Small Indian civet
| Small Indian civet | |
|---|---|
| |
| In Silchar, Assam, India | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Viverridae |
| Genus: | Viverricula Hodgson, 1838 |
| Species: | V. indica
|
| Binomial name | |
| Viverricula indica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803
| |
| Subspecies | |
| |
| Small Indian civet range (green - extant, pink - probably extant) | |
The small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) is a
This is the
Characteristics
The small Indian civet has a rather coarse fur that is brownish grey to pale yellowish brown, with usually several longitudinal black or brown bands on the back and longitudinal rows of spots on the sides. Usually there are five or six distinct bands on the back and four or five rows of spots on each side. Some have indistinct lines and spots, with the dorsal bands wanting. Generally there are two dark stripes from behind the ear to the shoulders, and often a third in front, crossing the throat. Its underfur is brown or grey, often grey on the upper parts of the body and brown on the lower. The grey hairs on the upper parts are often tipped with black. The head is grey or brownish grey, the chin often brown. The ears are short and rounded with a dusky mark behind each ear, and one in front of each eye. The feet are brown or black. Its tail has alternating black and whitish rings, seven to nine of each colour. It is 53–58 cm (21–23 in) from head to body with a 38–43 cm (15–17 in) long tapering tail.[2]
Distribution and habitat
The Small Indian civet occurs in most of India,
It is widely distributed inIn Myanmar, it was recorded in mixed deciduous and bamboo forests in
In Thailand, small Indian civets were recorded in
In Laos, small Indian civets were recorded in a variety of habitats including semi-evergreen and deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, bamboo forest, scrubby areas, grasslands and riverine habitat.[13] In Cambodia's
In China's Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, it was recorded in subtropical forest patches during interview and camera-trapping surveys carried out between 1997 and 2005.[17]
Occurrence in East Africa
The Small Indian civet was introduced to Madagascar. Feral small Indian civets were recorded in Ranomafana National Park in southeastern Madagascar, in an unprotected dry deciduous forest near Mariarano in northwestern Madagascar, and in Masoala−Makira protected areas in the island's northeast.[18][19][20] It was also introduced to Pemba Island and Mafia Island in the Zanzibar Archipelago, where it used to be kept for its musk, which is added to traditional African medicine and as a scent to perfume.[21][22]
Behaviour and ecology
Small Indian civets are
Occasionally, pairs are formed (for mating and hunting). In areas not disturbed by humans, they have been reported to sometimes also hunt by day. Small Indian civets are primarily terrestrial, though they also climb well. Individuals sleep in burrows or hollow logs. They can dig their own burrows, but also occupy abandoned burrows of other species. In suburban habitats they use gutters or other hollow, dark spaces as makeshift burrows.[23]Diet
The small Indian civets feed on
Reproduction
The female has usually four or five young at a birth.[2] Captive small Indian civets in Kerala were observed to mate in March to May and October to December. Mean gestation lasts 65 to 69 days. Kittens weigh between 90 and 110 g (3.2 and 3.9 oz) at birth and open their eyes after five days. They reach 1,000 g (35 oz) at the age of ten weeks.[25] The life span in captivity is eight to nine years.[24]
Conservation
Viverricula indica is listed on
Taxonomy and evolution
Civetta indica was the
- Viverra rasse by Thomas Horsfield in 1824 was a zoological specimen collected in Java.[28] It was later considered a variety of Viverricula indica.[29]
- Viverra pallida by John Edward Gray in 1831 was a pale civet skin from an inexplicit location in China.[30]
- Viverra bengalensis by Gray and Thomas Hardwicke in 1832 was the caption of a coloured drawing of a civet.[31]
- Viverra schlegelii by Francis P. L. Pollen in 1866 was a small Indian civet that Pollen collected in the Malagasy Department of Mayotte.[32][33]
- Viverricula malaccensis deserti by Sambhar, Rajasthan.[34]
- Viverricula malaccensis thai by Cecil Boden Kloss in 1919 was a female specimen collected in central Thailand.[35]
- Viverricula malaccensis atchinensis by Henri Jacob Victor Sody in 1931 was a male specimen collected in Aceh, northern Sumatra.[36]
- Viverricula malaccensis baliensis by Sody in 1931 was a male specimen from Bali.[36]
- Viverricula malaccensis muriavensis also by Sody in 1931 was also a male specimen collected near Gunung Muria in Central Java.[36]
- Viverricula indica mayori by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1933 was a civet skin from Maha Oya that was part of a collection of civet skins and skulls from Sri Lanka.[37]
- Viverricula indica baptistæ also by Pocock in 1933 was a civet skin from Hasimara in the Bhutan Dooars that differed slightly in colour from other civet skins collected in Bengal and Assam.[37]
- Viverricula indica wellsi by Pocock in 1933 was a richly tinted civet skin from Kangra district in northwestern India.[37]
- V. indica klossi by Pocock in 1933 was a dark brown skin of an adult female civet from Penang in Malay Peninsula.[37]
Pocock subordinated them all as subspecies to Viverricula indica when he reviewed civet skins and skulls in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.[37]
The following subspecies were considered
- V. i. indica — the
- V. i. schlegelii — is considered to occur in Madagascar[33]
- V. i. deserti — in Rajasthan[37][40]
- V. i. wellsi — in
- V. i. baptistæ — in Bhutan and Assam[37][40]
- V. i. thai — in Myanmar, Thailand, and
- V. i. klossi— in southern Myanmar and Malay Peninsula[37]
- V. i. mayori — in Sri Lanka[37][39][40]
- V. i. pallida — in southern China[37][40]
- V. i. atchinensis — in Sumatra[36]
- V. i. baliensis — in Bali[36]
- V. i. muriavensis — in Java[36]
Phylogeny
A
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References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Blanford, W. T. (1888–91). "Genus Viverricula Hodgson". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 100–101.
