolgàrtski or Bulgàrtski had been used in the region of Kostur (Kastoria), and Bògartski ("Bulgarian") in the region of Lower Prespa (Prespes).[148]
According to Peter Trudgill,
There is, of course, the very interesting
Ausbau sociolinguistic question as to whether the language they speak is Bulgarian or Macedonian, given that both these languages have developed out of the South Slavonic dialect continuum...In former Yugoslav Macedonia and Bulgaria there is no problem, of course. Bulgarians are considered to speak Bulgarian and Macedonians Macedonian. The Slavonic dialects of Greece, however, are "roofless" dialects whose speakers have no access to education in the standard languages. Greek non-linguists, when they acknowledge the existence of these dialects at all, frequently refer to them by the label Slavika, which has the implication of denying that they have any connection with the languages of the neighboring countries. It seems most sensible, in fact, to refer to the language of the Pomaks as Bulgarian and to that of the Christian Slavonic-speakers in Greek Macedonia as Macedonian.[149]
Until the middle of the nineteenth century the language of instruction in virtually all schools in the region was Greek. One of the first Bulgarian schools began operation in 1857 in Kukush.[150] The number of Bulgarian schools increased as the Bulgarian struggle for ecclesiastical independence intensified and after the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870. According to the statistics of the Bulgarian Exarchate, by 1912, when the First Balkan War broke out, there were 296 Bulgarian schools with 589 teachers and approximately 19 000 pupils in Greek Macedonia.[151] For comparison, the total number of Bulgarian-exarchist schools in all of Macedonia in 1912 was 1196 with 2096 teachers and 70 000 pupils.[152] All Bulgarian schools in Greek and Serbian Macedonia were closed after the Second Balkan War. The Abecedar language primer, originally printed in 1925, was designed for speakers in using the Prilep-Bitola dialect in the Florina area. Although the book used a Latin script, it was printed in the locally Prilep-Bitola dialect. In the 1930s the Metaxas regime banned the use of the Slavomacedonian language in public and private use. Laws were enacted banning the language,[114][115] and speakers faced harsh penalties including being arrested, fined, beaten and forced to drink castor oil.[110]
During the
During the Greek Civil War, the codified Macedonian language was taught in 87 schools with 10,000 students in areas of northern Greece under the control of Communist-led forces, until their defeat by the National Army in 1949.[154] After the war, all of these Macedonian-language schools were closed down.[155]
More recently there have been attempts to once again begin education in Macedonian. In 2009 the Educational and Cultural Movement of Edessa began to run Macedonian-language courses, teaching the
In 2006 the Macedonian-language primer Abecedar was reprinted in an informal attempt to reintroduce Macedonian-language education
Today Macedonian dialects are freely spoken in Greece however there are serious fears for the loss the language among the younger generations due to the lack of exposure to their native language. It appears however that reports of the demise of the use of Macedonian in Greece have been premature, with linguists such as Christian Voss asserting that the language has a "stable future" in Greece, and that the language is undergoing a "revival" amongst younger speakers.
Certain characteristics of these dialects, along with most varieties of Spoken Macedonian, include the changing of the suffix ovi to oj creating the words lebovi → leboj (лебови → лебој, "bread").[160] Often the intervocalic consonants of /v/, /ɡ/ and /d/ are lost, changing words from polovina → polojna ("a half") and sega → sea ("now"), which also features strongly in dialects spoken in North Macedonia.[161] In other phonological and morphological characteristics, they remain similar to the other South-Eastern dialects spoken in North Macedonia and Albania.[162]
On 27 July 2022,[163] in a landmark ruling, the Centre for the Macedonian Language in Greece was officially registered as a non-governmental organization. This is the first time that a cultural organization promoting the Macedonian language has been legally approved in Greece and the first legal recognition of the Macedonian language in Greece since at least 1928.[164][165][166][29]
Diaspora
Outside of Greece there is a large diaspora to be found in the North Macedonia, former Eastern Bloc countries such as Bulgaria, as well as in other European and overseas countries.
