Social Democratic Party (Portugal)
Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata | ||
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Regional parliaments 43 / 104 | ||
Local government (Mayors) | 114 / 308 | |
Local government (Parishes) | 1,204 / 3,066 | |
Election symbol | ||
Party flag | ||
Website | ||
psd | ||
The Social Democratic Party (
.The PSD was founded in 1974, two weeks after the
Originally a social-democratic party, the PSD became the main centre-right, conservative party in Portugal.[7] The PSD is a member of the European People's Party and the Centrist Democrat International. Until 1996, the PSD belonged to the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and Liberal International.[7] The party publishes the weekly Povo Livre (Free People) newspaper.
History
Foundation
The Social Democratic Party was born on 6 May 1974, when
The Povo Livre publication was founded, its first issue being published on 13 July 1974, led by its first two directors, Manuel Alegria and Rui Machete. The PPD's first major meeting was held in the Pavilhão dos Desportos, Lisbon, on 25 October, and a month later the party's first official congress took place.
On 17 January 1975, 6300 signatures were sent to the Supreme Court so that the party could be approved as a legitimate political entity, which happened a mere eight days later.
In 1975, the PPD applied unsuccessfully to join the Socialist International,[10] with its membership attempt vetoed by the Socialist Party.[11]
Alberto João Jardim was the co-founder of the Madeiran branch of the PSD, and governed the autonomous archipelago for decades, running as a member of the party.
Democratic Alliance governments
The Democratic People's Party participated in a number of coalition governments in Portugal between 1974 and 1976, following the Carnation Revolution. This is seen as a transitional period in Portuguese politics, in which political institutions were built and took time to stabilize. In 1976, the party adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD formed an electoral alliance, known as the Democratic Alliance (AD), with the Democratic and Social Centre (now called the People's Party, CDS-PP) and a couple of smaller right-wing parties. The AD won the parliamentary elections towards the end of 1979, and the PSD leader, Francisco Sá Carneiro, became Prime Minister. The PSD would be part of all governments until 1995. The AD increased its parliamentary majority in new elections called for 1980, but was devastated by the death of Sá Caneiro in an air crash on 4 December 1980. Francisco Pinto Balsemão took over the leadership of both the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Alliance, as well as the Prime Ministership, but lacking Sá Carneiro's charisma, he was unable to rally popular support.
The Democratic Alliance was dissolved in 1983, and in parliamentary elections that year, the PSD lost to the
Cavaco Silva governments (1985–1995)
The PSD won a plurality (but not a majority) in the general election of 1985, and Cavaco Silva became Prime Minister. Economic liberalization and tax cuts ushered in several years of economic growth. After a motion of no confidence was approved, early elections were called for July 1987, which resulted in a landslide victory for the PSD, who captured 50.2 percent of the popular vote and 148 of the 250 parliamentary seats – the first time that any political party in Portugal had mustered an absolute majority in a free election. While the PSD had been very popular going into the election, the size of its victory far exceeded the party's most optimistic projections. A strong economy, growing above 7% in 1988, ushered a big convergence between Portugal and other EU countries.
The PSD won a historic third term in the 1991 election, with a slightly higher vote share than four years earlier. However, continuing high levels of unemployment and a lower economy, after 1993, eroded the popularity of the Cavaco Silva government.
Post-Cavaco Silva
Cavaco Silva stepped down as leader in January 1995. In the following month, in the PSD congress, the party elected Fernando Nogueira as leader. The PSD lost the 1995 election to the PS. In 1996, Cavaco Silva ran for the presidency of the republic, but he failed to defeat former Lisbon Mayor Jorge Sampaio. Sampaio won 53.9% to Cavaco's 46.1%. The party, for the first time in 16 years, was out of government. The party was again defeated in the 1999 elections. The party, however, made a big comeback in the 2001 local elections by winning several cities, like Lisbon, Porto and Sintra, from the PS and, some, against all odds and predictions.[12] This PSD result led the then Prime Minister António Guterres (PS) to resign and the country was led to snap general elections on March 2002.[13]
At the time, the party reviewed its membership database, resulting in a correction from 183,000 in 1996 to 77,000 in 1999.[14]
First PSD/CDS coalition government (2002–2005)
The PSD made a comeback in
Back in opposition (2005–2011)
In the
The PSD-supported candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva won the Portuguese presidential elections in 2006 and again in 2011. After the 2005 elections, Luís Marques Mendes was elected leader of the party. Internal infighting weakened Marques Mendes and, in September 2007, Marques Mendes was defeated by Luís Filipe Menezes by a 54% to 42% margin. Menezes was also incapable of dealing with his internal opposition and, after just six months in the job, Menezes resigned. On 31 May 2008, Manuela Ferreira Leite became the first female leader of a Portuguese major party. She won 38% of the votes, against the 31% of Pedro Passos Coelho and the 30% of Pedro Santana Lopes.
