List of early Slavic peoples
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Indo-European topics |
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This is a list of
Ancestors
- Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
- Proto-Balto-Slavicspeakers)
- Proto-Slavs (Proto-Slavicspeakers)
Antiquity
-
- Eastern South Slavs. Also contributed to the West Slavs
- Western South Slavs and the East Slavs
- Western South Slavs. Their name was adopted by the Byzantines in the 600s as a catch-all for all Balkan Slavs, regardless of origin
Middle Ages
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
East Slavs
- Antes (common ancestors of the East Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of West Slavs and South Slavs)
- Western-Northern groups
- Western Russian group / descend and not only Russians in the narrow sense)
- Southwestern group (roughly in a large part of the hypothesized region of Proto-Slavsorigin)
- Dulebes (Dulebi), ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians and part of Czechs. Assimilated into several East Slavic tribes or were the ancestors of them: the Volhynians, Drevlians, Polans, Dregoviches, and possibly Buzhans, eventually to become part of the Kievan Rus'.
- Western Bugrivers)
- Southern Bug Buzhans (Southern Bug Slavs) (Buzhane), ancestors of Ukrainians and Russians[10][11]
- Western Bug Buzhans (Western Bug Slavs) / Volhynians (Volynyane), ancestors of Ukrainians, part of Czechs, and possibly Poles (West Pomerania).
- Dregoviches / Dregovichians (Dregovichi), same with Draguvites, ancestors of Belarusians
- Drevlyans (Drevlyane), ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians
- Polans (eastern) (Polyane), ancestors of Ukrainians, in Dnieper right (western) bank, Kyiv region.
- Teverians (Tivertsi / Tyvertsi) / Stadici / Stadichi (Stadychi)?,[12] ancestors of Ukrainians and part of Moldovans and Romanians
- Dulebes (Dulebi), ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians and part of Czechs. Assimilated into several East Slavic tribes or were the ancestors of them: the Volhynians, Drevlians, Polans, Dregoviches, and possibly Buzhans, eventually to become part of the Kievan Rus'.
- Khorvaty, in Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia, ancestors of Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Croats[13]
- Southern group
- Central group
- Radimichi), ancestors of Belarusians and part of Russians
- Severyane), ancestors of Ukrainians, Russians and part of Slavic Bulgarians
- Southwestern group (roughly in a large part of the hypothesized region of
- Old Russian group / Northern Russian group / Northern Ruthenian group / Northern Old East Slavs
- Northeastern group (Krivichian-Vyatichian group) (Krivichians and Vyatichianshad a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)
- Principalitiesroughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
- Polotsk Principality), ancestors of Belarusians
- Pskovskaya Zemlya), ancestors of Russians
- Smolensk Principality), ancestors of Russians
- Tver Principality), ancestors of Russians
- Rostov-Suzdal)
- Principalitiesroughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
- Chernigov Principalityby conquest)
- Murom-Ryazan)
- Northeastern group (Krivichian-Vyatichian group) (
- Western Russian group / descend and not only Russians in the narrow sense)
- Northwestern group (possible Northern Slavic group?) (they had a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)
- Slovene), ancestors of Russians
- Bezhetians / Bezhetian Ilmen Slovenians (in Bezhetsk Land - Begetskaja Zemlja) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaja Zemlja, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Derevians / Derevian Ilmen Slovenians (in Dereva Land - Derevskaja Zemlja) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaja Zemlja, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Obonegians / Obonegian Ilmen Slovenians (in Obonego Land - Obonegskaja Zemlja) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaja Zemlja, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Shelonians / Shelonian Ilmen Slovenians (in Shelona Land - Shelonskaja Zemlja) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaja Zemlja, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Western-Northern groups
West Slavs
- Veneti / Wends Lechitic ancestors of West Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of South Slavs
- Czech–Moravian-Slovak group
- Bohemians (Čechové), tribal confederation, in Bohemia, Czech Republic. Ancestors of Czechs
- Berunzani (a Slavic Bohemian tribe, Chekhove, of West Bohemia)
- Čechové (Bohemian Slavs proper), also known as Pragani (Fraganeo), the tribe that lived in the Prague and Central Bohemianregions
- Děčané, in Děčínregion, Czech Republic
- Dudlebi (Doudlebi / Doudlebové) (Bohemian Dulebes), a group of Dulebes assimilated as a Slavic Bohemian or Czech tribe. (they lived in most of the southern half of Bohemia)
- Khébané (Chébané / Hbané)
- Khodove (Chodové) ("Walkers", "Patrollers" or "Rangers") (formed from recruited people originating in the western Carpathian Mountains) (in Tuhošt' Land)
- Litoměřici or Lutomerizi, in the Czech lands from the sixth century (they lived in the Litoměřiceregion)
- Luchane / Luchani / Lutsane (Lučané)
- Lemuzi
- Lupiglai
- Pshovane (Pšované) / Besunzane (Bežunčani)
- Sedlichane (Sedličané / Sedlčané)
- Volynyane, a group of Volhynians (Volhynian Buzhans) assimilated as a Slavic Bohemian or Czech tribe. Volhynians are ancestors of Poles, Czechs and modern day Ukrainians.
