Socialism in Iran
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
 |
|---|
|
Government of Islamic Republic of Iran |
| Part of a series on |
| Socialism |
|---|
 |
Socialism in Iran or Iranian socialism is a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 20th century and encompasses various political parties in the country. Iran experienced a short
Third World Socialism period at the zenith of the Tudeh Party after the abdication of Reza Shah and his replacement by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (though the party never rose to power). After failing to reach power, this form of third world socialism was replaced by Mosaddegh's populist, non-aligned Iranian nationalism of the National Front party as the main anti-monarchy force in Iran, reaching power (1949–1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition (after the overthrowing of Mossadegh) until the rise of Islamism and the Iranian Revolution.[1] The Tudehs have moved towards basic socialist communism since then.[2]
Iranian Socialist organizations during 1900–1979
Social Democratic Party
In 1904 or 1905, the
Transcaucasia with the help of local revolutionaries, maintaining close ties to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and Hemmat Party.[3][4] It was the first Iranian socialist organization.[5] The party created its own mélange of European socialism and indigenous ideas and upheld liberalism and nationalism. It maintained some religious beliefs[4] while being critical of the conservative ulama[4] and embracing separation of church and state.[6] It was founded by Haydar Khan Amo-oghli and led by Nariman Narimanov.[3][4][6]
Unified Socialist Party and Social Reformers Party
During the
Social Democratic Party's economic platform, but opposed the landlords likewise.[8]
Union and Progress Party
Democrat Party
Founded in 1909 in
middle-class intellectuals and stood for the separation of church and state.[9]
In 1918, the party had split definitively into the Pro-Reorganization Democrats led by
Bahar; and the Anti-Reorganization Democrats.[6]
Notable members were Hassan Taqizadeh and Haydar Khan Amo-oghli.[9][6]
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Founded in the 1900s, the
revolutionary socialist party based in Baku, Caucasus Viceroyalty.[10] It was one of the most important parties established by the Persian emigrants in Transcaucasia during Qajar dynasty.[11] The party published an Azerbaijani language newspaper twice a week, named Ekinçi ve Fe'le and edited by Hosayn Israfilbekov.[12]
Communist Party of Persia
Originally established as the Justice Party in 1917, the
Third International in 1919 and was renamed to the Communist Party of Iran in 1920.[13]
Socialist Party
During the 1920s, the
left-wing political party that was close to the Tudeh Party of Iran and it joined the Tudeh-led United Front of Progressive Parties in 1946, effectively absorbed by the larger group.[14] The roots of the Socialist Party lay in the Democrat Party, a reformist group active in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Following the disintegration of this movement those members who retained faith in the masses and hoped to mobilise the lower and middle classes grouped together under the Socialist Party banner in 1921.[15] The party was led by Sulayman Eskandari, Muhammad Musavat and Qasim Khan Sur as well as Muhammad Sadiq Tabatabai, a member of a leading clerical family recruited largely to hold off the inevitable attacks from conservative clerics.[16] Their main newspaper, Toufan (Storm), was edited by the outspoken and controversial poet Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi.[16]
Branches were set up in
Bandar Anzali, Tabriz, Mashhad, Kerman and Kermanshah although Tehran was the main base of operations and it was in the capital that the party founded four newspapers and established affiliated groups such as the Union of Employees in the Ministry of Post and Telegraph, a Tenants Association and Patriotic Women's Society.[16] The latter group campaigned for a wider role for women in Iranian society, promoting such initiatives as education for girls and wider provisions for women's health. It had been established in 1922 by Mohtaram Eskandari and quickly affiliated to her husband's party.[17]
The party's programme called for the eventual establishment of equality in society,
nationalisation of the means of production, irrigation schemes, a new level of regional government, a free and equal judiciary, the rights of free speech, free assembly and trade union rights, free elections, wider access to education, improved working conditions including an end to child labour and government intervention against unemployment.[18] The party gained some support, attracting 2500 members in Tehran alone soon after its formation.[18]
Along with the
Enzeli was razed to the ground by a police-led mob on the pretext that during a performance of Tartuffe a female actor had been on stage whilst in Tehran the Patriotic Women's Society was stoned and their library burnt down.[22] A minor group of the same name emerged in 1944 when radical members of the Comrades Party broke from that group over its failure to support striking workers in Isfahan.[23]
