Red-baiting
Red-baiting, also known as reductio ad Stalinum (
Communist and associates, or more broadly socialist, have been used as a
In the United States, the term red-baiting dates to as far back as 1927.
Background
Both communist and socialist movements have faced hostility since their breakthrough in the 19th century.
In countries such as 19th-century Germany and Italy,
History
Peru
Since the 1930s, the political elite of Peru used fear mongering tactics to influence the public by targeting foreign
The terruqueo would then become so prominent that political discussions in Peru often devolved into the attacks, especially during elections.
Philippines
In the Philippines, red-tagging poses threats to the lives or safety of its targets[34] and impinges on the right to free expression and dissent.[1] Red-tagged individuals also tend to become vulnerable to death threats[35] and allegations of terrorism.[1] The United Nations warns that red-tagging is a "criminalizing discourse" that undermines the value of the work of human rights defenders and places them at risk of violence and various forms of harassment.[36]
Red-tagging is almost never employed in
Australia
In the early 1950s, Liberal Party leaders like Robert Menzies red-baited Labor politicians and described them as insufficiently tough on the People's Republic of China.[43]: 93
United States
20th century
Red-baiting was employed in opposition to
The period between the first and second Red Scares was relatively calm owing to the success of government anti-communism, the suppressive effects of
The history of anti-communist red-baiting in general and McCarthyism in particular continues to be hotly debated and political divisions this controversy created continue to make themselves felt.
21st century
Although red-baiting in the United States does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the fall of most
Some commentators posit that red-baiting was used by
In April 2009, Representative
In May 2009, a number of conservative members of the
In July 2009, talk show host
Insult usage
Communist or socialist have been used as a pejorative within red-baiting, mainly in reference to authoritarian
Germany
The 1994 federal election saw a "red socks" campaign used by the
As the CDU/CSU was falling down while the SPD was surging in the polls, the 2021 federal election saw a Red Scare campaign against a possible red–red–green federal government,[76] which was feared by conservatives,[77] who engaged in red-baiting by promoting a Red Scare.[78] A capital flight to Switzerland ensued due to fear of increased taxes for the very rich through higher inheritance taxes and a wealth tax.[79] As The Left underperformed, a left-wing coalition was ruled out by just a few seats in the Bundestag,[80] and the German financial market rallied as a result, as such threat was eliminated.[81]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, former
United States
During the 20th century, the United States underwent two Red Scares, first in the 1920s and then in the 1950s through
Into the 21st century, with the rise in popularity and to the mainstream of self-declared democratic socialist United States senator
See also
- Crypto-communism
- Cultural Marxism
- Fascist (epithet)
- PROFUNC
- Reductio ad Hitlerum
- Redwashing
Notes
- freedom of expression or speech by the European Commission of Human Rights in Communist Party of Germany v. the Federal Republic of Germany,[18] while the latter was applied through the Communist Control Act of 1954, which remains standing even though it has not been enforced, apart from two minor cases in the states of New Jersey and New York.[17]
- ^ Given the long and traumatic experience of European colonisation of Southeast Asia, ASEAN strongly upholds the principle of noninterference.[40]
- left-wing populist parties.[74]
- ^ Notable excerpts include:
[Republican Senator Robert] Taft explained that the great issue in this campaign is "creeping socialism." Now that is the patented trademark of the special interest lobbies. Socialism is a scare word they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years.
Socialism is what they called public power.
Socialism is what they called social security.
Socialism is what they called farm price supports.
Socialism is what they called bank deposit insurance.
Socialism is what they called the growth of free and independent labor organizations.
Socialism is their name for almost anything that helps all the people.
When the Republican candidate inscribes the slogan "Down With Socialism" on the banner of his "great crusade," that is really not what he means at all.
What he really means is, "Down with Progress — down with Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal," and "down with Harry Truman's fair Deal." That is what he means.[88]
References
- ^ a b c CMFR 2019.