In the European Parliament election held on 7 June 2009, the PSD defeated the governing socialists, capturing 31.7% of the popular vote and electing eight MEPs, while the Socialist Party only won 26.5% of the popular vote and elected seven MEPs.
Although this was expected to be a "redrawing of the electoral map", the PSD has still defeated later that year, though the PS lost its majority. Pedro Passos Coelho was elected leader in March 2010, with 61% of the votes.
Second PSD/CDS coalition government (2011–2015)
Growing popular disenchantment with the government's handling of the economic crisis coupled with the government's inability to secure the support of other parties to implement the necessary reforms to address the crisis, forced the Socialist Party Prime Minister José Sócrates to resign, leading to a fresh election on 5 June 2011. This resulted in a non-absolute majority for the PSD, leading to a coalition government with the CDS-PP, which served a full term until the 2015 general election. During this term, many austerity policies were put into practice to reduce the budget deficit but, ultimately, created unemployment and a recession that lasted until mid 2013. Since that date, the economy recovered starting to grow between 1 and 2% per trimester.
In the
Back in opposition (2015–present)
The 2nd PSD/CDS government was duly formed and took the oath of office on 30 October 2015, but fell after a no-confidence motion was approved two weeks later. Its 11 days of rule make it the shortest-lived government since Portugal has been a democracy holding free elections. After that, the PSD returned to the opposition benches, and the Socialist Party was able to form an agreement with BE and CDU to support a PS minority government led by António Costa. Pedro Passos Coelho continued as party leader, but a weak opposition strategy led to bad polling numbers for the PSD. All of this culminated with the results of the 2017 local elections. In these elections, the PSD achieved their worst results ever, winning just 98 mayors and 30% of the votes. Passos Coelho announced he would not run for another term as PSD leader. On 13 January 2018, Rui Rio defeated Pedro Santana Lopes by a 54% to 46% margin and became the new party leader.
In order to avoid bankruptcy due to mounting debt, in 2017, the party, alongside the Portuguese Socialist Party, the Portuguese Communist Party, BE and the ecologist party PEV, voted in favour of abolishing party fundraising limits, thereby opening all Portuguese parties to private political donorship, that they are not obligated to disclose.[15][16][17][18] The new proposal was reluctantly approved by the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.[19]
During his first year in the leadership, Rio faced big internal opposition and, in January 2019, Rio won a motion of confidence presented by Luís Montenegro. In the EP 2019 elections, the PSD achieved their worst result ever in a national election, winning just 22% of the votes. However, the party recovered a lot of ground in the October 2019 general elections, achieving 28% of the votes, against the 36% of the PS. Nonetheless, Rio's leadership was, once again, challenged and he faced, in a two round leadership contest in January 2020, Luís Montenegro and Miguel Pinto Luz. Rio won the 1st round with 49% of the votes and defeated Luís Montenegro in the 2nd round by 53% to 47% margin, thus being re-elected as party leader.
In the Azores 2020 regional elections, the PSD was able to return to power, after 24 years in opposition, by forging a controversial deal with CHEGA, plus CDS, PPM and IL.[20] The PSD won almost 34% of the votes, while the PS fell more than 7 pp, compared with 2016, to 39%, an unexpected result, and overall the right wing parties had a 1-seat majority over all the left.[21] After 2020, the PSD controls the governments of Portugal's only two autonomous regions.