- White Serbs
- Zlicans (Zlitsans) / Zlichane (Zličané), in Bohemia (Czech). Ancestors of Czechs and possibly Poles.
- Morava river valley, east Serbia, that migrated south of the Danube and were assimilated by South Slavs.
- Slovaks* (more appropriately Sloveni[15] for time period of this article), also called Nitran Slavs / Váh Slavs / Hungarian Slavs / Moravian Slovenes[16] / Sloväni / Slověniny), tribal confederation, in Slovakia and northern parts of Hungary, possibly western Hungary as well. Ancestors of Slovaks, mayhaps were part of broader Slavic group sharing the same name (notice similarities with the south Slavic Slovenians). Sometimes referred to as Slovieni,[17] although this word is generally incorrect, being a contracted term from 19th century.[18] Note: While today the male member of Slovak nation is called Slovák, the original name for such person would be approx. Sloven.[19] This is evident from the endonym of the country (Slovensko), and also the name for Slovak female (Slovenka) or language (slovenský jazyk). This change, purely linguistical, occurred starting in 14th century, applying the newer suffix -ák/-ak/-iak to the stem word Slov. This change most likely originated in neighbouring Bohemia, which is probably the reason why it never completely permeated Slovak language (compared to the Moravian region of Slovácko, so called Moravian Slovakia).
- Bohemians (Čechové), tribal confederation, in Bohemia, Czech Republic. Ancestors of Czechs
- Lechites (Lechitic group) Lechitic tribes are ancestors of Poles/Polish people, Lechia was the pre-Christian anme of Poland. Polish language as well as Sorbian, Polabian, Silesian, Lusatian, Pomeranian, Kashubians and many other dialects are part of the Lechitic group of languages.
- Polish tribes
- Lendians, in east Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia (Poland and Ukraine). Ancestors of Poles
- Masovians, tribal confederation, in Mazovia, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Polans (western), tribal confederation, in Greater Poland, Poland. Ancestors of Poles.
- Silesians / Silezane / Slezane (Ślężanie) Lęchitic tribę, Poland. Ancestors of Poles.
- Besunzane / Bezunchane (Bieżuńczanie)
- Bobrzanie)
- Dziadoszanie) / Dadosesani
- Golęszyce)
- Lubushane (Lubuszanie)
- Lupiglaa (in today's Głubczyce region)
- Opolini (OpolanieLechitic tribe
- Ślężanie)
- Tryebovane (Trzebowianie)
- Vistulans, in Lesser Poland, tribal confederation, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Poles, Kashubians, Slovincians, modern-day Germans.
- Kuyavian-Pomeranian, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Kashubians, in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
- Pyrzyczanie), in Pomerania, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- , ancestors of Poles.
- Uelunzani, on Wolinisland, Pomerania, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Wends also spelled as Wenedi, Veneti, Vendi, Vindi, Vinden
- Polabians Lechitic tribe
- Northern Polabians), Lechitic tribes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, modern-day Germany.
- Lutici, Lechitic tribal confederation, northeastern region of modern-day Germany.
- Bethenici (Bethenzi or Bechelenzi)
- Doshane
- Lutici
- Circipane, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, modrn-day Germany.
- Kessinians, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- Redarians, ncstrors of Poles
- Tollensians, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ancestors of Poles and some Germans
- Hevelli (Havolane), in Brandenburg, by river Havel, anctstors of Poles, Swiss and some Germans
- Morizani / Morichane
- Rujani, on Lechitic tribes on Rugia/Rügen island.
- Sprevane, by river Spree.
- Stodorane (Lutici Stodorane)
- Ukrani, in Uckermark and Vorpommern-Greifswald
- Northern Polabians)
- Belesem / Byelozem = "White Earth" or "White Earth Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde / Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland Saxon view, west banks of the Elbe river
- Hanoverian Wendland, Lechitic tribes in modern -day Germany)
- Linones, in the region around Lenzen.
- Lipani, tribe that lived scattered in the west banks of the Elbe river
- Wismar Bay to Lake Schwerin).
- Polabians proper, in modern-day eastern Schleswig-Holstein area.
- Travjane east of the Trave.
- ).
- ).
- Lutici, Lechitic tribal confederation, northeastern region of modern-day Germany.