- ^ Merriam-Webster 2010.
- ^ The Free Dictionary 2016.
- ^ Merriam-Webster 2016.
- ^ a b c Nichols 2011.
- ^ The New York Times, 23 August 1927.
- ^ The New York Times, April 1928.
- ^ a b The Free Dictionary 2010.
- ^ a b Leibovich 2009.
- ^ a b Wise 2009; Hedges 2010.
- ^ Todorova 2020.
- ^ Evans & Strandmann 2000, pp. 207–235, "1848 in European Collective Memory".
- ^ Berman 2006, p. 52.
- ^ Dolack 2016, p. 30.
- ^ Sabry 2017, p. 164.
- ^ Major 1997, p. 17.
- ^ a b McAuliffe 1976.
- ^ Petaux 2009, p. 166; Benedek & Kettemann 2014, p. 86.
- ^ Foner 1984; Lipset & Marks 2000.
- ^ Lansford 2007, pp. 9–24, 36–44.
- ^ Leeden 1987, p. 63–64.
- ^ Leeden 1987, p. 137–139.
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia 2007.
- ^ Pierson 1995, p. 71.
- ^ Tegel, Simeon (21 March 2023). "Peru's far right is reviving decades-old terrorism narratives to undermine protests". Coda Media. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ a b Feline Freier, Luisa; Castillo Jara, Soledad (13 January 2021). ""Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
It was in this context that Martha Chávez, ... accused demonstrators of being linked to the terrorist left ... As absurd as it may seem, this kind of attack is common in Peru, and recently there is even a name for it: terruqueo, the mostly groundless accusation of being connected to once powerful communist terrorist organizations. ... After the end of the conflict, the term came to be used carelessly and often as a racially charged political insult, targeting progressive or left-wing politicians or activists, organizations committed to the defense of human rights, and, at least historically, people of indigenous origin.
- ^ a b c "Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo". BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ S2CID 251877338.
terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
- S2CID 247116260.[permanent dead link]
- S2CID 146449265.
- ^ Loanes, Ellen (14 January 2023). "Peru's violent unrest shows no signs of stopping". Vox. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Peru: UN experts call for end to violence during demonstrations, urge respect for human rights". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ Gavilan 2020.
- ^ RSF 2019.
- ^ Robles 2019.
- ^ Torres 2019; Walker 2020.
- ^ Hammann & Stoltenberg-Lerche 2011; Sambalud 2017; Ayalin 2018; Vera Files, 16 October 2018; Walker 2020.
- ^ Bordadora 2011; Calica 2012.
- ^ Azmi & Sepe 2020.
- ^ Fonbuena 2019.
- ^ Sadongdong 2020; Aurelio, Mangosing & Valenzuela 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
- ^ Bennett & Edsforth 1991; Hedges 2010.
- ^ Bennett & Edsforth 1991.
- ^ Haynes & Klehr 2003.
- ^ Woods 2004a, p. 170.
- ^ Moynihan 1998, p. 15.
- ^ Theoharis 2002.
- ^ Wheatcroft 1998.
- ^ Schrecker 2000.
- ^ Cianfrocca 2009.
- ^ Street 2015; Prince 2016, p. 15.
- ^ Hedges 2010.
- ^ Remnick 2010.
- ^ CNN, 9 April 2010.
- ^ Barlett 2011.
- ^ Hedges 2010; Hedges 2011.
- ^ Akers 2009.
- ^ Sanders 2009.
- ^ Hallow 2009.
- ^ Evans 2009.
- ^ Llewellyn 2009.
- ^ a b Brodey 2009.
- ^ Von Drehle 2009.
- ^ Franke-Ruta & Wilson 2009.
- ^ Astor 2019.
- ^ Cassidy 2015; Cassidy 2019.
- ^ Romano 2006.
- ^ Hinnfors 2006; Lafontaine 2009; Corfe 2010.