Bulgaria
The most numerous Slavic diaspora from Greece lives in Bulgaria. There were a number of refugee waves, most notably after the
The refugees and their various organizations played an active role in Bulgarian public and political life: at the end of the 19th century they comprised about a third of the officers in the army (430 out of 1289), 43% of government officials (15 000 out of 38 000), 37% of the priests of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1,262 out of 3,412), and a third of the capital's population.
North Macedonia
The state of North Macedonia is home to thousands of people who self-identify as "Aegean Macedonians". Sources put the number of Aegean Macedonians living in North Macedonia at somewhere between 50,000 and 70,000.
Australia
A large self-identifying Aegean Macedonian population also lives in Australia, many of which arrived during the early 1900s. Charles Price estimates that by 1940 there were 670 Ethnic Macedonians from
Canada
Large populations of
Romania
In the aftermath of the Greek Civil War thousands of ethnic Bulgarian and
United States
Most of the Slavic-speaking immigrants from Macedonia arrived in the United States during the first decade of the twentieth century. Between 1903 and 1906 an estimated 50,000 Slavic-speaking migrants from Macedonia came to the United States. These identified themselves as either Bulgarians or Macedonian Bulgarians. Their most prominent organisation, the
Notable persons
- Dimitar Blagoev, politician and philosopher
- IMROleader
- Atanas Dalchev, poet, critic, and translator
- Gotse Delchev, revolutionary, IMRO leader
- Dimitar Dimitrov, politician
- Kostadin Hristov
- Angelis Gatsos, Greek revolutionary
- Andon Kalchev, officer in the Bulgarian Army, Ohrana member
- Risto Kirjazovski
- Stojan Kočov
- Jagnula Kunovska
- Krste Misirkov, Philologist, journalist, historian and ethnographer
- Paskal Mitrevski
- Kroum Pindoff
- Lazar Poptraykov, revolutionary, IMRO leader
- Lyubka Rondova, Bulgarian[179][180][181] folk singer
- Andrew Rossos
- Blagoy Shklifov, dialectologist[182][183]
- Steve Stavro
- Georgi Traykov, politician, Head of State of Bulgaria (1964–1971)
- Nikodim Tsarknias, monk
- Andreas Tsipas
- Dimitar Vlahov, politician and revolutionary
- Pavlos Voskopoulos
- Prime Minister of Bulgaria(1956–1962)
- Hristo Smirnenski, writer and poet[184]
See also
- Slavic dialects of Greece
- Macedonian language
- Bulgarian language
- Demographic history of Macedonia
- Rainbow (political party)
- Refugees of the Greek Civil War
- Macedonian Struggle
- Macedonians (ethnic group)
- Macedonians (Bulgarians)
- Grecomans
References
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- ^ Jacques Bacid (1983). Macedonia Through the Ages. Columbia University.
- ^ a b Danforth, Loring M. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World 1995. Princeton University Press.
- ^ "UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile". Lmp.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile". Lmp.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "National Conflict in a Transnational World: Greeks and Macedonians at the CSCE". Gate.net. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ISBN 1-85065-238-4.
- ISBN 9780786402281. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Greece". State.gov. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ISBN 9780691043562.
- ISBN 9780195113853.
- ISBN 1-85065-381-X.
- ^ "20680-Ancestry by Country of Birth of Parents – Time Series Statistics (2001, 2006 Census Years) – Australia". 1 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, 1988, James Jupp (Editor), Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
- ^ ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g Peter, Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle
- ISBN 9780674375123.
