Social liberalism
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Social liberalism[a] (German: Sozialliberalismus, Spanish: socioliberalismo, Dutch: Sociaalliberalisme) is a political philosophy and variety of liberalism that endorses social justice, social services, a mixed economy, and the expansion of civil and political rights, as opposed to classical liberalism which supports unregulated laissez-faire capitalism with very few government services.
Economically, it is based on the
Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered
Social liberalism may also refer to
Origins
United Kingdom
By the end of the 19th century, downturns in economic growth challenged the principles of
John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising the concept of consequentialism to promote a rights based system.[29] He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using a utilitarian foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights.[30] The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an equal opportunity for success.[31]
New Liberals
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.
The Liberal governments of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith, mainly thanks to Chancellor of the Exchequer and later Prime Minister David Lloyd George, established the foundations of the welfare state in the United Kingdom before World War I. The comprehensive welfare state built in the United Kingdom after World War II, although primarily accomplished by the Labour Party's Attlee ministry, was significantly designed by two Liberals, namely John Maynard Keynes (who laid the foundations in economics with the Keynesian Revolution) and William Beveridge (whose Beveridge Report was used to design the welfare system).[2]
Historian Peter Weiler has argued:
Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.[32][33]
Germany
In 1860s Germany, left-liberal politicians like
However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the German Progress Party and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At the same time, they were strongly opposed to creating a welfare state, which they called state socialism. The main differences between the left-liberal parties were:
- The national ambitions.
- The different substate people's goals.
- Free trade against Schutzzollpolitik.
- The building of the national economy.
The term 'social liberalism' (
The National-Social Association, founded by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann also maintained contacts with the left liberals.[36] He tried to draw workers away from Marxism by proposing a mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism.
In the Weimar Republic, the German Democratic Party was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing[37] and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles, but it influenced local cooperative enterprises.[38][39]
After 1945, the Free Democrats included most of the social liberals while others joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Until the 1960s, post-war ordoliberalism was the model for Germany. It had a theoretical social liberal influence based on duty and rights.[40] As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach in 1982,[41] some members left the party and formed the social liberal Liberal Democrats.[42][43]
France
In France,
United States
Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it from
Implementation
The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with the
Social liberals tend to find a compromise between the perceived extremes of unrestrained
]United Kingdom
The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under the
Most of the social democratic parties in Europe (notably the British Labour Party) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.[58]
Germany
Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called ordoliberalism or the social market economy, under Ludwig Erhard. He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly.[40]
Turkey
The Kemalist economic model was designed by
State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy.[60]
Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the markets can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."[61] Also it was said by İsmet İnönü that Atatürk's principle of etatism was Keynesian and a Turkish variant of New Deal.[62]
Rest of Europe
The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by Christian democrats and social democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.[63]
United States
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the
John Rawls' principal work, A Theory of Justice (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use of analytic philosophy and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.[66] According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.[67] A Theory of Justice countered utilitarian thinking in the tradition of Jeremy Bentham, instead following the Kantian concept of a social contract, picturing society as a mutual agreement between rational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of fundamental liberties, followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation of Justice as Fairness. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia.[68] Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism.[58]
Decline
Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower consumer spending, and the creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such as Milton Friedman and Samuel Brittan, whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often called neoliberalism—had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the United States President Ronald Reagan. They pursued policies of deregulation of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.[15]
Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during the midst of the Red Scare, notably by the previously mentioned Reagan.[69] Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support.[70]
Contemporary revival of social liberal thought
From the end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy), Amartya Sen (philosophy and economy), Ronald Dworkin (philosophy of law), Martha Nussbaum (philosophy), Bruce Ackerman (constitutional law), and others.[71]
Parties and organisations
In Europe, social liberal parties tend to be small or medium-sized
In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. In Canada, social liberalism is held by the Liberal Party of Canada, while in the United States, social liberalism is a significant force within the Democratic Party.
Giving an exhaustive list of social liberal parties worldwide is difficult, mainly because political organisations are not always ideologically pure, and party ideologies often change over time. However, peers such as the Africa Liberal Network, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats, the European Liberal Forum, the Liberal International, and the Liberal Network for Latin America or scholars usually accept them as parties who are following social liberalism as a core ideology.