- ^ Klein 2008, p. 55.
- ^ Hale, Legget & Martell 2004, pp. 9–26.
- ^ March 2011.
- ^ Damiani 2020.
- ^ Ghodsee 2014; Ghodsee & Sehon 2018; Engel-Di Mauro et al. 2021.
- ^ a b Deutsche Welle, 24 September 2021.
- ^ Oltermann 2021.
- ^ The Economist, 3 September 2021; Kirschbaum 2021.
- ^ Hirt 2021.
- ^ Reuters, 27 September 2021.
- ^ Siedenbiedel 2021; Aktuelle Nachrichten Online, 27 September 2021.
- ^ Fisher 2019.
- ^ Harding et al. 2018.
- ^ Bush 2017.
- ^ Eaton 2017.
- ^ Cammaerts 2016; Cammaerts et al. 2016.
- ^ Walker 2011.
- ^ a b Mikkelson 2019.
- ^ Reinhardt 2009.
- ^ Goodman 2015.
- ^ a b c Granieri 2020.
- ^ Berlatsky 2021.
- ^ Kaur, Harmeet (23 August 2019). "Yes, there's a socialism-themed Monopoly game. It packs a message tailored for capitalists". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- Bibliography
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- Further reading
- Barker, Tom (23 October 2008). "Why is 'Socialist' an Insult?". The Hill. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Beer, Daniel (29 June 2019). "Why is 'Marxist' An Insult?". Royal Holloway, University of London. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (hardcover 2nd revised ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810855601.
- Gornstein, Leslie (23 September 2020). "What is socialism? And what do socialists really want in 2021?". CBS News. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Hobson, Jeremy; McMahon, Serena (7 March 2019). "What Is Socialism? A History Of The Word Used As A Scare Tactic In American Politics". WBUR. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Jin, Kai (25 August 2020). "Why Is America Dusting off Its Anti-Communist Playbook?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Jones, Sarah (25 August 2020). "What an Actual Socialist Makes of Republicans' Anti-Socialism Hysteria". New York. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
- Jones, Sarah; Kilgore, Ed (8 December 2020). "The GOP Thinks Marxists Are Taking Over. If Only That Were True". New York. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
- Kapur, Shapir (11 June 2019). "'Socialism' Is a Governing Philosophy. It's Also an Offhand Insult". Fortune. Retrieved 16 August 2021 – via Yahoo!.
- Leith, Sam (17 March 2018). "The latest way to insult the left". Prospect. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Mortimer, Loren Michael (2010). "Red-baiting and the Birth of Modern Conservatism". UC Davis Department of History. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- Pahl, Ronald H. (1993). "Michael Barson's Better Red Than Dead—A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years of Russiaphobia, Redbaiting, and other Commie Madness, published by Hyperion (114 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10011) in 1992". The Social Studies. 84 (6). London: Routledge: 276. .
- Rubin, Jennifer (3 December 2020). "Opinion: Why Republicans are resorting to anti-socialism hysteria". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Velden, Sjaak (2021). Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor (hardcover 4th ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538134603.
- Wong, Julia Carrie (22 May 2017). "America's obsession with rooting out communism is making a comeback". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
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- Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). Secrecy: The American Experience. Yale University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-300-08079-7.
External links
- Baird, Jonathan P. (3 August 2020). "Jonathan P. Baird: The irony of Republican red-baiting". Concord Monitor. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- Breheny, Jessica (2004). 'These Were Our Times': Red-Baiting, Blacklisting, and the Lost Literature of Dissent in Mid-Twentieth-Century California (PhD). University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved 17 August 2021 – via Proquest.
- Collins, Elizabeth A. (2008). Red-Baiting Public Women: Gender, Loyalty, and Red Scare Politics (PhD). University of Illinois. Retrieved 17 August 2021 – via Proquest.
- "'Socialism' a Tired Old Insult". The Jefferson Herald. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2021.