- ^ A charter of Romanus II, 960 Pulcherius (Slav-Bulgarian population in Chalcidice Peninsula is mentioned), Recueil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English Georgii Cedreni compendium, op. cit, pp. 449–456 – a passage in English (Bulgarian population in Servia is mentioned) In the so-called Legend of Thessaloniki (12th c.) it is said that the Bulgarian language was also spoken hi the market place of Thessaloniki, Documents of the notary Manoli Braschiano concerning the sale and liberation of slaves of Bulgarian nationality from Macedonia (Kastoria, Seres, region of Thessaloniki etc.), From the Third Zograf Beadroll, containing the names of donors to the Zograf Monastery at Mt. Athos from settlements and regions indicated as Bulgarian lands, Evidence from the Venetian Ambassador Lorenzo Bernardo on the Bulgarian character of the settlements in Macedonia
- ^ Венециански документи за историята на България и българите от ХІІ-XV век, София 2001, с. 150, 188/Documenta Veneta historiam Bulgariae et Bulgarorum illustrantia saeculis XII-XV, p. 150, 188, edidit Vassil Gjuzelev (Venetian documents for the history of Bulgaria and Bulgarians, p. 150, 188 – Venetian documents from 14–15th century about slaves from South Macedonia with Bulgarian belonging/origin)
- ^ Journal of Modern Greek Studies 14.2 (1996) 253–301 Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question by Victor Roudometof.
- ^ Vakalopoulos, A. Konstantinos (1983). The northern Hellenism during the early phase of the Greek struggle for Macedonia (1878–1894). Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 190.
- ^ The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Dennis Hupchik
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j HRW 1994, p. ?.
- ^ Ivo Banac, "The Macedoine" in "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", pp. 307–328, Cornell University Press, 1984, retrieved on September 8, 2007.
- ^ Nationality on the Balkans. The case of the Macedonians, by F. A. K. Yasamee. (Balkans: A Mirror of the New World Order, Istanbul: EREN, 1995; pp. 121–132.
- ^ Даскалов, Георги. Българите в Егейска Македония. Rсторико-демографско изследване /1900–1990/, София, Македонски научен институт, 1996, с. 165 (Daskalov, Georgi. The Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia. Historical-Demographic research /1900–1990/, Sofia, published by Macedonian Scientific Institute, 1996, p. 165.)
- ^ Theodor Capidan, Meglenoromânii, istoria şi graiul lor Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, vol. I, București, 1925, p.5, 19, 21–22.
- ^ "Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна" – Февраль 1934 г, Москва
- ^ ISBN 9780520043589, p. 227, 247
- ^ ISBN 0-8047-0870-3.
In Greece the Bulgarians reacquired their former territory, extending along the Aegean coast from the Struma (Strymon) River east of Salonika to Dedeagach (Alexandroupolis) on the Turkish border. Bulgaria looked longingly toward Salonika and western Macedonia, which were under German and Italian control, and established propaganda centres to secure the allegiance of the approximately 80,000 Slavs in these regions. The Bulgarian plan was to organize these Slavs militarily in the hope that Bulgaria would eventually assume the administration there. The appearance of Greek partisans in western Macedonia persuaded the Italian and German authorities to allow the formation of Slav security battalions (Ohrana) led by Bulgarian officers.
- ISBN 978-0-691-04357-9.
- ISBN 1-85065-492-1.
- ^ Max, Ben. "atrocities during the greek civil war".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Mazower (2000), p. 276
- ^ Uranros, 103-4.
- ^ Makedonia newspaper, 11 May 1948.
- ISBN 0-7453-1589-5.
He also played a leading part in effecting a rapprochement between the GCP (Greek Communist Party) and Ohrana
- ^ Fritz August Voigt (1949). Pax Britannica. Constable. p. 94.
Collaboration between the Ohrana, under Bulgarian control, and SNOF, under the control of EAM, and, therefore, of the Greek Communist Party
- ^ "Collaboration between the Bulgarian-controlled Ohrana and the EAM -controlled SNOF followed upon an agreement that Macedonia should become autonomous". The Nineteenth Century and After. A. D. Caratzas: 12. 1946.
- ISBN 0-89241-540-1.
By September, entire Ohrana units had joined the SNOF which, in turn, began to press the ELAS leadership to allow it to raise the SNOF battalion to division
- ISBN 1-85065-381-X.