Young Communist League of Persia
Founded in the midst of the
In 1927 different communist youth groups merged, recreating the YCL of Persia.[26] It was a section of the Young Communist International.[26] In the fall of 1928, the organization was suppressed along with other left groups.[27]
Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran
Founded in late 1924 by Iranian diaspora in Germany, the
Jungle Party
Active in northern
secessionist, nationalist and socialist party founded by armed rebels who tried to revive the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic created in 1921 and used its red flag as a symbol.[30][31][13][32] and some of Mirza Kuchik Khan's old associates[33][34] It allied with the Iran Party, Tudeh Party of Iran, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Azerbaijani Democratic Party in 1946.[35]
Iran Party
Established in 1941, the
nationalize the oil industry and rise to power. Some members held office during Mosaddegh government.[44] In the 1950s, the party was led by Karim Sanjabi and Allah-Yar Saleh.[45] It was suppressed following the British–American backed coup d'état in 1953[44] and was outlawed in 1957, on the grounds that it had an alliance with the Tudeh Party of Iran ten years earlier.[46] It was revived in 1960 and actively contributed to the National Front (II), which was disintegrated in 1963 and forced to survive secretly. Iran Party held a congress in 1964.[44] Not much is known about the activities of the party between 1964 and the mid-1970s except of some irregular meetings and exchanging views.[44] In 1977, alongside League of Socialists and Nation Party it revived the National Front (IV) and demanded Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran.[44] In early 1979, then secretary-general of the party, Shapour Bakhtiar was appointed as the last Prime Minister by the Shah and included two Iran Party members in his cabinet.[44] The party however denounced his acceptance of the post, expelled him and called him a "traitor".[47] The party did not play an important role in Iranian political arena after 1979 and was soon declared banned.[44]
Comrades Party
During the 1940s, the
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company edited the Tudeh paper Mardom for a time before establishing his own journal, Emruz va Farda.[49] Abbas Narraqi, another founding member had been one of 53 men imprisoned in 1937 on charges of conspiring to lead a communist revolution.[49]
The Comrades Party called for two main aims i.e. political equality to all Iranians and
independents, all of whom largely followed the lead of Mohammad Mosaddegh.[50]
The party split in 1944, following a dispute in Isfahan where clashes between striking workers and local tribes loyal to the Shah had broken out amid accusations that the workers were attempting to lead a communist revolution.[51] The Majlis-based wing of the Comrades Party condemned the workers and affirmed their loyalty to the Shah but another external group joined Tudeh in supporting the strikers and this group, which maintained control of Emruz va Farda, broke away to form the Socialist Party.[52]
Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists
Founded in 1943,
Tehran University. The organization was initially known as League of Patriotic Muslims. It combined religious sentiments, nationalism and socialist thoughts.[54]
Nakhshab is credited with the first synthesis between
Shi'ism and European socialism.[55] Nakhshab's movement was based on the tenet that Islam and socialism were not incompatible, since both sought to accomplish social equality and justice. His theories had been expressed in his B.A. thesis on the laws of ethics.[56]
Azerbaijani Democratic Party
United Front of Progressive Parties
From 1946 to 1948, the
social progress and national independence".[57][58] One of the main planks of the united front was to recognize Central Council of United Trade Unions as the sole legitimate organization of the working-class in Iran.[59]
Iran Unity Party
The Iran Unity Party was a socialist political party that split the Iran Party following its alliance with the communist Tudeh Party of Iran in 1946.[44] According to Leonard Binder, the party was in a coalition with the National Union Party and Socialist Party in the 14th parliament.[60]
Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation
Founded on 16 May 1951 by
In the
1952 legislative election, the party won two seats by Baghai and Zohari.[64] The party split in 1952 over its relationship with Government of Mosaddegh. Under leadership of Mozzafar Baghai, Toilers left National Front and openly opposed the government while Khalil Maleki reestablished Third Force under the name of Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation — Third Force and continued to support the government.[66]
Toilers formed an alliance with
5 June 1963 demonstrations.[64] In 1971, the party was reorganized with the permission of the government, but was forced to cease its activities in 1975 after announcement of the one-party state under Resurgence Party.[64] In 1977, Baghai made an attempt to revive the party after declaring loyalty to the Pahlavi dynasty, albeit at restricted level.[64] It was soon after dissolved after the revolution of 1979.[64]
