Socialist Party of Serbia
Socialist Party of Serbia Социјалистичка партија Србије Socijalistička partija Srbije | |
---|---|
SSRNJ | |
Headquarters | Bulevar Mihajla Pupina 6, Belgrade |
Youth wing | Socialist Youth |
Women's wing | Women's Forum |
Ideology | |
Political position | Centre-left |
National affiliation | SPS–JS–ZS |
Colours | Red |
National Assembly | 12 / 250 |
Assembly of Vojvodina | 8 / 120 |
City Assembly of Belgrade | 7 / 110 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
sps | |
The Socialist Party of Serbia (Serbian Cyrillic: Социјалистичка партија Србије, romanized: Socijalistička partija Srbije, abbr. SPS) is a political party in Serbia. Ivica Dačić has led SPS as its president since 2006.
SPS was founded in 1990 as a merger of the
SPS was in opposition until 2003 after which it served as
History
Formation
After the
Milošević organised a congress on 17 July 1990, during which its delegates voted in favour of merging SKS and the
1990–1992
SPS took part in the general elections which was organised for December 1990.[9][17]: 24 The parliamentary election was conducted in a first-past-the-post system, where members were elected in 250 single-member constituency seats; this system strengthened the position of SPS.[9][14][18]: 142 This resulted into SPS winning 194 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly, despite only winning 48% of the popular vote.[14][19] Opposition parties, such as the Democratic Party (DS) and Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), tried to challenge the legitimacy of the election, citing alleged abuse of postal voting and manipulation during vote counting.[9][17]: 38 In the presidential election, Milošević won 65% of the popular vote in the first round of the election.[17]: 37 [20] By January 1991, sociologist Laslo Sekelj reported that SPS had 500,000 members.[21] SPS was faced with protests in March 1991, while Milošević was succeeded by Borisav Jović as the president of SPS on 24 May 1991; he held the position until 24 October 1992, when Milošević returned as president of SPS, following the second party congress.[22]: 105 [11]: 122 [17]: 44
After the
1993–2000
After the announcement that SPS would abandon its hardline position regarding the
SPS soon formed the
The new SPS-led government was faced with the Kosovo War which ended up making a major impact on SPS.[17]: 125 [18]: 144 SPO joined the SPS-led federal government in January 1999.[41] Vuk Drašković, the leader of SPO, supported the proposed Rambouillet Agreement, though Milošević declined to sign it, which ultimately led to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[41][42] Additionally, SPS and SPO entered into a conflict after the assassination of journalist Slavko Ćuruvija, which led to dismissal of SPO from the federal government.[41] In the same year, Milošević proposed constitutional changes to the federal parliament to allow him to run for another term in the 2000 election; the amendments were passed by the parliament.[18]: 145 Otpor, a student resistance movement formed in October 1998, and the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a wide alliance of opposition parties formed in January 2000, called for early elections, though the elections ended up being organised for September 2000.[17]: 234 [18]: 144 [41] Milošević faced Vojislav Koštunica, the DOS-nominated candidate, in the presidential election.[17]: 243 The Federal Election Committee reported that Milošević placed second although that Koštunica also won less than 50% of the popular vote.[17]: 245 Milošević declined to accept the results, which resulted into DOS-organised mass protests that culminated into the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević.[41][43] Milošević accepted defeat on 5 October 2000, while the Federal Election Committee published actual results on 7 October.[41][43][44] Shortly after the elections, SPS, SPO, and DOS agreed to organise a snap parliamentary election in Serbia in December 2000.[17]: 254 [41] This parliamentary election, and all subsequent ones, were conducted in a proportional electoral system with only one electoral unit.[41] SPS suffered defeat and only won 37 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly, which put the party in opposition for the first time since its formation in 1990.[41][45]: 434 Following the 2000 elections, Milorad Vučelić formed the Democratic Socialist Party while Zoran Lilić also left and formed the Serbian Social Democratic Party.[46]
2001–2008