- ^ F0371/58615, Thessaloniki consular report of 24 Sep. 1946
- ^ Karloukovski, Vassil. "C. Jonchev – Bylgarija i Belomorieto – 3a". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Karloukovski, Vassil. "D. Jonchev – Bylgarija i Belomorieto – 3b". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943–1949, Andrew Rossos – The Journal of Modern History 69 (March 1997): 42
- ^ KKE, Πέντε Χρόνια Αγώνες 1931–1936, Athens, 2nd ed., 1946.
- ^ "Славјано Македонски Глас", 15 Јануари 1944 с.1
- ^ "АМ, Збирка: Егејска Македонија во НОБ 1941–1945 – (Повик на СНОФ до Македонците од Костурско 16 Мај 1944)"
- ^ "Народно Ослободителниот Фронт и други организации на Македонците од Егејскиот дел на Македонија. (Ристо Кирјазовски)", Скопје, 1985.
- ^ HRW 1994, p. 9.
- ^ John S. Koliopoulos. Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia. Foreword by C. M. Woodhouse. New York: New York University Press. 1999. p. 304.
- ^ "H-Net Reviews". H-net.msu.edu. January 1996. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ISBN 9780815340584. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
- ISBN 1134665113, p. 183.
- ISBN 1-85065-534-0. pp. 107–108.
- ^ "Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" – (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945
- ISBN 9607213432).
- ^ ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ISBN 9607213432).
- ^ Speech presented by Nikos Zachariadis at the Second Congress of the NOF (National Liberation Front of the ethnic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia), published in Σαράντα Χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918–1958, Athens, 1958, p. 575.
- ^ "Macedonian Library – Македонска Библиотека". Macedonian.atspace.com. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ report of General consultant of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia addressed to foreign ministry of Greece Doc 47 15-7-1951 SMIR, ΡΑ, Grcka, 1951, f-30, d-21,410429, (έκθεση του γενικού προξενείου της Γιουγκοσλαβίας στη Θεσσαλονίκη SMIR, ΡΑ, Grcka, 1951, f-30, d-21,410429, Γενικό Προξενείο της Ομόσπονδης Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Γιουγκοσλαβίας προς Υπουργείο Εξωτερικών, Αρ. Εγγρ. 47, Θεσσαλονίκη 15.7.1951. (translated and published by Spiros Sfetas . ΛΓ΄, Θεσσαλονίκη 2001–2002 by the Macedonian Studies )
- ^ 3rd KKE congress 10–14 October 1950: Situation and problems of the political refugees in People's Republics pages 263–311 (3η Συνδιάσκεψη του Κόμματος (10–14 October 1950. Βλέπε: "III Συνδιάσκεψη του ΚΚΕ, εισηγήσεις, λόγοι, αποφάσεις – Μόνο για εσωκομματική χρήση – Εισήγηση Β. Μπαρτζιώτα: Η κατάσταση και τα προβλήματα των πολιτικών προσφύγων στις Λαϊκές Δημοκρατίες", σελ. 263 – 311") Quote: "Total number of political refugees : 55,881 (23,028 men, 14,956 women and 17,596 children, 368 unknown or not accounted)"
- ISBN 978-0-7453-1589-8.
- ^ "Μητρικη Γλωσσα Η Μακεδονικη | Нова Зора –". Novazora.gr. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ Voss, Christian (2007). "Language ideology between self-identification and ascription among the Slavic speakers in Greek Macedonia and Thrace". In Steinke, K; Voß, Ch (eds.). The Pomaks in Greece and Bulgaria – a model case for borderland minorities in the Balkans. Munich. pp. 177–192.
{{cite book}}
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- ^ ISBN 0-7864-3767-7.
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- ^ Bugajski, Janusz (2002). Political parties of Eastern Europe: a guide to politics in the post-Communist era. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 769.
- ^ HRW 1994, p. 39.
- ^ Forward, Jean S. (2001). Endangered peoples of Europe: struggles to survive and thrive. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95.
- ISBN 1-85065-534-0.