League of Iranian Socialists
In 1960, the
socialist and nationalist ideology, formally joined the Socialist International upon establishment.[68]
The organization was a founding member of the
People's Mujahedin of Iran nominee Massoud Rajavi.[71]
Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
Founded in 1963, the
pamphlets such as Struggle against the Shah's Dictatorship, What a Revolutionary Must Know and How the Armed Struggle Will Be Transformed into a Mass Struggle?. The pamphlets were followed by Masoud Ahmadzadeh's treatise Armed Struggle: Both a Strategy and a Tactic and The Necessity of Armed Struggle and the Rejection of the Theory of Survival by Amir Parviz Pouyan.[77]
They criticized the
Tudeh Party as well, however they later abandoned the stance as a result of cooperation with the socialist camp.[76]
In June 1973 the organization merged with the People's Democratic Front.[78] Ideological differences had existed between the People's Democratic Front and OIPFG. Front's members opposed Leninism, which they saw as a deviation from Marxism.[78]
Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)
Founded in 1969, the Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist) was formed in opposition to the Shah regime in Iran and was active in the Iranian student movement in exile. It was a Marxism–Leninist and Maoist ideology and it merged with Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran).[79]
People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
Founded on 5 September 1965, the
Islamic Marxist organization. Since the 'ideological revolution' in 1985, the organization has no public utterance of ideology subject to its survivalist doctrine.[80]
Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)
Peykar
Founded in 1975, the
Marxism Leninism, rather than the Leftist Islamist modernism of the People's Mujahedin. Its leader were Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani[81] and Hossein Rouhani[82] By the early 1980s Peykar was no longer considered active.[83]
Movement of Militant Muslims
Founded in 1977, the
revolutionary[84] and is close to Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran.[85] The party's ideology is Islamic socialism,[84] Social democracy[84] and Anti-imperialism.[84]
Union of Communist Militants
Founded in December 1978, the
Kurdish group of Maoist roots, Komalah. Together, they formed the Communist Party of Iran (CPI) in September 1983.[86]
Iranian Socialist organizations after 1979
Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)
Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
Founded in c. April 1979, the
the Islamic Republic. Reportedly, as much as 30% of OIFPG members joined the group and fought in the 1979 Kurdish rebellion against government forces, backing the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan.[87] Surviving members of the group and its factions moved to Europe in the 1990s.[89]
Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters
Founded in 1979, the Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters or simply Razmandegan was a communist party in Iran that opposed both the Soviet line and the guerrilla doctrine.[79]
Fedaian Organisation (Minority)
Founded in 1980, the
Islamic Republic.[79] In January 1982, it was joined by "Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority Left Wing" led by Moṣṭafā Madani, an offshoot of Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority) that broke away from the latter in October 1980.[89]
Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas – Followers of the Identity Platform
Communist Party of Iran
Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)
References
- ^ Dabashi, Hamid (2000). "The End of Islamic Ideology - Iran". Social Research. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ^ Omidvar, M. "Brief History of the Tudeh Party of Iran". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ^ ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b c d Afary, Janet (December 9, 2011) [December 15, 1998]. "EJTEMĀʿĪŪN-E ʿĀMMĪŪN (Mojāhed), FERQA-YE". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 3. Vol. VIII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 286–288. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-134-32890-1.
- ^ a b c d e Ettehadieh, Mansoureh (October 28, 2011) [December 15, 1992]. "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION v. Political parties of the constitutional period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 2. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 199–202. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ Revue du monde musulman (in French). Vol. 51–53. La Mission scientifique du Maroc. 1974. p. 137.
- ^ Saeidi, Golnaz (October 2003). "Rise of Political Parties in Iran" (PDF). Socio-Economic Ettela'at (in Persian) (193–194).
- ^ ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 1-86064-964-5.
- ISBN 978-1-134-32890-1.
- ISBN 978-1-85043-836-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-26649-2.