Social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions
Social liberal political parties that are more left-biased than general centre-left parties are not described here. (See
- Åland: Liberals for Åland[73]
- Andorra: Action for Andorra[74]
- Argentina: Radical Civic Union[75]
- Australia: Liberal Party of Australia (factions),[76][77] Australian Labor Party (factions)[78][79][80][81]
- Bahamas: Progressive Liberal Party[82]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Our Party[85]
- Brazil : Cidadania, Brazilian Social Democracy Party
- Canada: Liberal Party of Canada[86][87][88][89]
- Chile: Radical Party of Chile, Liberal Party of Chile
- Croatia: Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats,[90] Centre,[91][92] Civic Liberal Alliance,[90] Istrian Democratic Assembly[90][93]
- Czech Republic: Czech Pirate Party[94]
- Denmark: Danish Social Liberal Party[95][96][97][98]
- Egypt: Constitution Party[99]
- Estonia: Estonian Centre Party,[100][101] Estonian Greens,[102] Estonia 200[103][104]
- European Union: Volt Europa[105]
- Self-Government Party[106]
- Finland: Centre Party,[107] Green League,[107] National Coalition Party,[108] Swedish People's Party of Finland[109]
- France: Renaissance,[110] Radical Party of the Left,[111] Territories of Progress, The New Democrats[112]
- Germany: Alliance 90/The Greens,[113] Liberal Democrats,[114][115] Social Democratic Party of Germany (factions)[116][d].
- Greenland: Democrats[117]
- Hungary: Democratic Coalition[118]
- Iceland: Bright Future[119]
- India: Indian National Congress[120][121]
- Indonesia: Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
- Israel: Israel Resilience Party,[122] Yesh Atid[123]
- Italy: Democratic Party (factions),[124] Italia Viva,[125] Italian Republican Party,[126][127] Action
- Japan: Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan[128]
- Kosovo: Democratic Party of Kosovo[129]
- Latvia: Development/For![101]
- Lesotho: Revolution for Prosperity[130]
- Luxembourg: Democratic Party[131][132][133]
- Malaysia: Democratic Action Party,[134] People's Justice Party[135]
- Montenegro: Positive Montenegro,[136] United Reform Action[137]
- Morocco: Citizens' Forces[138][139]
- Myanmar: National League for Democracy,[140] National Democratic Force[141]
- Netherlands: Democrats 66[95][96][142]
- New Zealand: New Zealand Labour Party (factions)[143]
- Norway: Liberal Party[144][145]
- Philippines: Liberal Party[146]
- Poland: Polish Initiative, Your Movement, Union of European Democrats[147]
- Portugal: Together for the People,[148] Liberal Initiative (faction)[149]
- Romania: PRO Romania[150]
- Russia: Yabloko[151][152]
- Serbia: Democratic Party[153]
- Slovakia: Progressive Slovakia[154][155]
- Slovenia: List of Marjan Šarec,[156] Party of Alenka Bratušek[156]
- South Africa: Democratic Alliance
- South Korea: Democratic Party of Korea,[157] Justice Party[158][159]
- Sweden: Liberals (factions),[160][161][162] Centre Party[163][161][162]
- Taiwan: Democratic Progressive Party[164]
- Trinidad and Tobago: People's National Movement[165]
- Turkey: Good Party[166] Democracy and Progress Party[167]
- United Kingdom: Liberal Democrats,[95][96][168] Liberal Party[169]
- United States: Democratic Party[170][171]
Historical social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions
- Andorra: Democratic Renewal[172]
- Australia: Australian Democrats[173][174][175]
- Belgium: Spirit[176]
- France: Radical Movement[177]
- Germany: Free-minded People's Party,[178][179][180] German Democratic Party,[181][182] German People's Party,[183][184][185] Progressive People's Party[186]
- Greece: The River[187]
- Hungary: Alliance of Free Democrats[188]
- Iceland: Liberal Party,[189] Union of Liberals and Leftists[190]
- Israel: Independent Liberals,[191] Kulanu,[192] Progressive Party[191]