- ^ Riki Van Boeschoten (2001). Usage des langues minoritaires dans les départements de Florina et d'Aridea (Macédoine) (Use of minority languages in the districts of Florina and Aridea (Macedonia). Strates [online], Number 10. Villageois et citadins de Grèce (Villagers and Citizens of Greece), 11 January 2005 [1]
- ISBN 9781850657057.
- ^ Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood. University of Chicago Press. p. 250.
- ^ "Greek Helsinki Monitor & Minority Rights Group – Greece; Greece against its Macedonian minority" (PDF). Greekhelsinki.gr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
- ISBN 0-7391-0212-5.
- ^ a b "Page Redirection". A1.com.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04. [dead link]
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- ^ a b TJ-Hosting. "EFA-Rainbow :: Abecedar". Florina.org. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ a b "Македонскиот јазик во Грција има стабилна иднина". Mn.mk. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "ДНЕВНИК: Грција експроприра во Леринско – Net Press". 2012-03-23. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Македонците од Овчарани со камбани против грчки тенкови". 2012-03-23. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ a b "ΜΟΡΦΩΤΙΚΗ και ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΚΙΝΗΣΗ ΕΔΕΣΣΑΣ". Edessavoden.gr. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
- ^ "Во Грција ќе никне училиште на македонски јазик?". Radiolav.com.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "EFA-Rainbow :: Macedonian Political Party in Greece". Florina.org. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ a b "Втор весник на Македонците во Грција – Нова Македонија". Novamakedonija.com.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Page Redirection". A1.com.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04. [dead link]
- ^ "EFA-Rainbow :: Macedonian Political Party in Greece". Florina.org. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ a b "TIME.mk - страница за вести". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
- ^ "Грција индиректно финансира македонско-грчки речник | Балкан | DW.DE | 22.06.2011". Archived from the original on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
- ^ "Покана од архимандритот Царкњас на литургија во чест на Света Злата Мегленска во С'ботско, Грција". MKD.mk. 26 October 2022.
- ^ See Ethnologue ([2]); Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S. Barbour, C. Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press 2000.
- ISBN 1-85065-238-4.
- ISBN 0-19-927896-2.
- ISBN 1-85065-381-X.
- ISBN 1-85065-706-8.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6.
- ^ ‘The matter is certainly more complex here, as the majority of the Greek citizens who grew up in what is usually called "Slavophone" or "bilingual" families have today a Greek national identity, as a result of either conscientious choice or coercion of their ancestors, in the first half of the twentieth century. A second group is made up of those who seem to reject any national identity (Greek or Macedonian) but have distinct ethnic identity, which they may call "indigenous" – dopia –, Slavomacedonian, or Macedonian. The smallest group is made up of those who have a clear Macedonian national identity and consider themselves as part of the same nation with the dominant one in the neighboring Republic of Macedonia.’ See: Greek Helsinki Monitor, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention), 18 September 1999, Part I, [3].
- ISBN 0-7453-1589-5.
- ^ ‘Apart from certain peripheral areas in the far east of Greek Macedonia, which in our opinion must be considered as part of the Bulgarian linguistic area, the dialects of the Slav minority in Greece belong to Macedonia diasystem…’ See: Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
- ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
...that includes all of Greek Macedonia, which they insist on calling "Aegean Macedonia," a name which itself constitutes a challenge to the legitimacy of Greek sovereignty over the area. In addition ..
- ^ "Greece – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)". Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) & Minority Rights Group – Greece (MRG-G). 1999-09-18. Archived from the original on 2003-05-23. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ISBN 0-521-79735-7.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6.
- ^ HRW 1994, p. 13.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5565-6.
- ISBN 0-521-59733-1.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-513624-1.
- ISBN 1-85065-674-6.
- ^ ISBN 0-313-31006-8.
- ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ^ ISBN 0-646-20927-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ^ The Rising Sun In the Balkans: The Republic of Macedonia, International Affairs Agency, Sydney, Pollitecon Publications, 1995; p.33
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.
- ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-4881-8.
- ISBN 1-85973-138-4.
- ^ "Migration – Multicultural Canada". Archive.is. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6.