- ^ Abrahamian, Iran, p. 301
- ^ Ervand Abrahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 126
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Iran, p. 127
- ^ Parvin Paidar, Women and The Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 95-96
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Iran, p. 128
- ^ Abrahamian, Iran, p. 120
- ^ Abrahamian, Iran, p. 132
- ^ Abrahamian, Iran, p. 135
- ^ Abrahamian, Iran, p. 139
- ^ Abrahamian, Iran, pp. 207-208
- ^ Zabih, Sepehr (1966). The Communist Movement in Iran. University of California Press. p. 29. GGKEY:KEUPHZBUB6W.
- ISBN 978-0-7449-0023-1.
- ^ a b c Young Communist International (1928). The Young communist international between the fourth and fifth congresses, 1924-1928. Communist party of Great Britain. p. 75.
- ISBN 978-0-557-50929-4.
- ISBN 978-1-134-32890-1.
- ^ Schirazi, Asghar (February 7, 2012) [December 15, 2001]. "GERMANY x. The Persian community in Germany". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 6. Vol. X. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 572–574. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ Khandagh, Najleh (Winter 2010). "The Political Parties in Iran between 1941-1947, with particular emphasis on the Left- wings Parties" (PDF). Geopolitics Quarterly. 6 (4). Iranian Association of Geopolitics: 154–166.
- ^ "Rastakhiz: The Iranian Resurgence Party". Indian Journal of Politics. 17 (3–4). Aligarh Muslim University: 83. 1983.
Non-parliamentary secessionist category contaiaed the Jungle Party of Gilan, the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, and the Kumaleh Party of Kuridstan
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Pūr Aḥmad Jaktājī, Moḥammad-Taqī. "FAḴRĀʾĪ, EBRĀHĪM REŻĀZĀDA". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3.
- ISBN 978-1-908433-02-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). "Chronology of Iranian History Part 3". Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 978-1-59558-826-5.
- ISBN 978-0-674-02778-7.
- ^ Gheissari, Ali; Nasr, Vali (2006), Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty, Oxford University Press, p. 48
- ISBN 978-0-8133-7413-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-908433-02-2.
- S2CID 154201459. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 978-0-275-96872-4.
- ^ E. Burke Inlow, Shahansha, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1979, p. 214
- ^ a b c d e Ervand Abrahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 188
- ^ Abrahamian, p. 202
- ^ Abrahamian, p. 207
- ^ Abrahamian, pp. 207-208
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Rāhnamā, ʻAlī. An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998. p. 25
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton studies on the Near East. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982. p. 463
- ^ Rāhnamā, ʻAlī. An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998. p. 26
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-554-9.
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Binder, Leonard (1964), Iran, University of California Press, p. 212
- ^ Mina, Parviz (July 20, 2004). "OIL AGREEMENTS IN IRAN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-107-07606-8.
- ISBN 978-1-136-10490-9.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ ISBN 978-1-908433-02-2.
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 1-85043-198-1.
- ISBN 978-1-134-96947-0.
- ^ a b "Socialist League", Iran Almanac and Book of Facts (5th ed.), Echo of Iran, 1966, p. 240
- ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8133-7413-0
- ISBN 978-1-85043-077-3
- ISBN 978-1-62371-033-0.
- ^ Vahabzadeh, Peyman (28 March 2016) [7 December 2015]. "FADĀʾIĀN-E ḴALQ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979. Syracuse University Press. p. 100.
- ISBN 978-1-134-29488-6.
- ^ a b Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (27 October 2011) [15 December 1992]. "COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
- ^ ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b Behrooz, Maziar. Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. pp. 63-64
- ^ a b c Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (October 27, 2011) [December 15, 1992]. "COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-317-06361-2.
- ISBN 1-86064-630-1.
- ISBN 0-520-92290-5.
- ^ Mirsepassi, Ali (2004), The Tragedy of the Iranian Left, RoutledgeCurzon, Table 10.2 Characteristics of principal secular left-wing organizations, 1979–83
- ^ a b c d e Sahimi, Muhammad (12 May 2009). "The Political Groups". Tehran Bureau. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- ISBN 0-944029-39-6
- ^ Mansoor Hekmat, Selected Works. London: Mansoor Hekmat Foundation, 2002. p. 73-74.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-136-83300-7.
- ISBN 978-1-4349-8292-6
- ^ a b c Vahabzadeh, Peyman (March 28, 2016) [December 7, 2015]. "FADĀʾIĀN-E ḴALQ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