- Southern Polabians), in Saxony and Lower Lusatia. Ancestors of Poles, and Sorbs, and part of the tribal groups that migrated towards southeast and south of the Danube are the ancestors of Serbs.
- Elbe Serbs)
- Sorbs / Old Sorbs (Srbove), tribal confederation, roughly in Southern Brandenburg, East Saxony-Anhalt (east of the Saale river) and Upper Saxony, roughly in the east of the Middle Elbe river basin.
- Khutitsi
- Lusatians-Milceni
- Lusatians, in Lower Lusatia. Ancestors of Sorbs (Modern Sorbs) in Lower Lusatia.
- Milchane (Milčané) / Milceni / Milzeni, in Upper Lusatia, and in an area of far north Bohemia. Ancestors of Sorbs (Modern Sorbs) in Upper Lusatia.
- Moinwinidi
- Nishane
- Nizitsi
- Polabian Serbs proper (Sorbs Serbs or Srbi), they gave the name to the tribal confederation (Srbove).
- White Croats, originally in Southern Poland by the 5th c. migrated to the Southern Europe, ancestors of Croats.
- Sorbs / Old Sorbs (Srbove), tribal confederation, roughly in Southern Brandenburg, East Saxony-Anhalt (east of the Saale river) and Upper Saxony, roughly in the east of the Middle Elbe river basin.
- Polish tribes
- Czech–Moravian-Slovak group
South Slavs
A number of historians have attributed the early split between
The same is true for Antes and Eastern South Slavs. For example, part of the East Slavic Severians are known to have migrated to present-day northeastern Bulgaria, becoming foederati of the First Bulgarian Empire under the name Severi, while some Pripyat Dregoviches are assumed to have migrated to the valley of the Vardar, establishing themselves as the Drougoubitai.[23] The Seven Slavic tribes are also hypothesized to be Antes hailing from the lands of modern Ukraine, but missing records of their tribal names makes the hypothesis unverifiable.
Therefore, it has been suggested that the ancestors of medieval Serbs and Croatians were the
Nevertheless, South Slavs over time evolved into a new Slavic ethnolinguistic group. This phenomenon was accentuated by the
- Sclaveni / Slavini (common ancestors of most Western South Slavs)
- West South Slavic group
- Braničevci / Braniches, in eastern Serbia
- Carantanians / Carniolan Slavs / Old Slovenes / Southern Slovene (Sloventsi), tribal confederation, in Austria and Slovenia. Ancestors of Slovenes (particularly Carinthian Slovenes). They descend in part from Nitran Slavs (Northern Slovenes) that were also partial ancestors of modern Slovaks.
- Docleani / Diokletlians, in southern Montenegro (see also Tribes of Montenegro)
- Guduscani, in Lika, Croatia
- Kanalites, in southern Dalmatia
- tribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differentiate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
- Neretvians, in southern Dalmatia
- Magyarsafter they settled in Hungary.
- Pannonian Dulebes
- Sava Slavs, roughly in the plain between the Murarivers. Ancestors of part of Croats.
- Abodriti / Obotritestribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differentiate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
- Timočani, in eastern Serbia
- Terbunians, in Herzegovina and western Montenegro
- White Croats, in Western Ukraine, Lesser Poland and Bohemia, ancestors of Croats
- Zachlumians, in southern Dalmatia
- West South Slavic group
- Antes (common ancestors of most Eastern South Slavs)
- East South Slavic group
- Berziti / Bersites, in Ohrid, North Macedonia
- Greek Macedonia
- Milcovci / Miltsovtsi
- Seven Slavic tribes (or Seven Slavic Clans) (Heptaradici / Eptaradici - "Seven Roots"?), tribal confederation, in northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania that formed the basis of the Slavic Bulgarians (after later being conquered by the Turkic origin Bulgars that formed much of the Aristocracy and led to the name change of the people and language)
- Unknown tribes (unknown names)
- Severians, in Dobrudja, / Severes / Severi (Balkan Severians), northeast Bulgaria and Southeastern Romania, the Severians were an East Slavic tribe, part of the tribal groups that migrated southward and southwestward and formed a union with the Seven Slavic tribes (to form the Slavic Bulgarians) and over time differentiate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
- Presian I of Bulgaria, their territory was annexed by the First Bulgarian Empire. Their name is not mentioned after the mid 800s, which suggests assimilation into Slavic Bulgarians
- Strymonites, along the Struma river in southwestern Bulgaria and the adjoining part of northern Greece. Annexed by the First Bulgarian Empire in 840. They were last mentioned in 904 in connection with the Sack of Thessaloniki by the Arabs and were therefore most likely assimilated into Slavic Bulgarians
- Sklavenoi / Greek Macedonia)
- )
- Belegezites / Velegezites, in Thessaly
- Erezitai, in the Peloponnese
- Melingoi, in the Peloponnese
- Rhodopes.