The 2021 local elections were quite positive for the PSD, despite not winning the most mayors in the country as a whole.[22] The party, and its led-coalitions, won a combined 32% of the votes and were able to win, from the PS, several cities like Coimbra, Funchal and Barcelos. The main gain of the PSD was the victory in Lisbon, where Carlos Moedas defeated, against all odds and predictions, the PS incumbent mayor Fernando Medina.[23] In October 2021, disagreements between the PS and BE-CDU led to the rejection of the 2022 budget and the calling of a snap general election for 30 January 2022.[24] Despite a close race predicted by polls, the PSD suffered a big setback by winning just 29% of the votes and seeing the PS gaining a surprise absolute majority, with 41% of the votes.[25] After the election, PSD leader Rui Rio opened the process to elect a new party leader.[26] On 28 May 2022, Luís Montenegro was elected party leader by a landslide, gathering more than 72% of the votes.[27]
Ideology
Historical evolution
The party was founded based on classical social democracy[7] and was a centre[28][29] to centre-left[30] party, but later it evolved into catch-all centre-right party. The party has been described as liberal-conservative,[5][6] conservative,[7][31] or conservative-liberal,[32] with Christian democratic, liberal and economically liberal elements.[30][33][34]
Factions
The PSD is frequently referred to as a party that is not ideology-based, but rather a power party (partido do poder).
The main faction when the party was created, throughout the party's history rightist politicians joined them to have a greater chance of gaining power and influencing the country's politics (see liberals, conservatives, right-wing populists and neoliberals). They do not follow traditional social democracy, but Portuguese social democracy as defined by
Follow traditional
The other main faction at creation. The PSD was always more successful in the Northern and rural areas of the country. When Sousa Franco and his SPD-inspired social democrats started their break with the rest of the party he referred to a division between "a rural wing, led by Sá Carneiro, and an urban wing, more moderate and truly social democratic, close to the positions of Helmut Schmidt"[45] Due to the electoral influence of ruralism on the PSD's politics they may be seen inside of or influencing most factions.
Due to the
Some claim the PSD as the party from Christian democracy and social Christianity from the beginning,[57] or having these currents as part of its legacy.[54] Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is one of the main preachers of Social Christianity inside the PSD. As is Paulo Rangel.[58]
Distinct from
With the post-revolutionary opposition to the right (see above in liberal) no specific conservative party was founded in Portugal; conservatives acted inside the CDS-PP and the PSD. Frequently linked with the neoliberals, pure conservatives are rare in the party as the usual partisan or politician of the party is economically moderate, but
Mostly former communists and leftists who supported the policies of the
Neoliberal tendencies were introduced in
The average PSD voter and partisan since Cavaco Silva's leadership. Cavaco himself, though a self-described Neo-Keynesian, an early member of the party since its centre-left days and a man with social-liberal and centrist populist economic policy tendencies, he is personally a social conservative (opposing same-sex marriage[70] and abortion) and a practicing Catholic.[71] As such, Cavacoism should be considered a "hybrid" or a political syncretism.[72] A similar case is Vasco Graça Moura, who claims to be an economic social democrat but opposes gay people serving in the military and is a self-described "centre-left reactionary".[73] The overlappers are mainly represented in the forums gathered by the District of Oporto section of the party, which during the 2009 European elections tried to gather the ideas of all factions.
Not to be confused with overlappers. Still indecisive between (traditional or Portuguese) social democracy, social liberalism or any other kind of centrism.
Are
Election results
Assembly of the Republic
Seat share in the Portuguese legislative elections
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1975 | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,507,282 | 26.4 (#2) | 81 / 250
|
Constituent assembly
| |
1976 | 1,335,381 | 24.4 (#2) | 73 / 263
