Sociology of Manchester
Manchester has historically influenced political and social thinking in Britain and been a hotbed for new, radical thinking, particularly during the Industrial Revolution.[1]
The city was a centre for the
Radicalism
Communism
In 1842, 22-year-old Engels was sent by his parents to Manchester, Britain, to work for the Ermen and Engels' Victoria Mill in Weaste which made sewing threads.[2][3][4] Engels' father thought that working at the Manchester firm might make Engels reconsider the opinions he had developed at the time.[3] On his way to Manchester, Engels visited the office of the Rheinische Zeitung and met Karl Marx for the first time – they were not impressed by each other.[5] Marx mistakenly thought that Engels was still associated with the Berliner Young Hegelians, with whom he (Marx) had just broken.[6]
In Manchester Engels met
While observing the slums of Manchester in close detail, Engels took notes of the horrors he observed, notably
While writing it, Engels continued his involvement with radical journalism and politics. He frequented some areas also frequented by some members of the English labour and
Enfranchisement
19th century
In 1819,
After the end of the
By the beginning of 1819 the pressure generated by poor economic conditions was at its peak and had enhanced the appeal of political radicalism among the cotton loom weavers of south Lancashire.[20] In response, coupled with the lack of suffrage in northern England, a "great assembly" was organised by the Manchester Patriotic Union, a group agitating for parliamentary reform, formed by radicals from the Manchester Observer: founder and journalist Joseph Johnson became secretary of the union, editor James Wroe its treasurer. Johnson wrote to the well-known radical orator Henry Hunt asking him to chair a large meeting planned for Manchester on 2 August 1819. In his letter Johnson wrote:
Nothing but ruin and starvation stare one in the face [in the streets of Manchester and the surrounding towns], the state of this district is truly dreadful, and I believe nothing but the greatest exertions can prevent an insurrection. Oh, that you in London were prepared for it.[24]
Women's suffrage
The WSPU was founded at the Pankhurst family home in
The founders decided to form a women-only organisation, which would campaign for social reforms, largely in conjunction with the
Movements
Co-operative movement
In 1844, 28 textile workers in
Trade unionism
Trades Union Congress
The first TUC meeting was not held until 1868 when the
References
- ^ Minton, Anna (2009). Ground Control: Fear and happiness in the twenty-first century. Penguin. p. 37.
- ^ "Biography on Engels". Marxists.org. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Legacies – Work – England – Manchester – Engels in Manchester – Article Page 1". BBC. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ Salford Star issue 6 Winter 2007, read on http://www.salfordstar.com/article.asp?id=461
- ^ Wheen, Francis Karl Marx: A Life, p. 75
- ^ Heinrich Gemkow et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Verlag Zeit im Bild: Dresden, Germany, 1972) pp. 53–54.
- ^ a b "Legacies – Work – England – Manchester – Engels in Manchester – Article Page 2". BBC. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ "Friedrich Engels in Manchester", Roy Whitfield, 1988
- ^ Frederick Engels. "Origins of the Family". Marxists.org. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ "Outline of a Critique of Political Economy" in contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3 (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 418–445.
- ^ The three part series of articles called The Condition of England is contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3 p. 444-513.
- ^ a b Fox Hunter, Party Animal, Leftist Warrior by Dwight Garner, The New York Times, 18 August 2009
- ^ The Condition of the Working Class in England is contained in the Collected Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 4 (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 295–596.
- ^ Salford Star issue 6 Winter 2007, "Friedrich Engels in Salford" part 1 – read on http://www.salfordstar.com/article.asp?id=456
- ^ Karl Marx. "Introduction to the French Edition of Engels' by Karl Marx 1880". Marxists.org. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ Whitfield, Roy (1988) The Double Life of Friedrich Engels. In: Manchester Region History Review, vol. 2, no. 1, 1988
- ^ "Currency converter". The National Archives. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
- ^ a b Reid (1989), p. 28.
- ^ "The Great reform Act". BBC News. 19 May 1998. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- ^ a b Frangopulo (1977), p. 30.
- ^ a b Hernon (2006), p. 22.
- ^ Farrer, William; Brownbill, John (2003–2006) [1911]. "The city and parish of Manchester: Introduction". The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster. – Lancashire. Vol.4. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
- ISBN 0-7099-1103-3.
- ^ Reid (1989), p. 115.
- ^ ISBN 0-7453-1518-6
- ISBN 978-1-4466-9967-6. Archived from the originalon 13 January 2012.
- ^ John K. Walton "Co-operative movement" The Oxford Companion to British History. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1997. Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved via county library service on 25 June 2008.