Milošević, who was still the president of SPS, was arrested in March 2001 on suspicion of corruption and abuse of power, and was shortly after extradited to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to stand trial for war crimes instead.[47][48] At the presidential election in September 2002, SPS nominated actor Bata Živojinović; he placed sixth.[49][50] This election ended up being annulled as the turnout in the second round was less than 50%.[50] This resulted into another presidential election which was held in December 2002;[51][52]: 7 SPS supported Vojislav Šešelj, the leader of SRS.[52]: 103 He placed second in the presidential election, which ended up being annulled again as the turnout was less than 50%.[52]: 203 [53] At a party congress in January 2003, Ivica Dačić, a reformist within SPS, was elected president of the party's main board.[54] It was reported that Milošević subsequently demanded his exclusion of the party, although Dačić denied this.[55] Another presidential election was held in November 2003 which SPS ended up boycotting.[56][57] A month later, SPS took part in a snap parliamentary election in which it won 22 seats; the drop in popularity occurred due to their voters shifting towards SRS.[58][59] SPS ended up serving as confidence and supply to Koštunica's government in the National Assembly.[58] In 2004, the 50% turnout rule for presidential elections was abolished, after which SPS nominated Dačić as their presidential candidate for the 2004 presidential election; he placed fifth.[60][61]
After the
2009–2014
While in government, SPS was faced with challenges regarding the
As prime minister, Dačić worked on normalisation between Serbia and Kosovo, which was formalised under the Brussels Agreement in April 2013.[82] His government was re-shuffled on his order in September 2013, after which SPS and SNS continued to govern alone without the United Regions of Serbia.[83]: 9 However, president Nikolić called for snap parliamentary elections to be held in March 2014.[83]: 9 [84] SPS took part in the election with JS and PUPS and campaigned on the protection of workers, peasants, and pensioners.[83]: 15 [85] They won 44 seats in the National Assembly, while their coalition partner, SNS, won 158 seats in total.[83]: 19 [84] SPS remained in government, although Dačić was succeeded by Aleksandar Vučić, the leader of SNS, as prime minister of Serbia.[83]: 119–120 [84] At a party congress in December 2014, SPS adopted its new logo.[86]
2015–present
Throughout of 2015, it was discussed whether a snap parliamentary election would occur.[87] This was confirmed in January 2016, when a parliamentary election was announced to be held in April 2016.[88][89]: 7 Following the announcement, PUPS left the SPS–JS coalition and joined the one that was led by SNS, while SPS and JS formalised a coalition with the Greens of Serbia (ZS).[90][91] The SPS-led ballot list also included Joška Broz, the leader of the Communist Party and the grandson of Josip Broz Tito.[92][93] This coalition won 29 seats in the National Assembly, 21 out of which were occupied by SPS.[87][94] Following the election, SPS agreed to again serve as a junior member in the SNS-led coalition government, which was inaugurated in August 2016.[87][95] SPS did not take part in the 2017 presidential election and instead it supported Vučić, who ended up winning 56% of the popular vote in the first round of the election.[96][97] His election as president was followed by mass protests.[98][99]
At the end of 2018, a series of anti-government protests began and they lasted until March 2020.[100][101] During this period, the opposition Alliance for Serbia announced that it would boycott the 2020 parliamentary elections.[102][103] This led the SPS-led coalition to win 32 seats, despite getting less votes than in the 2016 election.[104][105]: 9 SPS offered to continue its cooperation with the SNS-led coalition, which now had 188 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly.[106] SPS remained in government with SNS after the election, while Dačić, who had been the first deputy prime minister of Serbia since 2014, became the president of the National Assembly in October 2020.[107][108] Dačić presided over the dialogues to improve election conditions from May to October 2021.[109][110] SPS affirmed its position to continue its support for SNS after these dialogues, while in January 2022, SPS announced that it would support Vučić in the 2022 presidential election.[111][112] In the parliamentary election, SPS took part in a coalition with JS and ZS, while it campaigned on greater cooperation with China and Russia.[113][114] It won 31 seats in total, 22 out of which went to SPS, while Vučić won 60% of the popular vote in the presidential election.[115][116] SPS agreed to continue governing with SNS after the election, which led to Dačić being re-appointed as first deputy prime minister in October 2022.[117][118]