|
8 | Opposition | |
1979 | Democratic Alliance | 80 / 250
|
7 | Coalition | ||
1980 | Democratic Alliance | 82 / 250
|
2 | Coalition | ||
1983 | Carlos Mota Pinto | 1,554,804 | 27.2 (#2) | 75 / 250
|
7 | Coalition[a] |
1985 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 1,732,288 | 29.9 (#1) | 88 / 250
|
13 | Minority[b] |
1987 | 2,850,784 | 50.2 (#1) | 148 / 250
|
60 | Majority | |
1991 | 2,902,351 | 50.6 (#1) | 135 / 230
|
13 | Majority | |
1995 | Fernando Nogueira | 2,014,589 | 34.1 (#2) | 88 / 230
|
47 | Opposition |
1999 | José Manuel Durão Barroso
|
1,750,158 | 32.3 (#2) | 81 / 230
|
7 | Opposition |
2002 | 2,200,765 | 40.2 (#1) | 105 / 230
|
24 | Coalition[c] | |
2005 | Pedro Santana Lopes | 1,653,425 | 28.8 (#2) | 71 / 230
|
34 | Opposition |
2009 | Manuela Ferreira Leite | 1,653,665 | 29.1 (#2) | 81 / 230
|
10 | Opposition |
2011 | Pedro Passos Coelho | 2,159,181 | 38.7 (#1) | 108 / 230
|
27 | Coalition[d] |
2015 | Portugal Ahead
|
89 / 230
|
19 | Coalition[e] | ||
Opposition | ||||||
2019 | Rui Rio | 1,454,283 | 27.8 (#2) | 79 / 230
|
10 | Opposition |
2022 | 1,618,381 | 29.1 (#2) | 77 / 230
|
2 | Opposition | |
2024 | Luís Montenegro | Democratic Alliance | 78 / 230
|
1 | Coalition[f] |
European Parliament
Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987 | Pedro Santana Lopes | 2,111,828 | 37.5 (#1) | 10 / 24
|
|
1989 | António Capucho
|
1,358,958 | 32.8 (#1) | 9 / 24
|
1 |
1994 | Eurico de Melo
|
1,046,918 | 34.4 (#2) | 9 / 25
|
0 |
1999 | José Pacheco Pereira | 1,078,528 | 31.1 (#2) | 9 / 25
|
0 |
2004 | João de Deus Pinheiro | Força Portugal | 7 / 24
|
2 | |
2009 | Paulo Rangel | 1,131,744 | 31.7 (#1) | 8 / 22
|
1 |
2014 | Aliança Portugal
|
6 / 21
|
2 | ||
2019 | 727,224 | 21.9 (#2) | 6 / 21
|
0 |
Regional Assemblies
Region | Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azores | 2024 | José Manuel Bolieiro | PSD/CDS/PPM | 23 / 57
|
2 | Coalition | |
Madeira | 2023 | Miguel Albuquerque | We are Madeira | 20 / 47
|
1 | Coalition[g] |
Party leaders
List of leaders
Leader[h] | From | To | |
---|---|---|---|
1st | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 24 November 1974 | 25 May 1975 |
2nd | Emídio Guerreiro | 25 May 1975 | 28 September 1975 |
—
|
Francisco Sá Carneiro (2nd time) | 28 September 1975 | 10 November 1977 |
3rd | António de Sousa Franco | 10 November 1977 | 15 April 1978 |
4th | José Menéres Pimentel | 15 April 1978 | 2 July 1978 |
—
|
Francisco Sá Carneiro (3rd time) | 2 July 1978 | 4 December 1980 |
5th | Francisco Pinto Balsemão | 13 December 1980 | 27 February 1983 |
6th | Nuno Rodrigues dos Santos | 27 February 1983 | 25 March 1984 |
7th | Carlos Mota Pinto | 25 March 1984 | 10 February 1985 |
8th | Rui Machete | 10 February 1985 | 19 May 1985 |
9th | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 19 May 1985 | 19 February 1995 |
10th | Fernando Nogueira | 19 February 1995 | 31 March 1996 |
11th | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | 31 March 1996 | 1 May 1999 |
12th | José Manuel Durão Barroso
|
2 May 1999 | 30 June 2004 |
13th | Pedro Santana Lopes | 30 June 2004 | 10 April 2005 |
14th | Luís Marques Mendes | 8 April 2005 | 12 October 2007 |
15th | Luís Filipe Menezes | 12 October 2007 | 20 June 2008 |
16th | Manuela Ferreira Leite | 20 June 2008 | 9 April 2010 |
17th | Pedro Passos Coelho | 9 April 2010 | 16 February 2018 |
18th | Rui Rio | 16 February 2018 | 3 July 2022 |
19th | Luís Montenegro | 3 July 2022 | Incumbent |
Graphical timeline
List of secretaries-general (second-in-command)
- Joaquim Magalhães Mota (31 October 1976 – 29 January 1978; as President)
- Sérvulo Correia(29 January 1978 – 2 July 1978; as President)
- Amândio de Azevedo(2 July 1978 – 17 June 1979; as President)
- António Capucho(17 June 1979 – 25 March 1984; as President until 27 February 1983)
- Francisco Antunes da Silva(25 March 1984 – 19 May 1985)
- Manuel Dias Loureiro(19 May 1985 – 8 April 1990)
- José Falcão e Cunha(8 April 1990 – 15 November 1992)
- José Nunes Liberato(15 November 1992 – 19 February 1995)
- Eduardo Azevedo Soares(19 February 1995 – 31 March 1996)
- Rui Rio (31 March 1996 – 20 June 1997)
- Carlos Horta e Costa(20 June 1997 – 19 April 1998)
- António Capucho(19 April 1998 – 17 January 1999)
- Artur Torres Pereira(17 January 1999 – 2 May 1999)
- José Luís Arnaut(2 May 1999 – 23 May 2004)
- Miguel Relvas (23 May 2004 – 10 April 2005)
- Miguel Macedo (10 April 2005 – 14 October 2007)
- José Ribau Esteves(14 October 2007 – 22 June 2008)
