Social apartheid

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Social apartheid is de facto segregation on the basis of class or economic status, in which an

South African apartheid
that took place between 1948 and early 1994, in which the government declared certain regions as being "for whites only", with the black population forcibly relocated to remote designated areas.

Urban apartheid

Typically a component in social apartheid, urban apartheid refers to the spatial segregation of minorities to remote areas. In the context of the South African apartheid, this is defined by the reassignation of the four racial groups defined by the

ghettoization
of minority populations in cities within particular suburbs or neighbourhoods.

Notable cases

Latin America

Brazil and Venezuela

See also: Social apartheid in Brazil

The term has become common in

polarization between rich and poor has become pronounced and has been identified in public policy as a problem that needs to be overcome, such as in Brazil, where the term was coined to describe a situation where wealthy neighbourhoods are protected from the general population by walls, electric barbed wire and private security guards[3] and where inhabitants of the poor slums are subjected to violence.[4]

Asia

Malaysia

In Malaysia, as part of the concept of

healthcare and housing.[5]

Europe

France and Northern Ireland

The term social apartheid has also been used to explain and describe the ghettoization of Muslim immigrants to Europe in impoverished suburbs and as a cause of rioting and other violence.

2005 civil unrest in France.[8] It has also be used to describe the segregation in Northern Ireland
.

South Africa

In South Africa, the term "social apartheid" has been used to describe persistent post-apartheid forms of exclusion and de facto segregation which exist based on class but which have a racial component because the poor are almost entirely black Africans.[9][10] "Social apartheid" has been cited as a factor in the composition of HIV/AIDS in South Africa.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Charles Murray. The advantages of social apartheid. US experience shows Britain what to do with its underclass – get it off the streets. The Sunday Times. April 3, 2005.
  2. ^ South Africa Glossary, impulscentrum.be
  3. Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture
    , vol.2 no.2, Spring 2003
  4. ^ Emilia R. Pfannl. (May 2004). "The Other War Zone: Poverty and Violence in the Slums of Brazil". Damocles. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04.
  5. ^ Chew, Amy. "Malaysia's dangerous racial and religious trajectory". Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  6. ^ "Muslim mothers promote diversity at schools in France". The Express Tribune. 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  7. ^ Urban apartheid in France, mondediplo.com
  8. ^ Civil Unrest in France, riotsfrance.ssrc.org
  9. ^ Kate Stanley. Call of the conscience; As circumstances focus Western eyes on Africa, American visitors find the place less a mystery than they expected. Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), October 1, 2000.
  10. ^ Andrew Kopkind. A reporter's notebook; facing South Africa. The Nation: November 22, 1986.
  11. ^ Rochelle R. Davidson. HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A Rhetorical and Social Apartheid. Villanova University (2004).
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