After Vučić announced the formation of the People's Movement for the State in March 2023, Dačić has affirmed that it could bring "a new, even higher stage of cooperation between SNS and SPS".[119] However, a faction opposed to joining the movement was formed inside SPS with individuals, such as vice-president Predrag J. Marković who has said that "SPS would lose its identity if it joins the movement".[120][121] Despite this, SPS again formed an electoral alliance with JS and ZS for the early 2023 parliamentary election.[122][123] SPS suffered from defeat in the elections, only winning 12 seats as part of the SPS-led coalition.[124] Dačić expressed his willingness of electing a new president of SPS, however, the main board of SPS expressed its support for Dačić to remain president of SPS and to continue the cooperation with SNS.[125][126]
Ideology and platform
Milošević era
SPS adopted its first political programme in October 1990, which had the intention to develop "Serbia as a
SPS nominally endorsed the principle of full equality of all the Yugoslav peoples and ethnic minorities, while it was also supportive of Yugoslavism.[16]: 206 Up until 1993, it supported Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia who wished to remain in Yugoslavia.[16]: 213 As Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence, the involvement by SPS as a ruling party had become more devoted to helping external Serbs run their own independent entities.[16]: 213 Milošević denied that the government of Serbia helped Serb military forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, instead stating that they had the right to self-determination; Jović stated in a 1995 BBC documentary that Milošević endorsed the transfer of Bosnian Serb federal army forces to the Bosnian Serb Army in 1992 to help achieve Serb independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[138] Though shortly before the Dayton Agreement in 1995, SPS began to oppose the government of Republika Srpska, which was headed by Radovan Karadžić.[16]: 213 The opposition accused SPS of authoritarianism, as well as personal profiteering from illegal business transactions in the arms trade, cigarettes and oil; this illegal business was caused by the UN sanctions, and none of accusations for personal profiteering were ever proven at the court.[16]: 217 Political scientists Nebojša Vladisavljević, Karmen Erjavec, and Florian Bieber also described Milošević's rule as authoritarian.[139][140][141] Independent media during the SPS administration received threats and high fines.[16]: 216
Dačić era
After Dačić came to power, SPS shifted towards democratic socialism,
Demographic characteristics
Before the federal parliamentary election in December 1992, the Institute of Social Studies polled that a majority of SPS supporters preferred a citizen state over a nation state.[17]: 64 According to political scientist Dragomir Pantić, supporters of SPS in the early 2000s were mostly elderly people, traditionalists, and those without higher education.[152]: 33 In comparison with its demographic from the 1990s, the percentage of workers and farmers increased amongst its base in the 2000s.[152]: 33 According to a CeSID opinion poll from 2005, SPS supporters consisted of unskilled and semi-skilled workers.[152]: 34
In 2007, political scientist Srećko Mihailović noted that most of the SPS supporters saw themselves on the
Organisation
The current president of SPS is Dačić, who was most recently re-elected in December 2022, while the current vice-presidents are Aleksandar Antić, Branko Ružić, Dušan Bajatović, Novica Tončev, Predrag J. Marković, Slavica Đukić Dejanović, Đorđe Milićević, and Žarko Obradović.[156][157] The president of its parliamentary group is Snežana Paunović.[158] The headquarters of SPS is located at Bulevar Mihajla Pupina 6 in Belgrade.[159] It has a youth wing named Socialist Youth and a women's wing named Women's Forum.[160][161]