- ISBN 0-521-85409-1.
- ^ Decree LZ/1947; later by Law 2536/1953 & Decree M/1948, N/1948, and Law 2536/195; HRW 1994, p. ?
- S2CID 145446614.
- ^ TJ-Hosting (27 January 2008). "MHRMI – Macedonian Human Rights Movement International". Mhrmi.org. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Forward, Jean S. (2001). Endangered peoples of Europe: struggles to survive and thrive. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 94.
- ^ HRW 1994, p. 61.
- ^ L. M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World 1995, Princeton University Press, p. 104
- ^ Simpson, Neil (1994) Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press. pp. 88.
- ^ "The BALKAN Human Rights Web Pages". 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Македонски Маскирања – Μακεδονικα Μασκαρεματα | Нова Зора –". Novazora.gr. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
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- ^ HRW 1994, p. 2.
- ^ "BBC Macedonian | Македонското малцинство во Грција". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ [4] [dead link]
- ^ L. M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World 1995, Princeton University Press, p. 106
- ^ "Македонците во Грција го прославија Илинден во Овчарани". Mn.mk. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Во Овчарани и годинава се слави Илинден – Нова Македонија". Novamakedonija.com.mk. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "POLITIKA". 16 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Dnevnik". Star.dnevnik.com.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ a b Boro Mokrov and Tome Gruevski, Overview of Macedonian Print (1885–1992), Skopje, 1993, 150–151
- ^ Mokrov, B. & Gruevski, T. (1993), Overview of Macedonian print, Skopje, p. 147
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "ZADRUGA – KOINOTHTA: ΜΑΙΟΣ 2010". Zadruga-koinotita.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Нова Зора – NovaZora.gr | Горе Главата". Novazora.gr. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Page Redirection". A1.com.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ van Wijk, Nicolaas (1956). Les Langues Slaves [The Slavic Languages] (in French) (2nd ed.). Mouton & Co – 's-Gravenhage.
- ^ Шклифов, Благой and Екатерина Шклифова, Български диалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 28–36, 172 – Shkifov, Blagoy and Ekaterina Shklifova. Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia, Sofia 2003, p. 28-36, 172.
- ^ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
- ^ Bozhinov, Voin; Panayotov, L., eds. (1978). Macedonia. Documents and Materials. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History.
- ISBN 978-954-679-146-7.
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- ^ 116.
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- ^ "Во Грција имаше училиште на македонски јазик!". 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Македонскиот јазик во Грција се учи тајно како во турско – Нова Македонија". Novamakedonija.com.mk. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "AMW". 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Македонскиот јазик во Грција има стабилна иднина | Македонија | DW.COM | 25.02.2010". Dw-world.de. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ "Наскоро македонско радио и весник во Грција". Zurnal.mk. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ стр. 244 Македонски јазик за средното образование- Стојка Бојковска, Димитар Пандев, Лилјана Минова-Ѓуркова, Живко Цветковски- Просветно дело- Скопје 2001
- ^ Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC)
- ^ Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who Are the Macedonians?, (London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd:107–108.).
- ^ "Judicial victory for the Macedonian language in Greece: The court in Lerin rejected the lawsuits to ban the Macedonian Language Center in Greece". Sloboden Pečat. 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Грција го регистрираше центарот за македонски јазик" (in Macedonian). Deutsche Welle. 29 November 2022.
- ^ ""Центарот на македонскиот јазик во Грција" официјално регистриран од судските власти" (in Macedonian). Sloboden Pecat. 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Εγκρίθηκε "Κέντρο Μακεδονικής Γλώσσας" στην Φλώρινα: Ευχαριστίες Ζάεφ σε Τσίπρα - Μητσοτάκη" ["Centre for Macedonian Language" was approved in Florina: Zaev thanks Tsipras - Mitsotakis] (in Greek). Ethnos. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ a b Detrez, Raymond (2006). Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 217–218.
