Soda–lime glass

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Reusable soda–lime glass milk bottles
Old window made from soda-lime flat glass, Jena, Germany: The distorted reflections of a tree indicate that the flat glass was possibly not made by the float glass process.

Soda–lime glass, also called soda–lime–silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Some glass bakeware is made of soda-lime glass, as opposed to the more common borosilicate glass.[1] Soda–lime glass accounts for about 90% of manufactured glass.[2][3]

Production

The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the

batch
.

Applications

Soda–lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called

chemical durability
against water, which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.

Typical compositions and properties

Soda–lime glass is relatively inexpensive, chemically stable, reasonably hard, and extremely workable. Because it can be resoftened and remelted numerous times, it is ideal for

lime" is also added. This is calcium oxide (CaO), generally obtained from limestone. In addition, magnesium oxide (MgO) and alumina, which is aluminium oxide
(Al2O3), contribute to the durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight.

Soda–lime glass undergoes a steady increase in viscosity with decreasing temperature, permitting operations of steadily increasing precision. The glass is readily formable into objects when it has a viscosity of 104 poises, typically reached at a temperature around 900 °C. The glass is softened and undergoes steady deformation when viscosity is less than 108 poises, near 700 °C. Though apparently hardened, soda–lime glass can nonetheless be annealed to remove internal stresses with about 15 minutes at 1014 poises, near 500 °C. The relationship between viscosity and temperature is largely logarithmic, with an Arrhenius equation strongly dependent on the composition of the glass, but the activation energy increases at higher temperatures.[8]

The following table lists some physical properties of soda–lime glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study.[5] Those values marked in italic font have been interpolated from similar glass compositions (see calculation of glass properties) due to the lack of experimental data.

Properties Container glass
Flat glass
Chemical
composition,
wt%
74 SiO2 0.3 K2O
13 Na2O 0.2 MgO
10.5 CaO 0.04 Fe2O3
1.3 Al2O3 0.01 TiO2
0.2 SO3
73 SiO2 0.03 K2O
14 Na2O 4 MgO
9 CaO 0.1 Fe2O3
0.15 Al2O3 0.02 TiO2
 
Viscosity
log(η, dPa·s or poise)
= A + B / (T in °C − T0)
550 °C (1,022 °F) 1,450 °C (2,640 °F)
A
B 3922
T0 291
550 °C (1,022 °F) 1,450 °C (2,640 °F)
A −2.585
B 4215
T0 263
temperature
, Tg 		573 °C (1,063 °F) 564 °C (1,047 °F)
thermal expansion
,
ppm/K, ~100–300 °C (212–572 °F) 		9 9.5
Density
at 20 °C (68 °F), g/cm3 		2.52 2.53
Refractive index
nD at 20 °C (68 °F) 		1.518 1.520
Dispersion at 20 °C (68 °F),
104 × (nF − nC) 		86.7 87.7
Young's modulus
at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa 		72 74
Shear modulus
at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa 		29.8 29.8
temperature
 1,040 °C (1,900 °F) 1,000 °C (1,830 °F)
Heat
capacity at 20 °C (68 °F),
J/(mol·K) 		49 48
Surface tension,
at ~1,300 °C (2,370 °F), mJ/m2 		315
Chemical durability,
Hydrolytic class,
after ISO 719[9]
 3 3...4
Critical stress
intensity factor,[10]
(KIC), MPa.m0.5 		? 0.75

See also

References

  1. ^ Estes, Adam Clark (March 16, 2019). "The Pyrex Glass Controversy That Just Won't Die". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  2. ^ "Borosilicate Glass vs. Soda Lime Glass? - Rayotek News". rayotek.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  3. ISBN 978-0-8493-3775-8. Archived
    from the original on 2 December 2017.
  4. ISBN 978-3-527-20112-9
    , pp. 365–432.
  5. ^
    ISBN 1-57498-225-7
  6. ^ "Calcium Carbonate - Glass Manufacturing". congcal.com. congcal. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  7. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8
    .
  8. ^ Thomas H. Sanders Jr. "Viscosity Behavior of Oxide Glasses". Coursera.
  9. ^ "ISO 719:1985 - Glass -- Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 degrees C -- Method of test and classification". iso.org.
  10. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb13350.x
    .
  11. doi:10.1063/1.1427920
    .
  12. ^ Janssen, L. P. B. M., Warmoeskerken, M. M. C. G., 2006. Transport phenomena data companion. Delft: VVSD.
  13. ^ "Soda-Lime (Float) Glass Material Properties :: MakeItFrom.com". makeitfrom.com.
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