- Luís Marques Guedes (22 June 2008 – 11 October 2010)
- Miguel Relvas (11 April 2010 – 12 June 2011)
- José Matos Rosa(12 June 2011 – 18 February 2018)
- Feliciano Barreiras Duarte(18 February 2018 – 19 March 2018)
- José Silvano(19 March 2018 – 3 July 2022)
- Hugo Soares (3 July 2022 – present)
Source:[77]
Prime ministers
- Francisco Sá Carneiro: 1979–1980
- Francisco Pinto Balsemão: 1981–1983
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva: 1985–1995
- José Manuel Durão Barroso: 2002–2004
- Pedro Santana Lopes: 2004–2005
- Pedro Passos Coelho: 2011–2015
Presidents of the Republic
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva: 2006–2016
- Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa: 2016–present
Symbols
Logos
The orange color is dominant in the PSD symbols since 1974 and the logo is characterized by three arrows, inspired in the
-
Party logo, 1974–1987
-
Party logo, 1987–1996
-
Party logo, 1999–2008
-
Party logo, 1997–1999, 2008–2011
-
Current logo, since 2011
See also
Notes
- ^ Central Bloc government (PS-PSD).
- ^ Confidence & supply gov't: PSD ⇐ (CDS–PRD).
- CDS–PP).
- CDS–PP).
- ^ Minority government (2015); Opposition (2015–2019).
- CDS–PP).
- PAN).
- ^ Leaders until 31 October 1976 had the title of General-Secretary,[79] which from then on became the title of the second-in-command, with the leader's title being the one of President.
References
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- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Portugal". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-531-90061-2.
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- ISBN 978-3-531-90061-2.
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- ISBN 978-0-19-174833-2. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
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- ^ Pela calada do Natal aconteceu o saque partidário in Jornal Eco, consulted on August 9, 2022
- ^ Partidos sem limites para angariar fundos e com devolução total do IVA in Jornal Público, retrieved on August 9, 2022
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- ^ Rita, Cristina (29 May 2022). "Luís Montenegro é o novo líder do PSD e ganhou por 72,47%" [Luís Montenegro is the new leader of the PSD and won with 72.47%]. Novo Semanário (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 June 2022.
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...the government has been led by the conservative-liberal Social Democrats...
- ISBN 978-972-47-5037-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-7840-3.
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- ^ Partido Popular Democrático Partido Social Democrático. «uma ala rural, liderada por Sá carneiro (sic), e uma ala urbana, mais moderada e verdadeiramente social-democrata, próxima das posições de Helmut Schmidt.»
- ^ the only exception of a self proclaimed "Party of the Portuguese Right" (until 1979) the Movement for the Independence and National Reconstruction (Movimento para a Independência e Reconstrução Nacional, MIRN), a far right and clearly pro-salazarist party led by Kaúlza de Arriaga. see KAÚLZA DE ARRIAGA: o general sem vitórias and 20MIRN.htm
- ^ As ameaças ao modelo social europeu vs. a incapacidade dos partidos liberais venceram eleições: o dilema do PSD (portuguese)
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- ^ a b Afinal como é que é?, 29 January 2010, last comment
- ^ Folha laranja, Juventude Social Democrata Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Alges
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- RTP 2, 2 September 2009
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- ^ during his interview with Mário Crespo, the main transversalist/centrist leader, Passos Coelho, referred the return to social democratic party roots as essential.
- ^ "(2732) O COMPLEXO DE ESQUERDA, TOMAR PARTIDO Sexta-feira, 2 de Maio de 2008". Tomarpartido.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ "PSD: Liberalismo de Passos Coelho e impostos no centro do debate da TVI". Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
- ^ Secretários-gerais, PSD
- ^ "Imagem | PSD", PSD official website. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Líderes, PSD
External links
- Social Democratic Party – official website (in Portuguese)
- Social Democratic Youth – official website (in Portuguese)
- Social Democratic Workers – official website (in Portuguese)