- Italy: Action Party,[193] Radical Party, Italian Liberal Party, Democratic Alliance,[194] Democratic Union, The Democrats
- Japan: Japan Socialist Party (factions),[195][196][197] Democratic Party of Japan[198]
- Latvia: Society for Political Change[199]
- Lithuania: New Union (Social Liberals)[200]
- Luxembourg: Radical Socialist Party[201]
- Malta: Democratic Party
- Moldova: Our Moldova Alliance[202]
- Netherlands: Free-thinking Democratic League[203]
- Poland: Democratic Party – demokraci.pl,[204][205] Spring,[206][207]
- Russian: Constitutional Democratic Party[208]
- Slovenia: Liberal Democracy of Slovenia,[17][98][209] Zares[210][211]
- South Korea: Progressive Party (1956), Uri Party, Grand Unified Democratic New Party
- Spain: Union, Progress and Democracy[212][213]
- Switzerland: Ring of Independents[214]
- United Kingdom: Liberal Party,[215] Social Democratic Party[216][217]
Notable thinkers
Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology include:
- Jeremy Bentham[2] (1748–1832)
- John Stuart Mill[2][46][218][219]
(1806–1873) - (1836–1882)
- Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913)
- Lujo Brentano[46] (1844–1931)
- Bernard Bosanquet[221] (1848–1923)
- Woodrow Wilson[223] (1856–1924)
- Émile Durkheim[224][225][226]
(1858–1917) - (1858–1940)
- John Dewey[2][223] (1859–1952)
- Friedrich Naumann[227][228][229]
(1860–1919) - Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz[46]
(1864–1943)
(1864–1929)- Tokuzō Fukuda[230] (1874–1930)
- William Beveridge[2][220] (1879–1963)
- Hans Kelsen[223] (1881–1973)
- Mohammad Mossadegh[231](1882–1967)
- John Maynard Keynes[2][223][220]
(1883–1946) - Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)
- Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972)
- Pierre Elliot Trudeau(1919–2000)
- Bertil Ohlin[232][233] (1899–1979)
- Piero Gobetti[219] (1901–1926)
- Karl Popper (1902–1994)
- Guido Calogero[219] (1904–1986)
- Isaiah Berlin[223] (1909–1997)
- Norberto Bobbio[223][219] (1909–2004)
- Masao Maruyama[234] (1914–1996)
- John Rawls[2][218][235][236] (1921–2002)
- Don Chipp[237] (1925–2006)
- Karl-Hermann Flach[238] (1929–1973)
- Vlado Gotovac[239] (1930–2000)
- Richard Rorty[240] (1931–2007)
- Ronald Dworkin[218][219][236]
(1931–2013) - Amartya Sen[218][241][242] (born 1933)
- (1941–1991)
- Bruce Ackerman[218][236] (born 1943)
- Roh Moo-hyun[244] (1946–2009)
- Martha Nussbaum[241] (born 1947)
- Grigory Yavlinsky[245] (born 1952)
- Paul Krugman[246] (born 1953)
- Dirk Verhofstadt[241] (born 1955)
- Justin Trudeau[247] (born 1971)
- Robert Biedroń[248] (born 1976)
See also
Notes
- Spanish-speaking countries[8]
- Tarō Yamamoto.
- ^ Hertzka was from Pest, part of Budapest, now the capital of Hungary. At the time of his birth, Hungary was the territory of the Austrian Empire.
- ^ majority of the SPD politicians with social liberal ideology are members of Seeheimer Kreis wing
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Kamu yatırımlarına ve devlet müdahalesine dönük güçlü söylemler, devlet müdahalesi ile serbest piyasa vurgusu ve mali disiplin ile geniş kamu desteklerinin birlikte ifade edilmesi, İyi Parti'nin sosyal liberal olarak ifade edebileceğimiz karma bir ekonomik modele yakın durabileceğini göstermektedir.
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Further reading
- ISBN 1584776145.
- ISBN 0521437261.
- ISBN 1421227819.
- Martin, Keith D. (2010). A Liberal Mandate: Reflections on Our Founding Vision and Rants on How We Have Failed to Achieve It. MSilver Spring: Wet Press. ISBN 9780578043654.
- ISBN 0805786279.
- ISBN 0521379172.
- ISBN 0674017722.
- ISBN 0231130899.
- Simhony, Avital; Weinstein, David (2001). The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521794048.
External links
- "Social Liberal Forum". Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- "Socioliberalismo archivos" (in Spanish). Debate21. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.