Cyclamate
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
Sodium cyclohexylsulfamate | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.004.863 |
E number | E952(iv) (glazing agents, ...) |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C6H12NNaO3S | |
Molar mass | 201.22 g·mol−1 |
Hazards | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Cyclamate is an
Chemistry
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid (cyclohexanesulfamic acid), which itself is prepared by reacting freebase cyclohexylamine with either sulfamic acid or sulfur trioxide.[2]
Prior to 1973, Abbott Laboratories produced sodium cyclamate (Sucaryl) by a mixture of ingredients including the addition of pure sodium (flakes or rods suspended in solvent) with cyclohexylamine, chilled and filtered through a high speed centrifugal separator, dried, granulated and micro-pulverised for powder or tablet usage.[citation needed]
History
Cyclamate was discovered in 1937 at the
The patent for cyclamate was purchased by
In 1966, a study reported that some intestinal bacteria could desulfonate cyclamate to produce cyclohexylamine, a compound suspected to have some chronic toxicity in animals. Further research resulted in a 1969 study that found the common 10:1 cyclamate–saccharin mixture increased the incidence of bladder cancer in rats. The released study was showing that eight out of 240 rats fed a mixture of saccharin and cyclamates, at levels equivalent to humans ingesting 550 cans of diet soda per day, developed bladder tumors.[5]
Sales continued to expand, and in 1969, annual sales of cyclamate had reached $1 billion, which increased pressure from public safety watchdogs to restrict the usage of cyclamate. In October 1969,
Abbott Laboratories claimed that its own studies were unable to reproduce the 1969 study's results, and, in 1973, Abbott petitioned the FDA to lift the ban on cyclamate. This petition was eventually denied in 1980 by FDA Commissioner
In 2000, a paper was published describing the results of a 24-year-long experiment in which 16 monkeys were fed a normal diet and 21 monkeys were fed either 100 or 500 mg/kg cyclamate per day; the higher dose corresponds to about 30 cans of a diet beverage. Two of the high-dosed monkeys and one of the lower-dosed monkeys were found to have malignant cancer, each with a different kind of cancer, and three benign tumors were found. The authors concluded that the study failed to demonstrate that cyclamate was carcinogenic because the cancers were all different and there was no way to link cyclamate to each of them.[10] The substance did not show any DNA-damaging properties in DNA repair assays.[10]
Legal status
Cyclamate is approved as a sweetener in at least 130 countries.[11] In the late 1960s, cyclamate was banned in the United Kingdom; however, it was approved after being re-evaluated by the European Union in 1996.[12]
In the Philippines, cyclamate was banned until the Philippine Food and Drug Administration lifted the ban in 2013, declaring it safe for consumption.[13] Cyclamate remains banned in the United States and South Korea.[14][15][16][17]
Brands
Sweeteners produced by Sweet'n Low and Sugar Twin[18] for Canada contain cyclamate, though not those produced for the United States.
- Assugrin (Switzerland, Brazil)[19]
- Cap Cangkir (Indonesia)
- Chuker (Argentina) – Merisant Company 2, SARL
- Cologran
- Huxol (Germany) in liquid form
- Hermesetas (Switzerland, incl. UK market) in mini tablet, granulated, and liquid form[20]
- Novasweet (Russia)[21]
- Rio (Produced under license and authority of SweetLife AG Switzerland by SweetLife Ltd, China)
- Sucaryl[22]
- Sugar Twin (Canada)[23]
- Suitli (Bulgaria)
- Sweet'n Low (Canada)
- Sugromax (New Zealand)[24]
- El Dorra (Tunisia) [25]
Notes and references
- ISBN 9781405172417.
- ISBN 9780824726072.
- ISBN 0-8166-0778-8.
- ^ Kaufman, Leslie (August 21, 1999). "Michael Sveda, the Inventor Of Cyclamates, Dies at 87". New York Times. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
- ISBN 9781846276378.
- ^ Chedd, Grahm (May 9, 1974). "The Search for Sweetness". New Scientist. 62 (897): 299.
- ^ Goyan, Jere E., Commissioner of Food and Drugs. (September 4, 1980). "Cyclamate, Commissioner's Decision, 45 FR 61474" (PDF). Office of the Federal Register. pp. 61474–61530. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
[...] approval of cyclamate for use as a sweetening agent in food and for technological purposes in food is denied.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "FDA Talk Paper, NAS Report on Cyclamate" (PDF).
- ^ "Petitions Currently Held in Abeyance". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
FAP 2A3672 Cyclamate (cyclamic acid, calcium cyclamate, and sodium cyclamate)
- ^ PMID 15367404.
- ^ "Worldwide Status of Cyclamate" (PDF). Calorie Control Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^
Ashurst, Philip R. (April 15, 2008). Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247. ISBN 9781405141086.
- ^ "FDA lifts ban on 'magic sugar' - Philstar.com". philstar.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
- ^ "High-Intensity Sweeteners". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. May 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Are there any high-intensity sweeteners that are currently prohibited by FDA for use in the United States but are used in other countries? Yes. Cyclamates and its salts (such as calcium cyclamate, sodium cyclamate, magnesium cyclamate, and potassium cyclamate) are currently prohibited from use in the United States.
- ^ "Substances Added to Food (formerly Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS)), Search Criteria = "cyclamate"". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^
Newton, David E (January 1, 2009). Food Chemistry. Infobase. pp. 73–77. ISBN 9781438109756.
- ^ 사이클라민산나트륨 (in Korean). Retrieved August 23, 2018.
- ^ "Tastes like sugar". Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
- ^ Assugrin's website Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- ^ "Hermesetas".
- ^ "Новапродукт". novaprodukt.ru. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ "Sucaryl". Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
- ^ "SugarTwin - Artificial Sweeteners - Sugar Substitutes - Calorie Free". Sugar Twin. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ "Sugromax :: Home". Sugromax. Archived from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
- ^ "Labo-arrazi". Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2023.