- ^ Lamichhane, B. R.; Pokheral, C. P.; Khatiwada, A. P.; Mishra, R.; Subedi, N. (2014). "A Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula carrying a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica". Small Carnivore Conservation (51): 46–50.
- ^ Charoo, S. A.; Sharma, L. K.; Sathyakumar, S.; Naqash, R. Y. (2010). "First record of Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica in the Kashmir Himalaya, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (43): 42–43.
- ISBN 9789380652023.
- ^ a b Mudappa, D. (2002). "Observations of small carnivores in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (27): 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
- ^ Pillay, R. (2009). "Observation of small carnivores in the southern Western Ghats, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 36–40.
- ^ Kalle, R.; Ramesh, T.; Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q. (2013). "Observations of sympatric small carnivores in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India". Small Carnivore Conservation (49): 53–59.
- ^ a b c Su Su (2005). "Small carnivores and their threats in Hlawga Wildlife Park, Myanmar" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (33): 6–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-29. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
- ^ Su Su; Sale, J. B. (2007). "Niche differentiation between Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica in regenerating degraded forest, Myanmar". Small Carnivore Conservation (36): 30–34.
- ^ Than Zaw; Saw Htun; Saw Htoo Tha Po; Myint Maung; Lynam, A. J.; Kyaw Thinn Latt; Duckworth, J. W. (2008). "Status and distribution of small carnivores in Myanmar". Small Carnivore Conservation (38): 2–28.
- ^ Chutipong, W.; Tantipisanuh, N.; Ngoprasert, D.; Lynam, A. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Jenks, K. E.; Grassman, Jr. L. I.; Tewes, M.; Kitamura, S.; Baker, M. C.; McShea, W.; Bhumpakphan, N.; Sukmasuang, R.; Gale, G. A.; Harich, F. K.; Treydte, A. C.; Cutter, P.; Cutter, P. B.; Suwanrat, S.; Siripattaranukul, K.; Hala-Bala Wildlife Research Station, Wildlife Research Division; Duckworth, J. W. (2014). "Current distribution and conservation status of small carnivores in Thailand: a baseline review" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (51): 96–136.[dead link]
- ^ Duckworth, J. W. (1997). "Small carnivores in Laos: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation (16): 1–21.
- ^ Holden, J.; Neang, T. (2009). "Small carnivore records from the Cardamom Mountains, southwestern Cambodia". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 16–21.
- ^ Gray, T. N. E.; Pin C.; Phan C.; Crouthers, R.; Kamler, J. F.; Prum, S. (2014). "Camera-trap records of small carnivores from eastern Cambodia, 1999–2013". Small Carnivore Conservation (50): 20–24.
- ^ Suzuki, A.; Thong, S.; Tan, S.; Iwata, A. (2017). "Camera trapping of large mammals in Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, northern Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History. 2017 (1): 63–75.
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- ^ Evans, B.; Rakotondraparany, F.; Cole, L.; Graham, S.; Long, P.; Gandola, R. (2013). "The carnivores of Mariarano forest, Madagascar: first insights". Small Carnivore Conservation (49): 15−19.
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- ^ Balakrishnan, M. & Sreedevi, M. (2007). "Captive breeding of the Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)". Small Carnivore Conservation (36): 5–8.
- ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. (1803). "La Civette de l'Inde". Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. p. 113.
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- ^ Horsfield, T. (1824). "Viverra Rasse". Zoological Researches in Java, and the neighbouring Islands. London: Printed for Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen. pp. 160–166.
- ^ Horsfield, T. (1851). "Viverricula Rasse". A catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company. London: J. & H. Cox. p. 59−60.
- ^ Gray, J. E. (1831). "Description of two new Species of Mammalia, one forming a genus intermediate between Viverra and Ictides". The Zoological Miscellany. London: Treuttel, Wurtz and Co. p. 17.
- ^ Gray, J. E. (1832). "Bengal Civet Viverra bengalensis". Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. London: Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter. pp. Plate 4.
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External links