After Bulgaria was liberated from the Ottomans in 1878, many thousands of Bulgarians — the so-called refugees (bezhantsi)—left Macedonia and Thrace, which had remained under Ottoman rule, and settled in Bulgaria. Their numbers increased considerably in times of trouble: after the 1878 Kresna-Razlog Uprising and the 1903 Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising were crushed by the Ottoman army, the population tried to escape reprisals by emigrating to Bulgaria.By the eve of the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars about 120,000 Bulgarians from Macedonia and Thrace had already moved to Bulgaria.
- ^ ISBN 0822308134.
- ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1914. p. 100.
Refugees have described how, on the night of the fall of Kukush, the whole sky seemed to be aflame. It was a signal which the peasants understood. Few of them hesitated, and the general flight began which ended in massing the Bulgarian population of the districts through which the Greeks marched within the former frontiers of Bulgaria. We need not insist on the hardships of the flight. Old and young, women and children, walked sometimes for two consecutive weeks by devious mountain paths. The weak fell by the wayside from hunger and exhaustion. Families were divided, and among the hundred thousand refugees scattered throughout Bulgaria, husbands are still looking for wives, and parents for children..
- ^ Detrez, Raymond (2006). Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 217–218.
As provided for in the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria and Greece carried out a population exchange, as a result of which about 35,000 Greeks left Bulgaria for Greece, and about 66,000 Bulgarians left Greece for Bulgaria.
- ^ Hill (1989) p. 123
- ^ "2001 Census QuickStats : Manjimup (Urban Centre/Locality)". www.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Hill (1989) pp. 91,86,48
- ^ Peter, Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle, p. 79
- ^ a b Lillian Petroff (1920-05-07). "Macedonians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ John Powell, Encyclopedia of North American immigration, Infobase Publishing, 2005, p. 183
- ^ Human Rights Violations Against Ethnic Macedonians-Report 1996, Macedonian Human Rights Movement of Canada, Toronto, 1996; p.111-112
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6.
- ^ Stanislava Grigorova (2010-10-27). "Любка Рондова: Родината е майка, а майката не се забравя (интервю)" [Lyubka Rondova: One's native country is a mother, and a mother is never forgotten (interview)]. Информационна агенция "Блиц". Retrieved 2015-01-12.
- ^ Dariya Zaharieva (2009-02-26). "Любка Рондова: Празниците в храма от детството останаха завинаги в мислите ми (интервю)" [Lyubka Rondova: Childhood memories of festivities in the temple remained with me forever (interview)]. Православие.БГ – Православие България. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
- ^ Интервю с Любка Рондова, част 1 [Interview with Lyubka Rondova, part I]. Телевизия Про БГ/Арт Трафик. December 2009. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
- ^ Shklifov, Blagoj (2011). На кол вода пиехме. Христовите мъки на българите в Егейска Македония през XX век (PDF). Sofia: Iztok-zapad.
- ^ Shklifov, Blagoj; Shklifova, Ekaterina (2003). Български диалектни текстове от Егейска Македония [Bulgarian Dialect Texts from Aegean Macedonia]. Sofia: Marin Drinov Academic Publishing.
- ^ Brisby, Liliana. "Bulgarian Literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2015-01-13.
Sources
- Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (1994). Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece (PDF). Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-132-9.
- M. Murat Hatipoğlu (1999). The Moslem-Turks and Slavo-Macedonians of Greece: denying ethnic identities in a Balkan state. Sistem Offset. ISBN 978-975-94141-0-8.
- Chris Kostov (2010). Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-0343-0196-1.
Further reading
- Karatsareas, Petros (19 April 2018). "Greece's Macedonian Slavic heritage was wiped out by linguistic oppression – here's how". The Conversation. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- Margaronis, Maria (24 February 2019). "Greece's invisible minority – the Macedonian Slavs". BBC News. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- Hlavac, Jim (2014). "Language maintenance and sociolinguistic continuity among two groups of first-generation speakers: Macedonians from Aegean Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia". In Hajek, John; Slaughter, Yvette (eds.). Challenging the Monolingual Mindset. Multilingual matters. pp. 131–148. ISBN 9781783092512.