Its membership from its foundation in 1990 to 1997 involved many elements of the social strata of Serbia, including state administrators and business management elites of state-owned enterprises, employees in the state-owned sector, less privileged groups of farmers, and the unemployed and pensioners.[16]: 208 From 1998 to 2000, its membership included apparatchiks at administrative and judicial levels, the nouveau riche, whose business success was founded solely from their affiliation with the government, and top army and police officials and a large majority of the police force.[16]: 209 In 2011, SPS reported to have had 120,000 members, while in 2014 SPS stated that they had around 200,000 members.[162][163] SPS reported to have 65,000 members in 2015.[164] In 2016, it was reported that SPS had 195,000 members.[165]
International cooperation
SPS cooperated with
List of presidents
# | President | Birth–Death | Term start | Term end | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Slobodan Milošević | 1941–2006 | 17 July 1990 | 24 May 1991 | ||
2 | Borisav Jović | 1928–2021 | 24 May 1991 | 24 October 1992 | ||
3 | Slobodan Milošević | 1941–2006 | 24 October 1992 | 11 March 2006 | ||
4 | Ivica Dačić | 1966– | 11 March 2006 | Incumbent |
Electoral performance
Parliamentary elections
Year | Leader | Popular vote | % of popular vote | # | # of seats | Seat change | Coalition | Status | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | Slobodan Milošević | 2,320,587 | 48.15% | 1st | 194 / 250
|
194 | – | Government | [174] |
1992 | 1,359,086 | 30.62% | 1st | 101 / 250
|
93 | – | Government | [175] | |
1993 | 1,576,287 | 38.21% | 1st | 123 / 250
|
22 | – | Government | [176] | |
1997 | 1,418,036 | 35.70% | 1st | 85 / 250
|
38 | Left Coalition | Government | [177] | |
2000 | 516,326 | 14.10% | 2nd | 37 / 250
|
48 | – | Opposition | [178] | |
2003 | Ivica Dačić | 291,341 | 7.72% | 6th | 22 / 250
|
15 | – | Support | [179] |
2007 | 227,580 | 5.74% | 5th | 16 / 250
|
6 | – | Opposition | [180] | |
2008 | 313,896 | 7.75% | 4th | 12 / 250
|
4 | SPS– PUPS–JS
|
Government | [181] | |
2012 | 567,689 | 15.18% | 3rd | 25 / 250
|
13 | SPS–PUPS–JS | Government | [182] | |
2014 | 484,607 | 13.94% | 2nd | 25 / 250
|
0 | SPS–PUPS–JS | Government | [183] | |
2016 | 413,770 | 11.28% | 2nd | 21 / 250
|
4 | SPS–JS–KP–ZS | Government | [184] | |
2020 | 334,333 | 10.78% | 2nd | 22 / 250
|
1 | SPS–JS–KP–ZS | Government | [185] | |
2022 | 435,274 | 11.79% | 3rd | 22 / 250
|
0 | SPS–JS–ZS | Government | [186] | |
2023 | 249,916 | 6.73% | 3rd | 12 / 250
|
10 | SPS–JS–ZS | TBA |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Presidential elections
Year | Candidate | 1st round popular vote | % of popular vote | 2nd round popular vote | % of popular vote | Notes | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | Slobodan Milošević | 1st | 3,285,799 | 67.71% | — | — | — | [174] | |
1992 | 1st | 2,515,047 | 57.46% | — | — | — | [187] | ||
Sep 1997 | Zoran Lilić | 1st | 1,474,924 | 37.12% | 2nd | 1,691,354 | 49.38% | Election annulled due to low turnout | [188] |
Dec 1997 | Milan Milutinović | 1st | 1,665,822 | 44.62% | 1st | 2,181,808 | 61.19% | [189] | |
Sep–Oct 2002 | Bata Živojinović | 6th | 119,052 | 3.34% | — | — | — | Election annulled due to low turnout | [190] |
Dec 2002 | Vojislav Šešelj | 2nd | 1,063,296 | 37.10% | — | — | — | Supported Šešelj; election annulled due to low turnout | |
2003 | Election boycott | Election annulled due to low turnout | |||||||
2004 | Ivica Dačić | 5th | 125,952 | 4.09% | — | — | — | [191] | |
2008 | Milutin Mrkonjić | 4th | 245,889 | 6.09% | — | — | — | [192] | |
2012 | Ivica Dačić | 3rd | 556,013 | 14.89% | — | — | — | [182] | |
2017 | Aleksandar Vučić | 1st | 2,012,788 | 56.01% | — | — | — | Supported Vučić | [193] |
2022 | 1st | 2,224,914 | 60.01% | — | — | — | [194] |
Federal parliamentary elections
Year | Leader | Popular vote | % of popular vote | # | # of seats | Seat change | Coalition | Status | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May 1992 | Slobodan Milošević | 1,655,485 | 49.05% | 1st | 73 / 136
|
73 | – | Government | [17]: 212 | |
1992–1993
|
1,478,918 | 33.34% | 1st | 47 / 138
|
26 | – | Government | [17]: 213 | ||
1996 | 1,848,669 | 45.34% | 1st | 52 / 138
|
5 | Left Coalition | Government | [17]: 214 | ||
2000 | 1,532,841 | 33.95% | 2nd | 44 / 138
|
8 | – | Opposition | Chamber of Citizens election | [17]: 269 | |
1,479,583 | 32.68% | 2nd | 7 / 40
|
7 | – | Opposition | Chamber of Republics election | [17]: 270 |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Federal presidential elections
Year | Candidate | 1st round popular vote | % of popular vote | 2nd round popular vote | % of popular vote | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | Slobodan Milošević | 2nd | 1,826,799 | 38.24% | — | — | — | [17]: 269 |
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External links
- Official website
- Media related to Socialist Party of Serbia at Wikimedia Commons