- Greek Macedonia
- East South Slavic group
Unclassified Slavs
- Sittici / Zhytychi / Zuireani?[31]
- Zerivani / Zeriuani / Zeruiani[32] (same as the Chervyani? Severians? Drevlians? Unlikely, Chervyani, Severians and Drevlians can not be the same tribe, because in Slavic languages: Chervyani - red ones (Red Croats), Severians - northern ones, Drevlians - wood people)
- Znetalici
Possible Slavs
Unclassified
Slavs or Balts
Slavs, Balts or Finnic
Slavs or Romance peoples
- Bolokhovens (East Slavic tribe or Valachians? the similar name to Valachians could have been only coincidental)
Slavs or Turkics
Mixed
- Pannonian Slavs and Byzantine Christians from Syrmia led by the Bulgar (khan) Kuber,[34][35] who unsuccessfully tried to seize Thessaloniki and then settled in the Keramisian field (a corruption of "Sermesian", i.e., of Sirmium), most likely the Pelagonia plain in North Macedonia, in 680. Since treasures attributed to them have been found at Vrap and Ersekë in Eastern Albania,[36] the Sermesianoi are hypothesized to have migrated west following Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian's campaigns against them in the early 700s.
Unclassified peoples or tribes
Mentioned by
- Yatvingians)[37]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Iranian Indo-European
- Lucolane / Lucolani (possibly Alan Sarmatian Iranians)[38]
- Serauici / Seravici (possibly Alan Sarmatian Iranians)[39]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Turkic
- Attorozi (possibly Turkic)[40]
- Aturezani (possibly Turkic)[41]
- Uuilerozi / Vilerozi / Bilerozi (possibly Turkic)[43]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Uralic
- Merya?)[44]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and Unknown
See also
- Slavic peoples
- Slavic languages
- Ethnic group
- Tribe
- Outline of Slavic history and culture
Sources
- Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
- Barford, Paul M (2001), The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-3977-9
- Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė (1971), The Slavs, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-02072-8
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
References
- ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2
- ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
- ^ Tarasov I. The Balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
- ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
- ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2
- ^ "Land and People, p.23" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
- ^ Tarasov I. The balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
- ^ Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 33.
- Oscar Halecki. (1952). Borderlands of Western Civilization. New York: Ronald Press Company. pp. 45-46
- ^ Joachim Lelewel (1852). Géographie du moyen âge. Vol. 3–4. Ve et J. Pilleit. p. 43.
- ^ Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1837). Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme. Ignaz Joseph Lentner. p. 615.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Синиця, Є.В. "ХОРВАТИ". Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
They are often unreasonably also called "White Croats". This is due to the fact that East Europe Croats is mistakenly identified with "Croats White" (mentioned in the undated part of "The Tale of Bygone Years" in the same row with Serbs and Chorutans)
- ISBN 9781442697287.
- ^ "Fvs:Sloveni". dai.fmph.uniba.sk. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ^ "Bavorský geograf – prvá písomná zmienka o Nitrianskych Slovenoch". Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ^ "KULTURA - Dvojtýždenník závislý od etiky". 2007-11-16. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
- ^ "KULTURA - Dvojtýždenník závislý od etiky". 2007-11-16. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ^ Marek, Miloš (13 August 2021). "Národnosti Uhorska" (PDF).
- ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9.
- ISBN 978-2-503-53125-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- ISBN 9780472081493.
- ISBN 0472025600. Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- ^ Gluhak, Alemko (1990). Porijeklo imena Hrvat [Origin of the name Croat] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Čakovec: Alemko Gluhak. pp. 115–116.
- ISBN 953-7029-03-4.
- ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1.
- ISBN 978-953-6928-26-2.
- ^ Marko Vego (1982). "Postanak imena Bosna". Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države (in Croatian). Svjetlost. p. 20. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
Čvrsto sam ubijeđen, na temelju topografije, da je u pradomovrni stanovnika Bosne postojalo, živjelo ime Bosna i kao takvo zabilježeno u izvorima ili je ostalo u toponimima na terenu. Zato nije bilo teško jakom i mnogobrojnom plemenu Bosna da pri dolasku u centralnu Bosnu potisne staro predslavensko ime ili imena na području Gornje Bosne i ujedini srodna slavenska plemena i rodove pod jednim imenom Bosna i za oznaku rijeke Bosne.
- ^ Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). POVIJEST BOSNE U IX I X STOLJEĆU (in Bosnian). pp. 164, 165.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ISBN 9781139428880.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- ISBN 9989-649-08-1.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- ^ Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
External links
- First Slavic Tribes www.youtube.com